工程項目管理英文課件ProjectPlanning

ProjectManagementProjectPlanningJiweiMaProjectManagementProjectPlan1ProjectPlanningConceptofprojectplanningProjectphasesandprojectplanningPlanningofprojectobjectivesPlanningofprojectimplementationProjectschedulingmethodsandtoolsProjectPlanningConceptofpro2ProjectPlanningProjectplanningistheinitialeffortandon-goingdutyofprojectleaderstoanswerthefollowingquestions:Wheretogoandwhentogetthere?–ThetargetHowtogetthere?–TheroadmapWhoshouldjoin?–TheprojectteamWhatcanhelp?–Themethodsandtools……ProjectPlanningProjectplanni3ProjectPhasesandProjectPlanningImplementationDecisionMakingDesign/PlanningExecutionOperationCloseoutDecisionMakingTIMEProjectPlanningProjectControlProjectPhasesandProjectPla4100%95%75%35%10%25%1/43/41/2InfluenceonProjectCostCompletionDesignPreparationPreliminaryDesignDesignDevelopmentConstructionDocument1ConstructionDocument2ConstructionRestofDesignJobDesignBidding/TenderingChangeOrderTheImportanceofProjectPlanninginConstruction100%95%75%35%10%25%1/43/41/2I5PlanningofProjectObjectivesFunction/QualityFunctionalanalysisandqualityspecificationCostCostestimatingTimeSchedulingPlanningofProjectObjectives6PlanningofProjectObjectivesFunctionalanalysisandqualityspecificationFunctionalanalysisOverallqualityrequirementProjectmajorcomponentqualityspecificationProjectqualitymanualPlanningofProjectObjectives7PhaseandPlanningofQualityObjectiveImplementationDecisionMakingDesignPreparationDesignConstructionStartupWarranteeDecisionMakingProjectProposalFeasibilityStudyDesignSpecificationPreliminaryDesignDesignDevelopmentConstructionDocumentConstructionAcceptanceTIMEFunctionalAnalysisOverallQualityRequirementMajorComponent/SystemQualitySpecificationQualityManualPhaseandPlanningofQuality8PlanningofProjectObjectivesCostFeestructureHardcostSoftcostOverheadProjectstructureProjectcoststructurewillbethemixtureoffeestructureandprojectstructurePlanningofProjectObjectives9CostStructure+ProjectStructureFeeStructureCostStructureCostStructure+ProjectStructu10PlanningofProjectObjectivesCostProjectCostPlan(fundallocation)PreliminarycostestimatingBasedontheruleofthumbDetailedcostestimatingBasedonthecost(marketprice)oflabor,material,equipment,etc.Thelaterthecostestimatehasbeendone,themoreaccurateitwillbe.PlanningofProjectObjectives11ProjectPhasesandProjectPlanningImplementationDecisionMakingDesign/PlanningExecutionOperationCloseoutDecisionMakingTIMEProjectCostPlanPreliminaryCostEstimatingDetailedCostEstimatingProjectPhasesandProjectPla12AccuracyofConstructionProjectCostEstimatingInitialInvestmentIntentionInvestmentPlanPreliminarycostestimateCostestimateBiddingpriceContractpriceFinalcostAccountingProjectcostplanDesignPreparationDesignConstructionStartupWarrantee-30%30%25%-25%-15%15%10%-10%-5%5%DecisionMakingAccuracyofConstructionProje13PlanningofProjectObjectivesSchedulingStartandfinishdatesDatesofprojectmilestonesDatesofprojectactivitiesSchedulingmethodProjectstartandfinishdatesUsuallypredeterminedMilestonesPredeterminedorbasedoncalculationActivitiesDurationquoted,orcalculated,orassessedBarchartisthemostpopularformattopresentaprojectschedulePlanningofProjectObjectives14PlanningofProjectObjectivesProcedureofschedulingTopreparealistofactivitieswithexpecteddurationTosequencetheactivitiesToproducethescheduleToachievetheearliestcompletiondateTofitwithinthepredeterminedstartandfinishdates,andadjustthescheduleifnotmeettherequirementPlanningofProjectObjectives15PlanningofProjectImplementationPlanningofprojectprocessPlanningofprojectorganizationPlanningofprojectcontractPlanningofProjectImplementa16PlanningofProjectProcessPlanningofprojectprocess–Programming–principlesFocusonthelogicsequenceofprojectactivitiesanditsoverallimpactonprojectoutputConsidertheprojectparticipantsandtheirfunctionalitiesAnalyzetheenvironmentalrestraintsandresourceavailabilitiesAimedontheefficiencyandflexibilityofprojectimplementationprocessAnetworkdiagramisoftenusedtoillustratetheprojectprocessAmulti-levelnetworkdiagrammaybeneededforacomplexprojectormulti-projectprogramPlanningofProjectProcessPla17Multi-levelNetworkDiagramACBMulti-levelNetworkDiagramACB18PlanningofProjectProcessProcedureofProgrammingTocollectprojectinformationregardingobjectives,structure,participants,procedure,etc.Tocollectproject-relatedinformation,suchasrestraints,resourceavailabilities,etc.ToanalyzecollectedinformationandidentifymajorfactorsandcriticalconditionsTopreparethelistofactivitiesalongwiththeirdurationandlogicsequenceinformationTodrafttheprogramwhichtakesaccountofthosefactorsandsatisfiesthecriticalconditionsPlanningofProjectProcessPro19PlanningofProjectProcessProcedureofProgrammingTooptimizetheprogramtoleveltheresourceinputandminimizethenegativeimpactTochosetheformtopresenttheprogramPlanningofProjectProcessPro20PlanningofProjectOrganizationPrinciplesBasedonthenatureoftheprojectConsidertheprojecttasksandprojectparticipants’functionalitiesTakeaccountofthefeatureofprojectprocessandtasksequencesBeresponsivetoenvironmentalsituationAprojectorganizationchartisoftenusedtoillustrateprojectorganizationPlanningofProjectOrganizati21OrganizationStructureAB1B2B3C22C21C23............OrganizationStructureAB1B2B3C22PlanningofProjectOrganizationProcedureToreviewthebasicnatureofprojectandidentifyalltheprojectparticipantsToanalyzetheprojectprocessandallthefunctionalitiesneedtoperformedTolistprojecttasksandallocatetaskstoprojectparticipantsToexamineallpossibleinterrelationshipsamongprojectparticipantsToestablishaprojectorganization(team)whichissuitabletothoseinterrelationshipsTodeterminetheparticipants’detailedresponsibilitiesandtaskslistbasedontheorganizationstructurePlanningofProjectOrganizati23PlanningofProjectContractPrincipleToreflecttheessentialrelationshipsofprojectorganizationTofacilitateprojectownerandprojectmanagertobestcontroltheprojectToallowallpartieswithinprojectorganizationtoberesponsiveandflexibletoenvironmentalconditionsTomaintainthebalanceofrightsandobligationsamongdifferentpartiesAcontractstructureisoftenusedtoillustratesuchcontract-basedrelationshipsPlanningofProjectContractPr24PudongAirportSteelStructureContractStructureShanghaiPudongInt.AirportCo.OwnerECADIPreliminarydesign,CDShanghaiConstructionManaging

ContractorADPConceptualdesignShanghaiInstl.InstallationShanghaiCst.3PartAShanghai.Mach.C.SteelStr.InstallThree-partycontractJiangnanShipyardMainsteelstru.fabricationShanghai.BoilerCorridorsteelstru.fabricationShanghaiCst.7PartBPudongAirportSteelStructure25ProjectSchedulingMethodsandToolsTechniquesBarChartNetworkDiagramArrowDiagram(Activity-on-arrow)PrecedenceDiagram(Activity-on-node)LinkedBarChartSoftwareproductsMSProjectPrimaveraProjectSchedulingMethodsand26ProjectSchedulingTechniquesBarChartProjectactivitiesarelaidoutonatime-scaledarea,whichshowsthedurationoftheactivities,thepositionontimescale,andtheidentificationofbroadlydefinedworksequenceProjectSchedulingTechniquesB27ProjectSchedulingTechniquesBarChartAdvantagesWidespreadapplicationSimplicityofpresentationQuickandeasytoprepareClearillustrationoftherelationshipbetweenactivitiesintermsoftimeandsequenceBestsuitedtonon-complexprojectDisadvantagesIncapableofdepictinginterrelationshipanddependenciesbetweenactivitiesNoindicationofcriticalactivitiesNotsuitableforhighdegreeofcontrolforcomplexprojectProjectSchedulingTechniquesB28ProjectSchedulingTechniquesNetworkDiagram-ArrowDiagram(Activity-on-arrow)UsearrowtopresentactivitiesActivitiesbeginandendateventsThenetworkofthesearrowsshowsallsequentialandrestraintsandrelationshipsbetweenactivitiesNotdrawntoatimescale164253ProjectSchedulingTechniquesN29ProjectSchedulingTechniquesArrowDiagram(Activity-on-arrow)AdvantagesEasytoidentifypotentialproblems,eg.sequencedelays,andlikelyeffectsEasytolocatecriticalactivitiesandthecriticalpathCapableoffindingthepossibilitiesandflexibilitytooptimizethescheduleDisadvantagesRequiresmoreefforttoprepareanetworkdiagramRequiresmoreskilltopresenttoanon-specialistTimeinformationisnotwellpresentedProjectSchedulingTechniquesA30ProjectSchedulingTechniquesNetworkDiagram-PrecedenceDiagram(Activity-on-node)UseboxestorepresentactivitiesandallrelatedinformationLinksbetweenboxesshowsallsequentialandrestraintsrelationshipsbetweenactivitiesNotdrawntoatimescaleProjectSchedulingTechniquesN31ProjectSchedulingTechniquesPrecedenceDiagram(Activity-on-node)AdvantagesComparetoarrowdiagram,it’seasiertoconstructandeasiertounderstandStronglyemphasizetheactivitysequenceDisadvantagesRequiresmoreskilltoprepareanetworkdiagramRequiresmoreskilltopresenttoanon-specialistTimeinformationisnotwellpresentedProjectSchedulingTechniquesP32ProjectSchedulingTechniquesLinkedBarChartShowstheactivitiesintimescalewithbarchartUseverticallinksbetweenbarstoshowallsequentialandrestraintsrelationshipsbetweenactivitiesProjectSchedulingTechniquesL33ProjectSchedulingTechniquesLinkedBarChartAdvantagesPossessestheclarityofpresentationofbarchartRetainstheemphasisonactivitydurationandpositionontimescaleIllustratesthelogicalsequenceandconstraintsofallactivitiesDisadvantagesNeedstobepreparedfromanetworkdiagramThelinksbetweenactivitiesmightbeconfusingbecauseofthepositionoflinkedactivitiesProjectSchedulingTechniquesL34ProjectSchedulingMethodsCriticalPathMethod-CPMAdeterministicmethodthatusesafixedtimeestimateforeachactivityFocusontheactivitiesthatarecriticaltoprojectimplementationintermofdurationSuitableforcomplexbutfairlyroutineprojectwithminimaluncertaintyintheprojectcompletiontimeProgramEvaluationandReviewTechnique-PERTConsiderstimevariationsandallowsrandomnessinactivitycompletiontimesSuitableforlarge-scale,complexprojectwithuncertaintiesinmostofitsactivitiesProjectSchedulingMethodsCrit35ProjectSchedulingMethodsCriticalPathMethod-CPMSpecifytheindividualactivitiesFromworkbreakdownstructureDeterminethesequenceofthoseactivitiesIdentifytheimmediatepredecessorsofeachactivitiesandformalistDrawanetworkdiagramSeveraldraftsmaybeneededifdonemanuallyEstimatethecompletiontimeforeachactivityBasedonquotation,calculation,orassessmentProjectSchedulingMethodsCrit36ProjectSchedulingMethodsCriticalPathMethod-CPMIdentifythecriticalpath(thelongestpaththroughthenetwork)Calculatetheearliest/lateststart/finishtimeofeachactivities(ES,EF,LS,LF)Identifythelongest-durationpaththroughthenetworkActivitiesonthepathcannotbedelayedwithoutdelayingtheprojectUpdatetheCPMdiagramastheprojectprogressesProjectSchedulingMethodsCrit37CriticalPathMethodAprojectnetworkhasn+1nodesThetimeofeachnodeeventoccurwillbex1,x2,….,xnMinimizez=xnSubjecttox0=0xj–xi–dij≥0foreachactivity(i,j)CriticalPathMethodAproject38CriticalPathSchedulingAlgorithmsEventNumberingAlgorithmsGivethestartingeventnumber0GivethenextnumbertoanyunnumberedeventwhosepredecessoreventsareeachalreadynumberedRepeatstep2untilalleventsarenumberedEarliestEventTimeAlgorithmsLetE(0)=0Forj=1,2,3,…,n(wherenisthelastevent),letE(j)=maximum{E(i)+Dij}Wherethemaximumiscomputedoverallactivities(i,j)thathavejastheendingeventCriticalPathSchedulingAlgor39CriticalPathSchedulingAlgorithmsLatestEventTimeAlgorithmsLetL(n)equaltherequiredcompletiontimeoftheprojectNote:L(n)mustequalorexceedE(n)Fori=n-1,n-2,…,0,letL(i)=minimum{L(j)-Dij}Wheretheminimumiscomputedoverallactivities(i,j)thathaveiasthestartingeventCriticalPathSchedulingAlgor40CriticalPathSchedulingAlgorithmsTheearlieststarttimeES(i,j)=E(i)TheearliestfinishtimeEF(i,j)=E(i)+DijThelatestfinishtimeLF(i,j)=L(j)ThelateststarttimeLS(i,j)=L(j)-DijAnactivity(i,j)isacriticalactivityifitsatisfyallofthefollowingconditionsE(i)=L(i)E(j)=L(j)E(i)+D(i,j)=L(j)CriticalPathSchedulingAlgor41CriticalPathMethodExampleActivityDescriptionPredecessorsDurationASitecleaning---4BRemovaloftrees---3CGeneralexcavationA8DGradinggeneralareaA7EExcavationfortrenchesB,C9FPlacingformworkandreinforcementforconcreteB,C12GInstallingsewerlinesD,E2HInstallingotherutilitiesD,E5IPouringconcreteF,G6CriticalPathMethodExampleAc42ProjectNetworkProjectNetwork43EarliestEventTimeCalculationStep1E(0)=0Step2j=1E(1)=Max{E(0)+D01}=Max{0+4}=4j=2E(2)=Max{E(0)+D02;E(1)+D12}=Max{0+3;4+8}=12j=3E(3)=Max{E(1)+D13;E(2)+D23}=Max{4+7;12+9}=21j=4E(4)=Max{E(2)+D24;E(3)+D34}=Max{12+12;21+2}=24j=5E(5)=Max{E(3)+D35;E(4)+D45}=Max{21+5;24+6}=30EarliestEventTimeCalculatio44LatestEventTimeCalculationStep1L(5)=E(5)=30Step2j=4L(4)=Min{L(5)-D45}=Min{30-6}=24j=3L(3)=Min{L(5)-D35;L(4)-D34}=Min{30-5;24-2}=22j=2L(2)=Min{L(4)-D24;L(3)-D23}=Min{24-12;22-9}=12j=1L(1)=Min{L(3)-D13;L(2)-D12}=Min{22-7;12-8}=4j=0L(0)=Min{L(2)-D02;L(1)-D01}=Min{12-3;4-4}=0LatestEventTimeCalculationS45IdentificationofActivitiesonCriticalPathActivityDurationDijEarlieststarttimeE(i)=ES(i,j)LatestfinishtimeL(j)=LF(i,j)LateststarttimeLS(i,j)A(0,1)40*4*0B(0,2)30129C(1,2)84*12*4D(1,3)742215E(2,3)9122213F(2,4)1212*24*12G(3,4)2212422H(3,5)5213025I(4,5)624*30*24IdentificationofActivitieso46ActivityFloatActivityfloatThedifferencebetweentheearlieststarttimeandlateststarttimeFreefloatTheamountdelaythatcanbeassignedtoanyoneactivitywithoutdelayingsubsequentactivitiesIndependentfloatTheamountofdelaywhichcanbeassignedtoanyoneactivitywithoutdelayingsubsequentactivitiesorrestrictingtheschedulingofprecedingactivitiesTotalfloatThemaximumamountofdelaywhichcanbeassignedtoanyactivitywithoutdelayingtheentireprojectActivityFloatActivityfloat47ActivityFloatActivityFloat48ProjectSchedulingMethodsProgramEvaluationandReviewTechnique-PERTIdentifythespecificactivitiesandmilestonesEachactivityhastwoeventsmarkingthebeginningandendDeterminethepropersequenceoftheactivitiesMaybecombinedwithfirststepDrawanetworkdiagramIfdonemanually,severaldraftsmaybeneededtocorrectlyportrayedtherelationshipsamongactivitiesProjectSchedulingMethodsProg49ProjectSchedulingMethodsProgramEvaluationandReviewTechnique-PERTEstimatethetimerequiredforeachactivitiesEachactivityneedthreetimeestimates:optimistictime,mostlikelytime,andpessimistictimeExpectedtime=(Optimistic+4xMostlikely+Pessimistic)/6Variance=[(Pessimistic-Optimistic)/6]2DeterminethecriticalpathCalculatetheexpectedearliest/lateststart/finishtimeofeachactivities(ES,EF,LS,LF)ProjectSchedulingMethodsProg50ProjectSchedulingMethodsProgramEvaluationandReviewTechnique-PERTDeterminethecriticalpathIdentifythelongest-durationpaththroughthenetworkProjectcompletiontimevariance=ΣCompletiontimevariancesofactivitiesoncriticalpathAssuminganormalprobabilitydistributionforcriticalpath,onecancalculatetheprobabilitythataprojectwillbecompletedbycertaindateUpdatethePERTchartasprojectprogressesProjectSchedulingMethodsProg51ProjectSchedulingMethodsProgramEvaluationandReviewTechnique–PERT:AdvantagesExpectedprojectcompletiontime,it’smoreobjectiveProbabilityofcompletionbeforecertainspecifictimeDisadvantagesActivitytimeestimatesaresubjective,dependingonjudgmentCalculationisbasedontheassumedprobabilitydistributionProbabilityofprojectcompletiontimemaynotbethesameasthatofthecriticalpathProjectSchedulingMethodsProg52ProjectSchedulingToolsSoftwareproductsMSProjectPrimaveraProjectSchedulingToolsSoftwa53ThankYouJiweiMajiweima@

ThankYouJiweiMa54ProjectManagementProjectPlanningJiweiMaProjectManagementProjectPlan55ProjectPlanningConceptofprojectplanningProjectphasesandprojectplanningPlanningofprojectobjectivesPlanningofprojectimplementationProjectschedulingmethodsandtoolsProjectPlanningConceptofpro56ProjectPlanningProjectplanningistheinitialeffortandon-goingdutyofprojectleaderstoanswerthefollowingquestions:Wheretogoandwhentogetthere?–ThetargetHowtogetthere?–TheroadmapWhoshouldjoin?–TheprojectteamWhatcanhelp?–Themethodsandtools……ProjectPlanningProjectplanni57ProjectPhasesandProjectPlanningImplementationDecisionMakingDesign/PlanningExecutionOperationCloseoutDecisionMakingTIMEProjectPlanningProjectControlProjectPhasesandProjectPla58100%95%75%35%10%25%1/43/41/2InfluenceonProjectCostCompletionDesignPreparationPreliminaryDesignDesignDevelopmentConstructionDocument1ConstructionDocument2ConstructionRestofDesignJobDesignBidding/TenderingChangeOrderTheImportanceofProjectPlanninginConstruction100%95%75%35%10%25%1/43/41/2I59PlanningofProjectObjectivesFunction/QualityFunctionalanalysisandqualityspecificationCostCostestimatingTimeSchedulingPlanningofProjectObjectives60PlanningofProjectObjectivesFunctionalanalysisandqualityspecificationFunctionalanalysisOverallqualityrequirementProjectmajorcomponentqualityspecificationProjectqualitymanualPlanningofProjectObjectives61PhaseandPlanningofQualityObjectiveImplementationDecisionMakingDesignPreparationDesignConstructionStartupWarranteeDecisionMakingProjectProposalFeasibilityStudyDesignSpecificationPreliminaryDesignDesignDevelopmentConstructionDocumentConstructionAcceptanceTIMEFunctionalAnalysisOverallQualityRequirementMajorComponent/SystemQualitySpecificationQualityManualPhaseandPlanningofQuality62PlanningofProjectObjectivesCostFeestructureHardcostSoftcostOverheadProjectstructureProjectcoststructurewillbethemixtureoffeestructureandprojectstructurePlanningofProjectObjectives63CostStructure+ProjectStructureFeeStructureCostStructureCostStructure+ProjectStructu64PlanningofProjectObjectivesCostProjectCostPlan(fundallocation)PreliminarycostestimatingBasedontheruleofthumbDetailedcostestimatingBasedonthecost(marketprice)oflabor,material,equipment,etc.Thelaterthecostestimatehasbeendone,themoreaccurateitwillbe.PlanningofProjectObjectives65ProjectPhasesandProjectPlanningImplementationDecisionMakingDesign/PlanningExecutionOperationCloseoutDecisionMakingTIMEProjectCostPlanPreliminaryCostEstimatingDetailedCostEstimatingProjectPhasesandProjectPla66AccuracyofConstructionProjectCostEstimatingInitialInvestmentIntentionInvestmentPlanPreliminarycostestimateCostestimateBiddingpriceContractpriceFinalcostAccountingProjectcostplanDesignPreparationDesignConstructionStartupWarrantee-30%30%25%-25%-15%15%10%-10%-5%5%DecisionMakingAccuracyofConstructionProje67PlanningofProjectObjectivesSchedulingStartandfinishdatesDatesofprojectmilestonesDatesofprojectactivitiesSchedulingmethodProjectstartandfinishdatesUsuallypredeterminedMilestonesPredeterminedorbasedoncalculationActivitiesDurationquoted,orcalculated,orassessedBarchartisthemostpopularformattopresentaprojectschedulePlanningofProjectObjectives68PlanningofProjectObjectivesProcedureofschedulingTopreparealistofactivitieswithexpecteddurationTosequencetheactivitiesToproducethescheduleToachievetheearliestcompletiondateTofitwithinthepredeterminedstartandfinishdates,andadjustthescheduleifnotmeettherequirementPlanningofProjectObjectives69PlanningofProjectImplementationPlanningofprojectprocessPlanningofprojectorganizationPlanningofprojectcontractPlanningofProjectImplementa70PlanningofProjectProcessPlanningofprojectprocess–Programming–principlesFocusonthelogicsequenceofprojectactivitiesanditsoverallimpactonprojectoutputConsidertheprojectparticipantsandtheirfunctionalitiesAnalyzetheenvironmentalrestraintsandresourceavailabilitiesAimedontheefficiencyandflexibilityofprojectimplementationprocessAnetworkdiagramisoftenusedtoillustratetheprojectprocessAmulti-levelnetworkdiagrammaybeneededforacomplexprojectormulti-projectprogramPlanningofProjectProcessPla71Multi-levelNetworkDiagramACBMulti-levelNetworkDiagramACB72PlanningofProjectProcessProcedureofProgrammingTocollectprojectinformationregardingobjectives,structure,participants,procedure,etc.Tocollectproject-relatedinformation,suchasrestraints,resourceavailabilities,etc.ToanalyzecollectedinformationandidentifymajorfactorsandcriticalconditionsTopreparethelistofactivitiesalongwiththeirdurationandlogicsequenceinformationTodrafttheprogramwhichtakesaccountofthosefactorsandsatisfiesthecriticalconditionsPlanningofProjectProcessPro73PlanningofProjectProcessProcedureofProgrammingTooptimizetheprogramtoleveltheresourceinputandminimizethenegativeimpactTochosetheformtopresenttheprogramPlanningofProjectProcessPro74PlanningofProjectOrganizationPrinciplesBasedonthenatureoftheprojectConsidertheprojecttasksandprojectparticipants’functionalitiesTakeaccountofthefeatureofprojectprocessandtasksequencesBeresponsivetoenvironmentalsituationAprojectorganizationchartisoftenusedtoillustrateprojectorganizationPlanningofProjectOrganizati75OrganizationStructureAB1B2B3C22C21C23............OrganizationStructureAB1B2B3C76PlanningofProjectOrganizationProcedureToreviewthebasicnatureofprojectandidentifyalltheprojectparticipantsToanalyzetheprojectprocessandallthefunctionalitiesneedtoperformedTolistprojecttasksandallocatetaskstoprojectparticipantsToexamineallpossibleinterrelationshipsamongprojectparticipantsToestablishaprojectorganization(team)whichissuitabletothoseinterrelationshipsTodeterminetheparticipants’detailedresponsibilitiesandtaskslistbasedontheorganizationstructurePlanningofProjectOrganizati77PlanningofProjectContractPrincipleToreflecttheessentialrelationshipsofprojectorganizationTofacilitateprojectownerandprojectmanagertobestcontroltheprojectToallowallpartieswithinprojectorganizationtoberesponsiveandflexibletoenvironmentalconditionsTomaintainthebalanceofrightsandobligationsamongdifferentpartiesAcontractstructureisoftenusedtoillustratesuchcontract-basedrelationshipsPlanningofProjectContractPr78PudongAirportSteelStructureContractStructureShanghaiPudongInt.AirportCo.OwnerECADIPreliminarydesign,CDShanghaiConstructionManaging

ContractorADPConceptualdesignShanghaiInstl.InstallationShanghaiCst.3PartAShanghai.Mach.C.SteelStr.InstallThree-partycontractJiangnanShipyardMainsteelstru.fabricationShanghai.BoilerCorridorsteelstru.fabricationShanghaiCst.7PartBPudongAirportSteelStructure79ProjectSchedulingMethodsandToolsTechniquesBarChartNetworkDiagramArrowDiagram(Activity-on-arrow)PrecedenceDiagram(Activity-on-node)LinkedBarChartSoftwareproductsMSProjectPrimaveraProjectSchedulingMethodsand80ProjectSchedulingTechniquesBarChartProjectactivitiesarelaidoutonatime-scaledarea,whichshowsthedurationoftheactivities,thepositionontimescale,andtheidentificationofbroadlydefinedworksequenceProjectSchedulingTechniquesB81ProjectSchedulingTechniquesBarChartAdvantagesWidespreadapplicationSimplicityofpresentationQuickandeasytoprepareClearillustrationoftherelationshipbetweenactivitiesintermsoftimeandsequenceBestsuitedtonon-complexprojectDisadvantagesIncapableofdepictinginterrelationshipanddependenciesbetweenactivitiesNoindicationofcriticalactivitiesNotsuitableforhighdegreeofcontrolforcomplexprojectProjectSchedulingTechniquesB82ProjectSchedulingTechniquesNetworkDiagram-ArrowDiagram(Activity-on-arrow)UsearrowtopresentactivitiesActivitiesbeginandendateventsThenetworkofthesearrowsshowsallsequentialandrestraintsandrelationshipsbetweenactivitiesNotdrawntoatimescale164253ProjectSchedulingTechniquesN83ProjectSchedulingTechniquesArrowDiagram(Activity-on-arrow)AdvantagesEasytoidentifypotentialproblems,eg.sequencedelays,andlikelyeffectsEasytolocatecriticalactivitiesandthecriticalpathCapableoffindingthepossibilitiesandflexibilitytooptimizethescheduleDisadvantagesRequiresmoreefforttoprepareanetworkdiagramRequiresmoreskilltopresenttoanon-specialistTimeinformationisnotwellpresentedProjectSchedulingTechniquesA84ProjectSchedulingTechniquesNetworkDiagram-PrecedenceDiagram(Activity-on-node)UseboxestorepresentactivitiesandallrelatedinformationLinksbetweenboxessh