AP心理學(xué)專題知識

Chapter10

Personality APPsychologyMr.Tusow第1頁PersonalityPersonality:Thepsychologicalqualitiesthatbringaconsistencytoanindividual’sthoughtsandbehaviorsindifferentsituationsandatdifferenttimes.Personalityisacontinuouslychangingprocess,shapedbyourindividualneedsandcognitionsandbyexternalpressuresfromthesocialenvironment.Itisthethreadthatconsistentlyrunsthroughourlives.第2頁TwoMainTheoriesPsychodynamicTheory:Freud’stheorythatcallsattentiontomotivation,especiallyunconsciousmotives,andtheinfluenceofourpastexperiences.HumanisticTheory:Atheorythatemphasizesthepresent,subjectivereality-whatwebelieveisimportantnow,whatwethinkofourselvesinrelationtoothersisimportantnow.第3頁ClinicalPerspectiveTheclinicalperspectiveutilizesacombinationofthepsychodynamicandhumanistictheories.Thisismostoftenusedbypsychologistswhoareworkingwithpeoplewhoareseekingcounseling.第4頁SocialCognitiveTheorySocial-cognitivetheoryderivesfromexperimentsinpsychologyratherthanclinicalwork.Thistheoryisbasedontheideathatpersonalityisaresultoflearning,perceptionandsocialinteraction.Despitewhatitseems,social-cognitivetheoryandclinicalperspectivecomplimenteachotherandsharesomecommonideas.第5頁PsychodynamicTheoriesAlthoughthereareavarietyofpsychodynamictheories,theyoriginatewithFreud’spsychoanalytictheory.Inthistheory,Freudsaidtheunconscious,thehiddenpartsofthemind,wasasourceofpowerfulimpulses,instincts,motives,andconflictsthatenergizepersonality.第6頁PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisfocusesonhowthemind’senergyisexchanged,transformedandexpressed.The“mentalstream”ofthesexdrivewascalledtheEros,heGreekgodforpassionatelove.Theenergybehindthisdrivewascalledlibido,Latinforlust.The“mentalstream”fordestructionwasThanatos.Freudcalleditthe“deathinstinct”thatdrivesaggressiveanddestructiveactshumanscommitagainsteachother.第7頁PersonalityStructureFreudsawhumanpersonalityasanicebergwiththreeparts:theEgo,SuperegoandId.Inthismodel,thesuperegoandtheidwereantagonistparts,regulatedbytheego.IdSuperegoEgoConsciousmindUnconsciousmind第8頁TheIdInFreud’smodel,theidistheprimitive,unconsciousreservoirthathousesthebasicmotives,drivesandinstinctivedesiresthatdetermineourpersonalities.AlwaysactsonimpulseandseeksimmediatepleasureTheonlypartofthepersonalitypresentatbirth第9頁TheSuperegoThesuperegoisthe“police”ofpersonalityandisresponsibleformoralsandvalueslearnedfromsociety.ThesuperegodevelopsasthethechildformsaninternalsetofrulesbasedonexternalexperiencesTheinnervoiceofshouldsandshouldnotsOftenconflictswiththeidbecausetheidwantswhatfeelsgoodandthesuperegowantswhatisrightandmoreal第10頁TheEgoRegulatingtheconflictbetweentheidandthesuperegoisthejoboftheego-theconscious,rationalpartofthemind.Theegomustfigureoutawaytosatisfyone’sdesires,whilenotviolatingone’smoralcode.Whenthisbalancebecomesupset,conflictedthoughtsandbehaviorsthatsignifyamentaldisordermaybetheresult第11頁PsychosexualStagesFreudbelievedthatourearlyexperiencesstayedwithusandaffectedusthroughoutourdevelopment,especiallywithregardstosex.Shouldsomethinghappenintheearlyyears,peoplewillhaveproblemstoovercomelaterinlifespecificallydealingwithsexuality:Oedipuscomplex:boyinlovewiththeirmotherIdentification:boyslovetheirmom/identifywiththeirdadPenisenvy:girlsdesiretohaveapenis-attractedtomalesFixation:occurswhendevelopmentisstoppedataparticularstage第12頁Freud’sPsychosexualStagesFreud’sPsychosexualStagesStageFocusOralPleasurecentersonthemouth--(0-18months)sucking,biting,chewingAnalPleasurefocusesonbowelandbladder(18-36months)elimination;copingwithdemandsfor controlPhallicPleasurezoneisthegenitals;copingwith(3-6years)incestuoussexualfeelingsLatencyDormantsexualfeelings(6topuberty)GenitalMaturationofsexualinterests(pubertyon)第13頁EgoDefenseEgodefenseisthelargelyunconsciousmentalstrategytoreduceanxietyorconflict.Repression:theegodefensethatexcludesunacceptableorinappropriatethoughtsandfeelingsfromourawareness.Acompletelistofegodefensesisonpage416,beabletoidentifywhattheseare.第14頁AssessingtheUnconsciousProjectiveTestapersonalitytest,suchastheRorschachorTAT,thatprovidesambiguousstimulidesignedtotriggerprojectionofone’sinnerdynamicsThematicApperceptionTest(TAT)aprojectivetestinwhichpeopleexpresstheirinnerfeelingsandintereststhroughthestoriestheymakeupaboutambiguousscenes第15頁AssessingtheUnconscious--TAT第16頁AssessingtheUnconsciousRorschachInkblotTestthemostwidelyusedprojectivetestasetof10inkblotsdesignedbyHermannRorschachseekstoidentifypeople’sinnerfeelingsbyanalyzingtheirinterpretationsoftheblots第17頁AssessingtheUnconscious--Rorschach第18頁CriticismofFreudWhileFreudisstillwildlypopularinmediaandculture,ithaslostmostofitsupportinthepsychologyfield.ManyFreudianconcepts(libido,repression)arevagueThefocusisonretrospectiveexplanationOnlylooksback,doesn’tgivecredittothepresentorfutureNothoughtgiventowomenTheunconsciousmindisnotassmart/purposefulasFreudwouldlikeustobelieve第19頁Neo-FreudiansFreudwasacontroversialfigure,andmanyofhiscolloguesbrokeawayfromhisview,butstillmaintainedapsychodynamicaspecttotheirtheoriesAlfredAdlerimportanceofchildhoodsocialtensionKarenHorneysoughttobalanceFreud’smasculinebiasesCarlJungemphasizedthecollectiveunconsciousconceptofashared,inheritedreservoirofmemorytracesfromourspecies’history.第20頁HumanisticTheoriesHumanistictheoriesareoptimisticaboutthecoreofhumannature.Personalityisdrivenbyneedstoadaptandlearn,ratherthanunconsciousconflictsordefensemechanismsandanxietyMentaldisordersoccurwhenapersonisinanunhealthysituationthatcauseslowself-esteemandunmetneeds,notfromunhealthyindividuals.第21頁AbrahamMaslowThemostfamoushumanisticperspectivecamefromAbrahamMaslowwhocreatedahierarchyofneeds(chapter8).Hesaidweneededsomethingthatdescribedgoodmentalhealthasmorethanjusttheabsenceofillness.Maslowsawagroupofpeopleinpursuitof“higherideals”andwantedawaytoexplaintheirbehavior.Self-actualizingpersonalities-healthyindividualswhohavemettheirbasicneedsandarefreetobecreativeandfulfilltheirpotentialities.第22頁CarlRogersAnotherfamoushumanistswasCarlRogerswhotookadifferentapproach.Heidentifiedhealthypersonalitiesasthefullyfunctioningperson.Anindividualwhohasaself-conceptthatispositiveandcongruentwithreality.第23頁CriticismofHumanisticTheoriesPeoplecriticizehumanisticconceptsasbeingfuzzy-whatisselfactualization?Foralongtime,self-esteemwasthoughttocausepeopletoactthewaytheydo.Morerecently,psychologistshavearguedthatself-esteemisn’tthecauseofbehavior,butratheraby-productofbehavior.第24頁Social-cognitiveTheoriesWherearetheclinicalviewslackscientificbacking,thesocial-cognitivetheoriesaresolidlyfoundedinscientifictradition,withemphasisputonresearch.Themostwellknownofthesetheoriesisobservationallearning,supportedbyAlbertBandura.Bandurasaidwearenotonlydrivenbyinnerforcesandtheenvironment,butalsoexpectationsabouthowthoseactionswillaffectotherpeople,theenvironmentandourselves.第25頁ObservationalLearningInobservationallearning,welearnnewresponsesbywatchingeachothers’behavior.Personality,thus,islearnedbehaviorpatternsThesecognitiveprocessinvolveanongoingrelationshipbetweentheindividualandtheenvironmentcalledreciprocaldeterminism第26頁Social-CognitivePerspectiveLocusofControloursenseofcontrollingourenvironmentsratherthanfeelinghelplessExternalLocusofControltheperceptionthatchanceoroutsideforcesbeyondone’spersonalcontroldetermineone’sfate第27頁Social-CognitivePerspectiveInternalLocusofControl

theperceptionthatonecontrolsone’sownfateLearnedHelplessness

thehopelessnessandpassiveresignationananimalorhumanlearnswhenunabletoavoidrepeatedaversiveevents第28頁Social-CognitivePerspectiveLearnedHelplessnessUncontrollablebadeventsPerceivedlackofcontrolGeneralizedhelplessbehavior第29頁PersonalityandTemperamentTemperamentistheinheritedpersonalitydispositionsthatareapparentinearlychildhoodandthatestablish“tempo”and“mood”intheindividual’sbehaviors.Biologicaldispositionsaffectourbasicpersonalities第30頁TraitsandPersonalityTraitsarestablepersonalitycharacteristicsthatarepresumedtoexistwithintheindividualandtoguidehisorherthoughtsandactionsundervariousconditionsTheFive-FactorTheory:Aperspectivesuggestingthatpersonalityiscomposedoffivefundamentalpersonalitydimensions:opennesstoexperience,consciousness,extraversion,agreeablenessandneuroticism(explanationon433).第31頁Five-FactorTheoryThe“BigFive”PersonalityFactorsTraitDimensionDescriptionEmotionalStability Calmversusanxious Secureversusinsecure Self-satisfiedversusself-pityingExtraversion Sociableversusretiring

Fun-lovingversussober

AffectionateversusreservedOpenness Imaginativeversuspractical Preferenceforvarietyversuspreferenceforroutine IndependentversusconformingExtraversion Soft-heartedversusruthless Trustingversussuspicious HelpfulversusuncooperativeConscientiousness Organizedversusdisorganized Carefulversuscareless Disciplinedversusimpulsive第32頁ContemporaryResearch–

TheTraitPerspectiveTraitacharacteristicpatternofbehavioradispositiontofeelandact,asassessedbyself-reportinventoriesandpeerreportsPersonalityInventoryaquestionnaire(oftenwithtrue-falseoragree-disagreeitems)onwhichpeoplerespondtoitemsdesignedtogaugeawiderangeoffeelingsandbehaviorsusedtoassessselectedpersonalitytraits第33頁TheTraitPerspectiveHansandSybilEysenckusetwoprimarypersonalityfactorsasaxesfordescribingpersonalityvariationUNSTABLESTABLEcholericmelancholicphlegmaticsanguineINTROVERTEDEXTRAVERTEDMoodyAnxiousRig