醫(yī)學寄生蟲學：PROTOZOA（Kingdom Protista）

1、PROTOZOA（Kingdom Protista） A diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organismBlepharisma japonicumGiardia murisCentropyxis aculeata, CLASSIFICATIONKingdom （界）phyla （門）8X Euglenozoa, Amoebozoa 葉足門Metamonada, Choanozoa,領(lǐng)鞭毛蟲門 Loukozoa, Percolozoa, Microsporidia 微孢子蟲門 SulcozoaThis kingdom does not form

2、a clade, but an evolutionary grade or paraphyletic group, from which the fungi and animals are specifically excluded.Subkingdom Protozoa3 phylaSarcomastigophora (肉足鞭毛門)E. histolytica LeishimaniaT. vagialisG. lambliaApicomplex（頂復(fù)門）PlasmodiumToxplasma gondiiCryptosporidiumCiliophora （纖毛門）Change of the

3、 ConceptionIn 2005, members of the Society of Protozoologists （原生動物學家學會）voted to change the name of that organization to the International Society of Protistologists（原生生物學家學會）CharacteristicsProtozoa are mainly microscopic organisms, ranging in size from 10 to 52 um. Some, however, are significantly

4、larger. Among the largest are the deep-seadwelling xenophyophores, single-celled foraminifera whose shells can reach 20cm in diameter.19 Free-living forms are restricted to moist environments, such as soils, mosses and aquatic habitats, although many form resting cysts which enable them to survive d

5、rying. Many protozoan species are symbionts, some are parasites, and some are predators of bacteria, algae and other protists（原生生物）.MotilityProtozoa are abundant in aqueous environments and soil, occupying a range of trophic levels. Flagellates whip-like structures called flagella, Ciliates : hair-l

6、ike structures called cilia Amoebae (which move by the use of foot-like structures called pseudopodia). Some protozoa are sessile, and do not move at all.Protozoa may take in food by osmotrophy（滲透）, absorbing nutrients through their cell membranes; or they may feed by phagocytosis（吞噬）, either by eng

7、ulfing particles of food with pseudopodia (as amoebae do), or taking in food through a mouth-like aperture called a cytostome（胞口）. All protozoa digest their food in stomach-like compartments called vacuolesFeedingProtozoan Single cellEukaryotic Microorganisms65,000 all over the worldParasitic Protoz

8、oon: Heterotrophic （非自養(yǎng)型）Locomotion: Pseudopodia, falgella, CilliaParasitic Protozoa and Human DiseaseParasitic protozoan kill, mutilate, and debilitate more people in the world than do any other types of pathogens, 1/3 1/2 population.CLASSIFICATIONSarcomastigophora （肉足鞭毛門）Zoomastigophorea （動鞭綱）: Le

9、ishmania利什曼，T. vaginalis,陰道毛滴蟲，G.lamblia賈第蟲 Loposea (葉足綱): E.Histolytica 溶組織阿米巴 Apicomplexa (頂復(fù)門):Sporozoa （孢子綱）Plasmodium 瘧原蟲、Toxoplasma gondii弓形蟲、Cryptosporidac 隱孢子蟲Parasitic LocationCavity： intestines Amebas, G.lamblia, Cryptosporidac -genital tracts T. vaginalis Histocytes ：Leishmania, Toxoplasm

10、a GondiiErythrocytes：Plasmodium Morphology Most components of protozoan organelles do not differ in any basic way from the metazoan cells. Plasma membrane, pellicle(表膜）, alveoli.Glycocalyx (糖萼）shaped, feeding, discharge, feeling, movementCytoplasm： Ectoplasm(外質(zhì)）：gelled Adjoining membranes，Pellicular

11、 microtubules, fibrils,endoplasm(內(nèi)質(zhì)）：liquid and filled with organellesGeneral： Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus Specail: parabasal bodies, Microbodies, peroxisomes, hydrogenosomes, extrusomes, toxosomes, kinetosysts Metabolisms in special environment, maintain physiological activityNucleus：micro-, macr

12、o-, Endosomes 1. trophozoite(滋養(yǎng)體): Movement, feeding, metabolism Reproduction pathogenic stage2. cyst(包囊):Resting stage by secreting a resistant covering transmission，infectionEssential Form in Lifecycle結(jié)腸阿米巴滋養(yǎng)體結(jié)腸阿米巴包囊Trophozoite Cyst Physiological Characterization1.Locomotion Locomotor organelles:

13、pseudopodia, flagella, cilia (undulipodia)2.Ingestion permeate、pinocytosis、phagocytosis 3.Metabolism glycometablism4.Reproduction asexual , sexual , heterogamous (世代交替)REPRODUCTIONAsexual reproduction： binary fission、multiple fission 、budding (出芽生殖), External buddings (外出芽, 離母體后游離，纖毛蟲) Internal budd

14、ings (內(nèi)出芽，自帶包膜分散，球蟲) Sexual reproduction： gametogony (配子生殖) microgamete, macro - conjugation (結(jié)合生殖) only nuclei unite, only ciliates Alternation of generation (世代交替) Asexual Sexual (瘧原蟲） Types of TransmissionInterpersonal (人際傳播型）： 簡單型，陰道毛滴蟲 、溶組織阿米巴Circulational (循環(huán)傳播型）： 如剛地弓形蟲, 賈第蟲 Arthropod-borne ( 蟲媒傳播型)： 瘧原蟲、利什曼Characteristic of Pathogenesis 1Proliferation (within short time) Amebas： helminthes 2Dissemination Amebas：intestine liver、lungs、brain Malaria: erythroc