原子分子和離子

1、信息檢索與文獻(xiàn)閱讀（化學(xué)0701-0702）2009年9月10日第一部分 化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀 （20學(xué)時(shí)）第二部分 英文閱讀材料 （12學(xué)時(shí)）第三部分 信息檢索 （16學(xué)時(shí)）第一章 作為定量科學(xué)和物質(zhì)科學(xué)的化學(xué)第二章 原子、分子和離子第三章 氣態(tài)第四章 熱化學(xué)第五章 有機(jī)化合物和基團(tuán)的命名第六章 無機(jī)化學(xué)、有機(jī)化學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、分 析化學(xué)化學(xué)術(shù)語 第一部分 化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀（20學(xué)時(shí)）第二部分 英文閱讀材料（12學(xué)時(shí)）第一章 松香酸度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測試方法 第二章 族半導(dǎo)體制備的新方法：InP納米晶 的超聲化學(xué)合成 第三章 分子離子材料的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬 第四章 透射Laue法的X射線衍射 第五章 銷售

2、合同 第六章 專利說明書 第三部分 信息檢索（16學(xué)時(shí)）第一章 信息檢索基礎(chǔ) 第二章 超星圖書館 第三章 中國期刊網(wǎng) 第四章 維普 第五章 工程索引（Ei） 第六章 美國化學(xué)文摘（CA） 第七章 專利 教材和參考書：1、魏高原， 化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語知識(shí)（I）（Introductory Chemistry Speciality English）， 北京大學(xué)出版社，2004。 2、 Reading Materials (自編講義) 。3、 陳英，科技信息檢索（第二版），科學(xué)出版社，2005。4、 萬錫仁， Information Retrieval and Related Reading Mater

3、ials，（待出版）。5、 美 Philip Ball 著，魏高原等注釋， 化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語（II）， 北京大學(xué)出版社，2001。 課堂教學(xué)內(nèi)容安排第一節(jié)課教學(xué)要求說明詞匯預(yù)習(xí)課文閱讀理解第二節(jié)課課文閱讀理解（續(xù)）答疑布置課后作業(yè)課堂書面練習(xí)Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 第二章 原子，分子和離子 一、教學(xué)要求掌握：化學(xué)中化合物分子式、化學(xué)方程式的表 示；無機(jī)化合物的命名；原子質(zhì)量、分 子質(zhì)量和摩爾質(zhì)量關(guān)系及簡單計(jì)算; 常 用原子、分子和離子的英語詞匯。熟悉：原子、分子和離子的英語詞匯。了解：原子和離子的分類和基本概念。 二、 詞匯（New Words

4、 and Expressions）combination 化合compound 化合物substance 物質(zhì)composition 組成 polyatomic 多原子的refer to as 稱為anion (anionic)陰離子cation (cationic)陽離子chemical formula 化學(xué)式Monatomic Molecules Diatomic MoleculesHe Helium H2 Hydrogen Ne Neon O2 OxygenAr Argon N2 nitrogenKr Krypton F2 fluorineXe Xenon C12 chlorineRn

5、Radon I2 iodine Polyatomic MoleculesP4 PhosphorusAs4 ArsenicSb4 AntimonyS8 SulfurSe8 SeleniumChemical Formulas for Molecules of Elements subscript 下標(biāo)structural formula 結(jié)構(gòu)式 chemical bond 化學(xué)鍵Chemical formulas for Some Simple Compoundswater H2Ocarbon monoxide COcarbon dioxide CO2sulfur dioxide SO2silve

6、r sulfide Ag2Spotassium chloride KClammonia NH3methane CH4 NH4+ Ammonium ion NO2- Nitrite ionCN- Cyanide ion NO3- Nitrate ionCO32- Carbonate ion O22- Peroxide ionClO3- Chlorate ion OH- Hydroxide ionC1O4- Perchlorate ion PO43- Phosphate ionCrO42- Chromate ion SO32- Sulfite ionCr2O2- Dichromate ion SO

7、42- Sulfate ionMnO4- Permanganate ion CH3COO- Acetate ion Polyatomic Ions Structure formulas:known collectively as（統(tǒng)稱為） parenthesis (parentheses)括號(hào)salt 鹽 binary molecular compound 二元分子化合物prefix 前綴Mn2+ manganese ( II ) ionMn3+ manganese ( III ) ionCu+ copper ( I ) ionCu2+ copper ( II ) ionCl- chlorid

8、e ionO2- oxide ion N3- nitride ionN3- azide ionO22- peroxide ionCuCl copper ( I ) chlorideCuCl2 copper ( II ) chlorideNa3P sodium phosphideA12(SO4)3 aluminum sulfatehydrochloric acid HCl(aq) carbonic acid H2CO3 (aq) nitric acid HNO3 perchloric acid HClO4 phosphoric acid H3PO4 sulfuric acid H2SO4 nit

9、rous acid HNO2 (aq) sulfurous acid H2SO3 (aq) phosphorous acid H3 PO3 arsenious acid HAsO2 Acidselenious acid H2SeO3selenic acid H2SeO4Chloride ion C1-Carbonate ion CO32-Hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3-Nitrate ion NO3-Nitrite ion NO2-Perchlorate ion C1O4-Phosphate ion PO43-Hydrogen phosphate ion HPO42-D

10、ihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4-Hydrogen phosphite ion HPO32-Sulfate ion SO42-Hydrogen sulfate ion HSO4-Sulfite ion SO32-Hydrogen sulfite ion HSO3- -ic 酸 -ite 亞酸 -ate 酸（鹽） -ous 亞酸(鹽) -ide 化物Greek and Latin prefixMono- , 1Di-, 2Tri-, 3Tetra-, 4Penta-, 5Hexa-, 6Hepta-, 7Octa-, 8 Nona-, 9Deca-, 10chemica

11、l equation 化學(xué)方程式reactant 反應(yīng)物product 產(chǎn)物aqueous solution 水溶液positive and negative ions 正離子和負(fù)離子dissolution 溶解dissociation 解離ionization 電離molar mass 摩爾質(zhì)量Avogadros number（ Avogadro 常數(shù)） microscopic 微觀的 macroscopic 宏觀的ozone molecule 臭氧分子molarity 摩爾濃度concentration濃度quantitative 定量的qualitative 定性的sodium hydr

12、oxide 氫氧化鈉laboratory 實(shí)驗(yàn)室empirical formula 經(jīng)驗(yàn)式potassium 鉀percentage composition 百分組成cryolite n.冰晶石,氟鋁酸鈉fluorine氟三、課文的閱讀理解 學(xué)生閱讀課文510分鐘，教師指定學(xué)生逐段朗讀課文，并翻譯成中文，教師及時(shí)評(píng)講。3.1 Atoms and Ions in Combination(化合狀態(tài)中的原子和離子)Molecular and Ionic Compounds( 分子化合物和離子化合物) When two or more atoms combine chemically they for

13、m a molecule. (A molecule is the smallest particle of a pure substance that has the composition and properties of that substance and is capable of independent existence. ) The naturally occurring forms of some elements are diatomic molecules (molecules consisting of two atoms) or polyatomic molecule

14、s (which contain more than two atoms). We refer to the compounds composed of molecules as molecular compounds. When an atom gains one or more electrons it acquires a negative charge and is known as an anion; when an atom loses one or more electrons it acquires a positive charge and is known as a cat

15、ion. An ionic compound (e. g. NaCl) consists of positive and negative ions (Na+ and Cl-) held together by electrical attraction. The chemical formula of an ionic compound gives the ratio of ions, but individual molecules are not ordinarily present.2. Formulas for Chemical Compounds (2. 化合物的化學(xué)式) A ch

16、emical formula gives the symbols for the elements in a compound with subscripts indicating the number of atoms of each element present. For a molecular compound, the formula represents the number of atoms in one molecule. For an ionic compound, the formula gives the ratio of ions present in the simp

17、lest unit, or one formula unit. A structural formula is essentially a diagram showing how the atoms in a compound or ion are linked to each other by chemical bonds. The formula Mg2+ (NO3-)2 is read M-G-N-oh-three-taken-twice.3. Naming Chemical Compounds(3 化合物命名) The rules that govern the naming of c

18、hemical compounds are known collectively as（統(tǒng)稱為） chemical nomenclature命名法. In the Stock system, the name of a cation consists of the name of the element, the charge on the ion as a Roman numeral in parentheses (parenthesis，圓括號(hào)（單數(shù)）), and the word ion. The name of a monatomic anion (e.g., Cl-) consist

19、s of the name of the element with the ending ide, followed by the word ion. A binary compound is one containing atoms or ions of only two elements. Salts are ionic compounds formed between cations and the anions of acids. For binary molecular compounds, prefixes are used to indicate the number of at

20、oms of each element present.4. Chemical Equations (4. 化學(xué)方程式) The substances that undergo changes in a chemical reaction are called the reactants, and the new substances formed are the products. The chemical change that takes place is represented with symbols and formulas in a chemical equation. All

21、chemical equations must be balanced-the correct coefficients must be used for each species so that all the atoms of each element in the reactants can be accounted for解釋；說明 in the products. Information about the states of reactants and products may be provided by symbols after the formulas. (g) for g

22、as, (l) for liquid, (s) for solid, and (aq) for substances in aqueous solution. The transformation of a neutral ionic compound into positive and negative ions, usually by dissolution溶解in water, is called dissociation（解離）. The formation of ions from a molecular compound is known as ionization（電離）. Fo

23、r example,3.2 Atomic, Molecular ,and Molar Mass Relationships (32 原子、分子和摩爾質(zhì)量的關(guān)系)1. Molecular Mass(1. 分子質(zhì)量) The molecular mass of a chemical compound is the sum of the atomic masses, in atomic mass units, of all the atoms in the formula of the compound. For example, 2. Avogadros Number, The Mole, and

24、 Molar Mass (2. 阿佛加德羅常數(shù)，摩爾和摩爾質(zhì)量) Avogadros number is the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12; it is equal to 6. 0221023. A mole is a number of anything equal to Avogadros number. The mole is the unit that provides the connection between masses on the microscopic level (measured in atomic ma

25、ss units) and masses on the macroscopic level (measured in grams). The molar mass of a substance is the mass in grams of one mole of that substance.e.g.1 How many ozone molecules and how many oxygen atoms are present in 48.00g of ozone, O3?3. Molarity摩爾濃度(M): Molar mass摩爾量 in Solutions (3 摩爾濃度：溶液中的摩

26、爾量) The concentration of a substance in solution is a quantitative statement of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution. Concentrations are often given in moles per liter of solution, or molarity (M). e.g.1 An experiment called for the addition of 1.50 mol of NaOH in the form o

27、f a dilute solution. The only sodium hydroxide solution that could be found in the laboratory was a 2 L container marked 0.1035M NaOH. What volume of this solution would be required for the 1.50 mol of NaOH? If the 2 L container was full, would this be enough?What volume of this solution would be re

28、quired for the 1.50 mol of NaOH? If the 2 L container was full, would this be enough?(1.50 mol NaOH)(1L / 0.1035 mol NaOH) = 14.5 L Not enough 3.3 Composition of a Chemical Compound, Simplest and Empirical Formulas, and Molecular Formulas (33 化合物的組成，最簡式和經(jīng)驗(yàn)式和分子式) The percentage (by mass) of each elem

29、ent present in a chemical compound is its percentage composition. The simplest formula of a compound gives the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms it contains. An experimentally determined simplest formula is called an empirical formula; it can be determined from the percentage composition and

30、the molar masses of the elements present. The molecular formula of a compound represents the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule. To find the molecular formula of a compound it is necessary to know both its empirical formula and its molecular or molar mass, which is usually

31、some multiple of the mass calculated from the empirical formula.e.g. 1 A 3.91 g sample of potassium metal when burned in oxygen formed a compound weighing 7.11 g and containing only potassium and oxygen. What is the percentage composition of this compound?(K) = (3.91 g K / 7.11 g compound) (100%) =

32、55.0% (O) = (1 - 0.55) (100%) = 45.0% e.g. 2 The mineral cryolite n.冰晶石,氟鋁酸鈉contains 33% by mass of Na, 13% by mass of Al, and 54% by mass of F （fluorine）. Determine the empirical formula of the compound. e.g. 3 The empirical formula for a substance was determined to be CH. The approximate molar mas

33、s of the substance was experimentally found to be 79 g. What is the molecular formula of this molecular compound? What is the exact molar mass? 四、答疑 一般情況下，爭對學(xué)生提出的問題進(jìn)行個(gè)別答疑。1. Translate the technical terms in the text into Chinese by referring to relevant dictionaries.2. (25 )01( (a),(b) );02 ( (a), (

34、b) );05;103. Translate this text into Chinese. 五、課后作業(yè)Exercises01 Write the formula for each of the following simple cations and anions, simple binary compounds, salts of polyatomic ions, and more complex binary molecular compounds:(a) sodium ion, zinc ion, silver ion, mercury ( I ) ion, iron ( II )

35、ion, lithium ion, bismuth 化鉍() ion, iron ( I ) ion, chromium () ion, potassium ion, phosphide磷化物ion, sulfide ion, telluride碲化物ion, chloride ion, and iodide ion;(b) sodium fluoride, zinc oxide, barium peroxide, magnesium bromide, hydrogen iodide, sodium azide, calcium phosphide, iron ( II ) oxide, si

36、lver fluoride, copper ( I ) chloride, potassium azide, manganese () oxide, and iron ( ) oxide;02 Write a chemical equation representing each of the following reactions: (a) solid aluminum sulfide reacts with liquid water to give solid aluminum hydroxide and gaseous hydrogen sulfide and (b) gaseous o

37、zone reacts with gaseous nitrogen monoxide to produce gaseous nitrogen dioxide and gaseous oxygen.05 What mass of A12(SO4)3 will contain a number of A13+ ions equal to Avogadros number? What mass of A12(SO4)3 will contain a total number of ions equal to. Avogadros number? What mass of A12(SO4)3 will

38、 contain a total number of atoms equal to Avogadros number?10 A 1.000 g sample of an alcohol was burned in oxygen and produced 1.913 g of CO2 and 1.174 g of H2O. The alcohol contained only C, H, and O. What is the empirical formula of the alcohol?預(yù)習(xí)內(nèi)容： 復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容：1、復(fù)習(xí)和整理本課文的專業(yè)詞匯；2、本課文的全文翻譯。 Chapter 3 The

39、Gaseous State六、課堂練習(xí) 請將下列英文翻譯成中文： Mang metals are used in conditions where they may be affected by the atmosphere and moisture, so corrosion by the attack of these two media is the most familiar kind. For example, the steelwork of a landing-stage at the seaside tends to become badly corroded because

40、the regular immersion in sea water with the rise and fall of the tide causes even more intense corrosion than there would be if the steel were permanently covered by the sea. A railwayline in a country district may last seventy years but in a tunnel the life may be only 3 to 8 years. 將下列詞匯翻譯成中文：comb

41、inationcompoundsubstance compositionpolyatomicrefer to asanion (anionic)cation (cationic)chemical formulaMonatomic Molecules Diatomic Molecules Polyatomic Molecules HeliumHydrogen Phosphorus Neon Oxygen Arsenic Argon Nitrogen Antimony Krypton Fluorine Sulfur Xenon Chlorine Selenium Radon IodineChemi

42、cal Formulas for Molecules of Elements subscriptstructural formula chemical bondChemical formulas for Some Simple Compoundswater carbon monoxide carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide silver sulfide potassium chloride ammonia methane NH4+ Ammonium ion NO2- Nitrite ionCN- Cyanide ion NO3- Nitrate ionCO32- Car

43、bonate ion O22- Peroxide ionClO3- Chlorate ion OH- Hydroxide ionC1O4- Perchlorate ion PO43- Phosphate ionCrO42- Chromate ion SO32- Sulfite ionCr2O2- Dichromate ion SO42- Sulfate ionMnO4- Permanganate ion CH3COO- Acetate ion Polyatomic Ions Structure formulas:known collectively asparentheses (parenth

44、esis)salt binary molecular compound prefixMn2+ manganese ( II ) ionMn3+ nanganese ( I ) ionCu+ copper ( I ) ionCu2+ copper ( II ) ionCl- chloride ionO2- oxide ion N3- nitride ionN3- azide ionO22- peroxide ionCuCl copper ( I ) chlorideCuCl2 copper ( II ) chlorideNa3P sodium phosphideA12(SO4)3 aluminu

45、m sulfatehydrochloric acid HCl(aq) carbonic acid H2CO3 (aq) nitric acid HNO3 nitrous acid HNO2 (aq) perchloric acid HClO4 phosphoric acid H3PO4 sulfuric acid H2SO4 sulfurous acid H2SO3 (aq) phosphorous acid H3PO3arsenious acid HAsO2Acidselenious acid H2SeO3selenic acid H2SeO4Chloride ion C1-Carbonat

46、e ion CO32-Hydrogen carbonate ion HCO3-Nitrate ion NO3-Nitrite ion NO2-Perchlorate ion C1O4-Phosphate ion PO43-Hydrogen phosphate ion HPO42-Dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4-Hydrogen phosphite ion HPO32-Sulfate ion SO42-Hydrogen sulfate ion HSO4-Sulfite ion SO32-Hydrogen sulfite ion HSO3-Greek and Lati

47、n prefixMono- , 1Di-, 2Tri-, 3Tetra-, 4Penta-, 5Hexa-, 6Hepta-, 7Octa-, 8 Nona-, 9Deca-, 10chemical equation reactant product aqueous solution positive and negative ionsdissolution dissociation ionization molar mass Avogadro number microscopic macroscopic ozone molecule molarity concentration quanti

48、tative qualitative sodium hydroxide laboratory empirical formula potassium percentage composition cryolite fluorine01 Write the formula for each of the following simple cations and anions, simple binary compounds, salts of polyatomic ions, and more complex binary molecular compounds:(a) sodium ion, zinc ion, silver ion, mercury ( I ) ion, iron ( II ) ion, lithium ion, bismuth 化鉍() ion, iron ( I ) ion, chromium () ion, potassium ion, phosphide磷化物ion, sulfide ion, telluride碲化物ion, chloride ion, and iodide ion;(b) sodium fluoride, zinc oxide, barium peroxide, magnesium bromide,