高考化學(xué)二輪復(fù)習(xí)訓(xùn)練題：填空逐空特訓(xùn)01《蓋斯定律應(yīng)用、反應(yīng)熱計算》（含答案）

1、PAGE (一)蓋斯定律應(yīng)用、反應(yīng)熱計算特訓(xùn)1已知：CH3OH、H2的燃燒熱(H)分別為726.5 kJmol1、285.8 kJmol1，則常溫下CO2和H2反應(yīng)生成CH3OH和H2O的熱化學(xué)方程式是_。答案CO2(g)3H2(g)=CH3OH(l)H2O(l)H130.9 kJmol1解析燃燒熱是指1 mol可燃物完全燃燒生成穩(wěn)定的氧化物時放出的熱量。已知：CH3OH、H2的燃燒熱(H)分別為726.5 kJmol1、285.8 kJmol1，則有：CH3OH(l)eq f(3,2)O2(g)=CO2(g)2H2O(l)H726.5 kJmol1，H2(g)eq f(1,2)O2(g)=H

2、2O(l)H285.8 kJmol1，根據(jù)蓋斯定律：3得常溫下CO2和H2反應(yīng)生成CH3OH和H2O的熱化學(xué)方程式：CO2(g)3H2(g)=CH3OH(l)H2O(l)H130.9 kJmol1。2紅磷P(s)和Cl2(g)發(fā)生反應(yīng)生成PCl3(g)、PCl5(g)，反應(yīng)過程如下：2P(s) 3Cl2(g) = 2PCl3(g)H612 kJmol12P(s) 5Cl2(g) =2PCl5(g)H798 kJmol1氣態(tài) PCl5生成氣態(tài)PCl3和Cl2的熱化學(xué)方程式為_。答案PCl5(g)PCl3(g) Cl2(g)H93 kJmol1解析已知：2P(s)3Cl2(g)=2PCl3(g)H

3、612 kJmol1，2P(s)5Cl2=2PCl5(g)H798 kJmol1，根據(jù)蓋斯定律可知()/2即得到氣態(tài)PCl5生成氣態(tài)PCl3和Cl2的熱化學(xué)方程式：PCl5(g)PCl3(g)Cl2(g)H93 kJmol1。3已知：2CH4(g)O2(g)=2CO(g)4H2(g)Ha kJmol1CO(g)2H2(g)=CH3OH(g)H b kJmol1試寫出由CH4和O2制取氣態(tài)甲醇的熱化學(xué)方程式：_。答案2CH4(g)O2(g)=2CH3OH(g)H(a2b) kJmol1解析將給出的反應(yīng)分別標(biāo)為、，根據(jù)蓋斯定律，把2可得CH4和O2制取甲醇的熱化學(xué)方程式：2CH4(g)O2(g)=

4、2CH3OH(g)H(a2b) kJmol1。4已知：2Cu2S(s)3O2 (g)=2Cu2O(s)2SO2(g)H768.2 kJmol1 2Cu2O(s)Cu2S (s)=6Cu(s)SO2(g)H116.0 kJmol1 則Cu2S(s)O2 (g)=2Cu(s)SO2(g)H_。答案217.4 kJmol1解析根據(jù)蓋斯定律，將方程式eq f(1,3)()得Cu2S(s)O2(g)=2Cu(s)SO2(g)Heq f(1,3)(768.2116.0) kJmol1217.4 kJmol1。5已知：N2(g)2O2(g)=2NO2(g)Ha kJmol1N2H4(g)O2(g)=N2(g

5、)2H2O(g)Hb kJmol12NO2(g)N2O4(g)Hc kJmol1寫出氣態(tài)肼在氣態(tài) N2O4 中燃燒生成氮氣和氣態(tài)水的熱化學(xué)方程式_。答案2N2H4(g)N2O4(g)=3N2(g)4H2O(g)H (ac2b) kJmol1解析N2(g)2O2(g)=2NO2(g)，N2H4(g)O2(g)=N2(g)2H2O(g)，2NO2(g) N2O4(g)，2得出：2N2H4(g)N2O4(g)=3N2(g)4H2O(g)H(c2ba) kJmol1。6已知反應(yīng)： 2SO2(g)O2(g)2SO3(g)H196.6 kJmol1 反應(yīng)： 2NO(g)O2(g)2NO2(g)H113.0

6、 kJmol1則SO2(g)與NO2(g)反應(yīng)生成SO3(g)和NO(g)的熱反應(yīng)方程式為_。答案SO2(g)NO2(g)SO3(g)NO(g)H41.8 kJmol1解析已知反應(yīng)： 2SO2(g)O2(g)2SO3(g)H196.6 kJmol1，反應(yīng)： 2NO(g)O2(g)2NO2(g) H113.0 kJmol1，根據(jù)蓋斯定律()/2即得到SO2(g)與NO2(g)反應(yīng)生成SO3(g)和NO(g)的熱反應(yīng)方程式：SO2(g)NO2(g)SO3(g)NO(g)H41.8 kJmol1。7已知：H2的熱值為142.9 kJg1(熱值是表示單位質(zhì)量的燃料完全燃燒生成穩(wěn)定的化合物時所放出的熱量

7、)；N2(g)2O2(g)=2NO2(g)H133 kJmol1H2O(g)=H2O(l)H44 kJmol1催化劑存在下，H2還原NO2生成水蒸氣和其他無毒物質(zhì)的熱化學(xué)方程式：_。答案4H2(g) 2NO2(g)=N2(g) 4H2O(g)H 1 100.2 kJmol1解析已知：H2的熱值為142.9 kJg1，則 H2(g)eq f(1,2)O2(g)=H2O(l)H1285.8 kJmol1；N2(g)2O2(g)=2NO2(g)H2133 kJmol1；H2O(g)=H2O(l)H344 kJmol1；根據(jù)蓋斯定律由44可得4H2(g)2NO2(g)=4H2O(g)N2(g)H(28

8、5.8 kJmol1)4(133 kJmol1)(44 kJmol1)41 100.2 kJmol1，故此反應(yīng)的熱化學(xué)方程式為 4H2(g)2NO2(g)=N2(g)4H2O(g)H1 100.2 kJmol1。8已知鍵能：NN 945 kJmol1，HH 436 kJmol1，NH 391 kJmol1。則氮氣、氫氣合成氨的熱化學(xué)方程式是_。答案 N2(g) 3H2(g)2NH3(g)H 93 kJmol1解析已知鍵能：NN 945 kJmol1，HH 436 kJmol1，NH 391 kJmol1，則N2(g)3H2(g)2NH3(g)H(945 kJmol13436 kJmol1)(6391 kJmol1)93 kJmol1，故氮氣、氫氣合成氨的熱化學(xué)方程式是N2(g)3H2(g)2NH3(g)H93 kJmol1。9H124 kJmol1部分化學(xué)鍵的鍵能如下表所示：化學(xué)鍵CHCCC=CHH鍵能/ kJmol1412348X436根據(jù)上述反