模聯(lián)的必會詞匯250

1、A棄權(quán) Abstainbsten在一個關(guān)于實體性問題的投票中，代表除了可以選擇“是”或者“否”，還可以選擇“棄權(quán)”。這意味著此代表既不支持也不反對正在進行投票表決的決議。During a vote on a substantive matter, a delegate may abstain rather than vote yes or no. This means that the delegate neither supports nor opposes the resolution on the go.議程 Agendadend 點名完畢后，委員會所設(shè)定的議題討論順序。Agenda i

2、s the order of topics to be discussed in a conference, usually being set after the roll call.修正案 Amendment英 mendmnt修正案是用來對正在討論的決議草案提出修改意見的文件。修正案分為兩種：友好修正案與非友好修正案。Amendment is a form of document to amend a draft resolution. The two types of amendments are friendly amendment and unfriendly amendment.B

3、背景指導 Background Guidebkgrand gad 背景指導是一份關(guān)于會議即將討論議題的調(diào)研報告，一般由會議主席團撰寫，并在會前分發(fā)給各國代表。A background guide is a research report of topics on the conference written by the dais and distributed to the delegates before the conference.約束力 Bindingband約束力是指聯(lián)合國決議對成員國具有法律效力。安理會決議和聯(lián)合國國際法庭的判決是具有約束力的；而聯(lián)合國大會和經(jīng)社委員會的決議不具有

4、約束力。Binding is the legal force to impose UN resolutions on the Member States. Resolutions of Security Council and the Internaitonal Court of Justice are binding. Decisions made by the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council are non-binding.國家集團 Bloc英 blk一組處于同一地理區(qū)域或者就某一議題有類似觀點的國家。組成國家集團的決定性因

5、素是具有共同的國家利益。A bloc is a group of countries within a same geographical region or holding similar country positions on a particular topic. The determining factor in forming a bloc is sharing the common national interests.集團領(lǐng)導者 Bloc Leader在一個國家集團中充當著領(lǐng)導者的代表。A bloc leader is the delegate who plays the le

6、ading role in a bloc.C磋商 Caucusk:ks磋商是正式辯論過程中一種深入討論議題的方式。磋商分為兩種類型：有主持核心磋商和自由磋商。Caucus is a form of discussion in formal debate, in which delegates may discuss a subtopic more specifically. There are two types of caucus: moderated caucus and un-moderated caucus.主席 Chair英 te(r)主席是負責主持辯論、計時、裁決問題及動議，并執(zhí)行

7、會議流程的主席團成員。Chair is a member of the dais who is responsible for moderating debate, timing, ruling on points and motions, and imposing the rules of procedure.委員會 Committeekmti “委員會”是一個協(xié)商會議，一個由代表組成,按議事程序討論議題并做出決策的有序組織。模擬聯(lián)合國會議中的委員會大多模仿聯(lián)合國主要機構(gòu)、附屬機構(gòu)、規(guī)劃署、基金會、調(diào)研及培訓機構(gòu)、特殊組織、實體和區(qū)域委員會建立。代表需依據(jù)所在委員會的職權(quán)范圍和議事規(guī)則討論相

8、關(guān)議題。A committee is a deliberative assembly, an organization comprising members who use parliamentary procedure for making decisions. In Model UN conference, committees are usually the simulations of principal organs, subsidiary bodies, programs, funds, research and training institutes, special organ

9、izations, entities or regional commissions of UN system. Delegates discuss relevant topics and resolutions according to the given functions, powers, and rules of procedure of the committees.危機 Crisiskrass危機是會議進行當中，各國代表需要立即處理的突發(fā)性事件。模聯(lián)會議中的危機一般由主席團在會前設(shè)置好，事件可能與代表們討論的議題相關(guān)。事件的形式有若干種，可能是突發(fā)事件的新聞報道，可能是國際組織的文

10、件，可能是相關(guān)人員的視頻資料，也可能是外交官派出國政府發(fā)來的外交指令等?！癈risis”, to which delegates must respond immediately, is an emergent matter or unexpected event that happens during a conference. Usually designed by the dais before the conference, a crisis may be related to the topic being discussed on the floor. The forms of c

11、risis include news report, official document from international organizations, video profile, or directive from embassies or governments.D主席團 Daisdes主席團由主席、會議總監(jiān)和主席助理組成，負責組織模擬聯(lián)合國的會議。Usually consisted of a Chair, a Director and a Rapporteur, a dais is a group of people in charge of a Model UN conferen

12、ce.代表 Delegatedelgt代表是模擬聯(lián)合國會議中受委托或指派表達意見的人，可以代表一個聯(lián)合國成員國，一個觀察國，或一個國際組織。Representing an UN Member State, an observer or an international organization, delegate is a person chosen or elected to express views in a Model UN conference.英 delgen代表團 Delegation代表團是指模聯(lián)會議中，在不同委員會代表同一個成員國或觀察國的全體代表。代表團也指來自同一參與團體

13、的所有代表，例如來自同一高中或大學的全體代表。Delegation is a group of delegates representing the same UN Member State, an observer or an international organization in a Model UN conference. Delegation is also used to describe the delegates from the same participating group, e.g. the same high school or college.會議總監(jiān) Direc

14、tordrekt(r)會議總監(jiān)是負責監(jiān)督代表角色扮演、文件寫作及議題調(diào)研的主席團成員。Director is a member of the dais who is in charge of overseeing delegates role-playing, document writing and topic researching.決議草案 Draft Resolutiondr:ft rezlu:n決議草案是由代表草擬、為委員會所討論的議題尋求解決方案的一種文件格式。如果被投票通過，那么決議草案就成為正式?jīng)Q議。在一個委員會中，有關(guān)同一個議題的決議草案只能通過一份。Written by t

15、he delegates, draft resolution is a form of document that seeks to solve the issues addressed by a Model UN committee. If passed by the committee, the draft resolution will become a resolution. Only one draft resolution will be passed for each topic in a committee.指令草案 Draft Directive drektv指令草案是針對危

16、機處理的文件。指令草案的表決通過標志著危機的成功解決。指令草案由行動性條款構(gòu)成。指令草案的行動措施要立即、有效，避免長遠規(guī)劃。代表可以對指令草案提出修正案，其中，非友好修正案也需要表決。Draft directive is a form of document that aims at successfully solving the crisis. A draft directive is only composed by operative clauses. The actions taken under the directive need to be instant and effec

17、tive instead of long-term. Amandments are welcome to a draft directive, of which the unfriendly ones shall be passed after votes.F指導教師 Faculty Advisor fklti dvaz指導教師是負責指導學生運營模擬聯(lián)合國社團并訓練模聯(lián)代表團的教學人員。Faculty Advisor is a teacher or faculty responsible for advising students to run a Model UN club and trai

18、ning a delegation.會議流程 Flow of the Debatedbet 會議流程是模聯(lián)會議中事件進行的順序。Flow of debate is the order in which events proceed during a Model UN conference.正式辯論 Formal Debatef:mldbet在一個模聯(lián)會議中標準形式的討論。代表按照發(fā)言名單確定的順序在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)進行演講。The standard type of debate at a Model UN conference, in which delegates speak for a cert

19、ain period of time in the order based on the speakers list.友好修正案Friendly Amendment mendmnt友好修正案是原決議草案全部起草國均贊成的對決議草案內(nèi)容的改動。在全部起草國簽字同意后，一份修正案便成為友好修正案，并自動被加入到原決議草案中。A friendly amendment is a change to the draft resolution that all sponsors agree with. After the amendment signed by all of the draft resol

20、utions sponsors and approved by the committee director or president, it will be automatically incorporated into the resolution.G槌 Gavelgvl主席用來維持模聯(lián)委員會秩序的一個小木錘形狀的工具。很多會議都把委員會中使用過的槌贈與主席團選出的該委員會的最佳代表。所以，這個詞也常常用來指贈與最佳代表的獎勵，哪怕事實上并沒有。The tool, shaped like a small wooden hammer, is used by the Chair to keep

21、 order within a Model UN committee. Many conferences give the gavel to the delegate recognized by the dais as the best in that committee; therefore, the term is frequently used to refer to the award given to the best delegate, even in cases where no actual gavel is given地球村 Global Village在模聯(lián)會議進行過程中舉

22、行的展示各國文化的活動。Global Village is an activity in which delegates can display different cultures of the countries via exhibitions.H首席代表 Head Delegatedelgt首席代表是一個模聯(lián)代表團中的領(lǐng)隊。Head delegate is the chief representative of a Model UN delegation.I支持 In favor of 即支持該動議通過。當超過半數(shù)的與會代表支持該動議通過，主席團才能予以執(zhí)行。In favor is to

23、 agree to pass a motion. There must be over half of the delegates in favor of a motion in order to pass it.L游說 Lobbying英lb游說是一種通過陳述觀點來影響會場內(nèi)他國代表意見的行為。Lobbying is a form of advocacy with the intention of influencing decisions made by other delegates during a conference.M成員國 Member State一個批準了聯(lián)合國憲章、并且加入

24、申請已經(jīng)被聯(lián)合國大會和安理會接受的國家。目前聯(lián)合國一共有192個成員國。唯一一個國際承認的非成員國家是教廷梵蒂岡。A country that has ratified the Charter of the United Nations and whose application to join has been accepted by the General Assembly and Security Council. Currently, there are 192 member states. The only internationally recognized state that

25、is not a member state is the Holy See.有主持核心磋商 Moderated Caucus m:drtd k:ks一種有特定主題、限總發(fā)言時間的磋商形式。有主持核心磋商可以讓代表在短時間內(nèi)關(guān)注更為具體的問題。A type of caucus with a specific topic and restricted total time, moderated Caucus enables delegates to focus on detailed problems in a short period of time.動議 Motion mn由代表提出的改變現(xiàn)有

26、會議進程的建議，需要全體代表投票表決。這些動議的內(nèi)容可以是進行磋商、休會、介紹決議草案或者進入投票階段。A suggestion made by a delegate to change the current process. A motion might refer to a caucus, an adjournment, an introduction to a draft resolution, or closing the debate.動議停止辯論 Motion to Close Debatemn動議結(jié)束辯論與動議暫停會議有所不同。當結(jié)束辯論的動議生效后，會議將進入投票階段。此動議

27、一般在代表認為立場已經(jīng)得到充分闡述，且決議草案已較為完善的情況下提出。A motion to close debate is not the same as the motion to suspend meeting. Rather, it is used to move the committee to a vote, usually when the delegate has made his or her countrys position clear and there are enough and fully discussed draft resolutions on the fl

28、oor.動議有主持核心磋商動議 Motion for a Moderated Caucusmnm:drtd k:ks代表通過動議有主持核心磋商來進行議題的深入討論。有主持核心磋商討論的主題、總時間、各代表發(fā)言時間由提出此動議的代表提出。Delegates make a motion for a moderated caucus in order to set a discussion on a specific topic. To motion for a moderated caucus, delegates are required to propose topic, total time

29、 and the speaking time for each delegate.動議更改發(fā)言時間 Motion to Set Speaking Time代表可以通過動議更改發(fā)言時間，來重置每位代表在發(fā)言名單中的發(fā)言時間。Delegates propose a motion to set the speaking time for the purpose of setting or changing the amount of time each delegate has to speak in the speakers list.英 sspend動議暫停會議 Motion to Suspen

30、d the Meeting 代表動議暫停會議可以結(jié)束會議的一個階段，并使會議進入休息時間。Delegates propose a motion to suspend the meeting for the purpose of ending a session and having a break.動議自由磋商 Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus nmdretd提出自由磋商動議的代表需要規(guī)定時間。一旦動議獲得通過，在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)代表可以離開座位，更為密切地和盟友們交換意見。A motion for an unmoderated caucus is usually p

31、roposed under the purpose to set a free discussion so that the delegates can exchange ideas with other delegates in your bloc. Delegates need to set the total time for an unmoderated caucus in the motion.模聯(lián)人 MUNer曾經(jīng)參與過或正在參與模擬聯(lián)合國活動的人。People who have participated or are participating in Model UN activ

32、ity.O觀察員 Observerbz:v(r)一個不是聯(lián)合國成員或某特定委員會成員的國家、政府組織、區(qū)域組織或者非政府組織。國家觀察員可以對程序性問題投票，但是不能對實體性問題進行投票。例如教廷梵蒂岡和參與安全理事會巴以問題討論的以色列。An observer is a state, national organization, regional organization, or non-governmental organization that is not a member of the UN nor a member of a specific committee, but part

33、icipates in the debates. Observers can vote on procedural matters but not substantive matters, e.g. the Holy See or the State of Israel participating in the Security Council meeting regarding Israel-Palestine conflict.被討論狀態(tài) On the floor在模聯(lián)會議中，一份工作文件或者決議草案剛剛完成的時候不能夠被討論。只有在得到會議指導的認可并且被委員會介紹后，它才進入“被討論狀

34、態(tài)”進而可以被廣泛討論。At a Model UN conference, when a working paper or draft resolution is first written, it may not be discussed in debate. After it is approved by the Director and introduced by the committee, it is put “on the floor” and may be further discussed.行動性條款 Operative Clauseprtv kl:z決議中描述聯(lián)合國將如何解決

35、問題的部分，以動詞第三人稱單數(shù)（比如決定，成立，建議等等）開頭。Operative clause is a part of a resolution which describes how the UN will address a problem. The clauses are written with verbs in third person singular form as beginning (e.g. decides, establishes, recommends, etc.).PPage 意向條 In order to maintain the order of the co

36、nference, a delegate should write notes on pages to ask questions, lobby or negotiate with other delegates or a dais member during a session. Pages should be written in the official working language of the committee.為了維持會場秩序，開會期間代表如有任何問題或者需要進行游說、溝通，都要通過書寫并傳遞意向條的方式向其他代表或主席團成員表達。意向條的書寫需要符合該委員會的工作語言要求。

37、Pager意向條傳遞者 A delegate in a Model UN committee that has volunteered to pass pages from one delegate to another, or from a delegate to the dais, for a short period of time.委員會中志愿在代表間或者代表與主席團之間暫時傳遞意向條的代表。Parliamentary Procedure 議會議事程序 p:lmentri: prsi:dParliamentary procedure is based on the considerat

38、ion of the rights: of the majority,of the minority,of individual members,of absentee members,of all of these groups taken together.基于平衡原則，為保護各種人和人群的權(quán)利（包括意見占多數(shù)的人，意見占少數(shù)的人，甚至是每一個人，以及沒有出席會議的人）而制定出的議事規(guī)則，即為議會議事程序。Placard 國家牌 plk:d A piece of cardstock with a countrys name on it that a delegate raises in t

39、he air to answer the roll call or signal to the Chair that he or she wishes to speak.一塊寫著國家名稱的硬紙板，代表舉起它回應(yīng)點名或向主席示意希望發(fā)言。Point 問題 A request raised by a delegate for information or for an action relating to that delegate. Examples include a point of order, a point of inquiry, and a point of personal pri

40、vilege.代表提出的關(guān)于信息或者相關(guān)行動的要求。包括程序性問題、詢問性問題和個人權(quán)利問題。Point of Order 組織性問題 A point of order is used when a delegate believes the chair has made an error in the running of the committee. The delegate should only specify the errors they believe were made in the formal committee procedure, but may not address

41、 when the topic being discussed.當代表認為主席在主持會議中產(chǎn)生錯誤時，可提出組織性問題，以糾正主席錯誤。代表需要明晰該錯誤為何不符合該委員會的規(guī)則流程。組織性問題可以打斷進程提出，但不能在討論議題時提出。Point of Inquiry 咨詢性問題 nkwarA point of inquiry (also known as a point of parliamentary procedure) can be made when the floor is open (i.e. when no other delegate is speaking) in orde

42、r to ask the chairperson a question regarding the rules of procedure.當代表對于會議程序有不明白的地方時，可以在臺上沒有代表發(fā)言時舉牌向主席咨詢。Point of Personal Privilege 個人特權(quán)問題A delegate may raise a point of personal privilege in order to inform the chairperson of a physical discomfort he or she is experiencing, such as not being abl

43、e to hear another delegates speech.當代表在會場上感覺有任何身體上的不適時，可以提出個人特權(quán)問題，例如：無法聽到臺上代表講話。Position Paper立場文件 An essay details a countrys policies on the topics being discussed in the committee, usually written and delivered to the dais by delegates before a Model UN conference.一份針對委員會即將討論議題的國家立場闡述文件，需要代表在會前書寫

44、完成并提交至主席團。Preambulatory Clauses 序言性條款 The part of a resolution that describes previous actions taken on the topic and reasons why the resolution is necessary. It begins with a participle or adjective (e.g. noting, concerned, regretting, aware of, recalling, etc.).決議中描述之前與議題有關(guān)的行動以及決議的必要性的部分。一般以分詞或者形容

45、詞開頭。Present 到/出席 “Present” refers to “in attendance”. Delegates who are in presence are required to raise up their placards and answer “Present” when their countries names are called during the roll call. Delegates need to send pages to the dais to inform their attendance if they didnt arrive at the

46、 conference on time. In special committees consisting of delegates with rights to vote and those without, delegates need to announce “Present and Voting” or “Present” according to the procedure.“到”即為“出席”。當國家名在點名中被點到時，代表需高舉國家牌并回答“到”。如果代表未及時出席，需到場后用意向條告知主席團。在一些特殊的委員會中，只有部分代表有權(quán)投票。在此情況下，有權(quán)投票的代表在點名中需回答“出

47、席并投票”，其他代表只需回答“到”即可。Procedural Questions 程序性問題 prsi:drlHaving to do with the way a committee runs, as opposed to the topic being discussed. All delegates present must vote on procedural matters and may not abstain.關(guān)于一個委員會運行方式的問題，與和議題相關(guān)的問題相反。所有出席會議的代表都必須就程序性問題投票而不能棄權(quán)。Q法定人數(shù) Quorumkw:rm一個委員會或者會議需要出席的最小

48、代表人數(shù)。在聯(lián)合國大會，開始討論的法定人數(shù)為成員的三分之一，通過決議則需要半數(shù)以上。在安理會沒有開始討論的法定人數(shù)，但是必須有9個以上成員出席才能通過一個決議。The minimum number of delegates needed to be present for a committee to meet. In the General Assembly, a quorum consists of one third of the members to begin debate, and a majority of members to pass a resolution. In the

49、 Security Council, no quorum exists for the body to debate, but more than nine members must be present to pass a resolution.R主席助理 Rapporteurrp:t:(r)主席團中負責發(fā)言名單和點名程序的成員。A member of the dais whose duties include keeping the speakers list and taking the roll call.決議 Resolutionrezlu:n聯(lián)合國機構(gòu)通過的用于解決一個特別的問題或

50、爭議的文件。在聯(lián)合國相當于法律。A document that has been passed by an organ of the UN that aims to address a particular problem or issue. To the UN, a resolution is the equivalent of a law.答辯權(quán) Right of Reply回應(yīng)前面發(fā)言人的評論的發(fā)言權(quán)利，當代表覺得個人受到其他代表發(fā)言的羞辱時采用。一般需要給主席一個書面的短簽。A right to speak in reply to a previous speakers comment

51、, invoked when a delegate feels personally insulted by anothers speech. It generally requires a written note to the Chair to be invoked.羅伯特議事規(guī)則 Roberts Rules of Order 自1876年首次出版，由羅伯特將軍編撰的羅伯特議事規(guī)則已成為世界上最廣受承認的議事規(guī)則標準，也是模擬聯(lián)合國規(guī)則流程制定的藍本。無論對于議事專家、還是新上任的協(xié)會主席來說，它都是高效、有序、公平的會議的有力保障。After General Henry M. Rober

52、t brought the publication of Pocket Manual of Rules of Order to the ordinary societies in 1876, Robert Rules of Order has been recognized as a time-tested method of conducting business at meetings and public gatherings in world wide. It can be adapted to fit the needs of any organization. Today, Rob

53、erts Rules of Order newly revised is the basic handbook of operation for most clubs, organizations and other groups including Model United Nations.點名 Roll Call點名是模聯(lián)委員會的第一個程序，其間會務(wù)報告人會大聲讀出委員會中每一個成員國的名稱。當國家名被叫到的時候，代表需要回答“出席”或者“出席并投票”，回答“出席并投票”的代表在后面的實體性投票中不能棄權(quán)。Roll call is the first order of business i

54、n a Model UN committee, during which the Rapporteur reads aloud the names of each member state in the committee. When a delegates countrys name is called, he or she may respond “present” or “present and voting.” A delegate responding “present and voting” may not abstain on a substantive vote.唱名表決 Ro

55、ll Call Vote對決議草案的表決為唱名表決。主席團首先點名確認到場的國家代表，隨后被點到國家名的代表需表決贊成、反對或棄權(quán)。對于一個議題，一個委員會只能通過一個決議草案，一旦有一份決議草案獲得通過，將不會再對未表決的決議草案進行投票。The special voting procedure to draft resolution is roll call vote. After the roll call, delegates may vote for yes, no or abstain on each draft resolution. Each committee will on

56、ly pass one draft resolution on each topic. Other draft resolutions will not be voted as long as one has been passed.議事規(guī)則 Rules of procedureprsi:d(r)模擬聯(lián)合國會議召開所遵循的程序與規(guī)則。The rules by which a Model UN committee is run.S附議 Second贊同一個被提出的動議。很多動議必須有附議才能投票表決。Second is to agree with a motion being proposed.

57、 Many motions must be seconded before they are brought to a vote.秘書處 Secretariatsekrterit秘書處又稱組委會，主要負責模擬聯(lián)合國會議的學術(shù)及會務(wù)組織工作，通常由學術(shù)總監(jiān)、代表聯(lián)系人、會務(wù)總監(jiān)、技術(shù)總監(jiān)等人員組成。Secretariat is the organ in charge of conference affairs; normally it consists of Director of Academics, Liaison (Delegate Coordinator), Director of Logistics, Director of Technology etc.秘書長 Secretary General模擬聯(lián)合國會議