定語(yǔ)從句專輯01如何寫出定語(yǔ)從句

1、1、如何寫出定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句就是形容詞從句，在漫長(zhǎng)的學(xué)習(xí)歲月中，成功地狙擊著中國(guó)學(xué)生，極大程度削弱了學(xué)生的信心 與興趣。定語(yǔ)從句的嵌入式存在， 造成閱讀的障礙，又喜用支離破碎的省略型出現(xiàn)， 益增學(xué)習(xí)者的困擾。 其實(shí)定語(yǔ)從句是很簡(jiǎn)單的。1-1、學(xué)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句前的鋪墊學(xué)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句之前，要明了兩個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)：?jiǎn)巫中稳菰~與復(fù)字形容詞的區(qū)別；先行詞與關(guān)系詞的互動(dòng)。1-1-1、單字形容詞與復(fù)字形容詞的區(qū)別（位置與翻譯）單字形容詞：（位置）單字形容詞要放在名詞（即修飾對(duì)象）的“前”面。a new book a, new都是單個(gè)字的形容詞，都要放在book前面。復(fù)字形容詞：（位置）復(fù)字形容詞要放在名詞（即修飾對(duì)象）的

2、“后”面。a new book on the desk on the desk 是復(fù)字形容詞, 要 放在book后面。單字形容詞：（翻譯）翻譯時(shí)，單字形容詞要譯在名詞“前”面。a new book 一本 新 書譯文：“一本/新w在“書”的左方。所以說(shuō)，單字形容詞是“前置前譯”。復(fù)字形容詞：（翻譯）翻譯時(shí)，復(fù)字形容詞也要譯在名詞“前”面。a book on the desk 一本 在桌上的 書譯文：“在桌上的”也在“書”的左方。所以說(shuō)，復(fù)字形容詞是“后置前譯”。1-1-2、先行詞與關(guān)系詞的互動(dòng)2、先行詞 / 關(guān)系詞（who, whom, which, that ）：先行詞book 關(guān)系詞whic

3、hThe book which describes the panda is very interesting.t定語(yǔ)從句1、先行詞是定語(yǔ)從句修飾的對(duì)象，此處是The book。2、定語(yǔ)從句 which describes the panda由多字組成，就 是復(fù)字形容詞，既然修飾先行詞，當(dāng)然要放在先行 詞后面（此處等于嵌入主句的book/is之間）。3、定語(yǔ)從句要由關(guān)系詞引出，關(guān)系詞的選用視先行詞 而定。本例先行詞 book是物，關(guān)系詞選 which；若 先行詞是人，則選 who。雖然that可兼用，初學(xué)時(shí) 未全然了解 who/which之前，不該使用that。如果沒有先行詞，定語(yǔ)從句就沒有存

4、在的前提，因此“定語(yǔ)從句不可能單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)”，一定要有先行詞。是定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞，不是關(guān)系詞修飾先行詞，別弄錯(cuò)了。1-2、不同的關(guān)系詞引出不同的定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句有三類，分別由關(guān)系代名詞（即名詞卜關(guān)系副詞及關(guān)系形容詞引出。如圖:關(guān)系代名詞who, which, that關(guān)系副詞when, where, how, why關(guān)系形容詞whose由于97%的定語(yǔ)從句都由關(guān)系代名詞who/which/that引出，所以學(xué)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句一定 要從關(guān)系代名詞這一型開始。關(guān)系代名詞 who/which/that本身就是名詞，名詞有兩個(gè)特性：1、做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)（間或表語(yǔ)）,因此關(guān)系代名詞who, which, that在

5、引出的定語(yǔ)從句中，也要擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) （間或表語(yǔ)），二者必得其一。2、名 詞不可任意增減（相對(duì)而言，副詞 /形容詞都可任意增減或刪除）。1-3、如何寫出（關(guān)系代名詞引領(lǐng)的）定語(yǔ)從句寫定語(yǔ)從句有三個(gè)黃金要訣：位置、關(guān)系詞、名詞的增減。1、位置定語(yǔ)從句要修飾哪個(gè)名詞，就接在那個(gè)名詞后面。 （因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句是復(fù)字形容詞）2、關(guān)系詞關(guān)系代名詞的選用視先行詞而定。先行詞是人則選who ；先行詞是物則選which。（that雖可兼用，但初學(xué)者最好先不要用，不等 who/which用熟，是沒資格用that的。）3、名詞的增減名詞不可任意增減。既然用了關(guān)系代名詞，等于添加了一個(gè)名詞，因此關(guān)系代名詞后面對(duì)應(yīng)的 名

6、詞就要?jiǎng)h除。（千萬(wàn)記住這一條，定語(yǔ)從句學(xué)垮的，幾乎都是墮入這個(gè)陷阱?。﹥瑟?dú)立句：The student knows the answers. He is in my class.將后句寫成定語(yǔ)從句并融入前句。位置：定語(yǔ)從句是復(fù)字形容詞，要修飾誰(shuí)，就放到誰(shuí)后面。The studentknows the answerA,He is in my class關(guān)系詞：先行詞student是人，指導(dǎo)關(guān)系代名詞選who。The student . knows the answer who He is in my class名詞的增減：增加了關(guān)系代名詞who,所以后面對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞 He要?jiǎng)h除。He is in

7、my class論及前句 student, 所以要置于student之后（此處等 于嵌入前句 student/knows之間）。為什么who稱關(guān)系詞呢就是使 主句和定語(yǔ)從句產(chǎn)生關(guān)聯(lián)。先行詞與關(guān)系代名詞是同一人、同 一物。一定要?jiǎng)h除，千萬(wàn)小心！ ！ !The student . knows the answer_ _ z>who He is in my class定語(yǔ)從句是“后置前譯答案：The student who is in my class knows the answers.我班上的那位學(xué)生知道這些答案。-who is in my class即為定語(yǔ)從句。1-3-1、定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)

8、系代名詞（簡(jiǎn)稱關(guān)代）做主語(yǔ)關(guān)代who/which做"主語(yǔ)"，以下如左右欄：（改后句入前句）關(guān)代who做主語(yǔ)：The girl is Janet. The girl is reading there.The girlis Janet/人sThe girl is reading thereThe girlis Janetwho The girl is reading thereThe girl who is reading there is Janet.在那邊念書的女孩是珍妮。關(guān)代which做主語(yǔ)：The book is very good. The book is on th

9、e desk.The bookis very goodr>lThe book is on the deskThe bookis very good#which The book is on the deskThe book which is on the desk is very good.在桌上的那本書非常好。以左圖為例（右圖比照），who is reading there是定語(yǔ)從句。按句的觀念，who是第一個(gè)出現(xiàn)的名詞（關(guān)系代名詞就是名詞）且后面立即跟出動(dòng)詞is,所以關(guān)代是主語(yǔ)。1-3-2、定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)代做賓語(yǔ)以下就關(guān)代 which/who（m）做“賓語(yǔ)”，分別示范如左右欄：（改后句

10、入前句）關(guān)代which :關(guān)代who :The book is very good. She bought the book.The girl is Janet. He met the girl.The book,is very good / She bought the bookThe girl人is JanetHe met the girlThe book人is very good/swhich she bought the bookThe girlis Janetwho He met the girlThe book which she bought is very good.The g

11、irl who he met is Janet.她買的那本書非常好。他遇到的那個(gè)女孩是珍妮。見左圖：which she bought是定語(yǔ)從句。其中 she毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是主語(yǔ)，bought及物而右邊見不到賓語(yǔ)，賓 語(yǔ)就是which。只是任何關(guān)系詞的第一優(yōu)先任務(wù)是做連接詞，因此which雖是bought的賓語(yǔ)，卻必須移到she bought的左邊，語(yǔ)法稱之為：關(guān)系詞引領(lǐng)出定語(yǔ)從句。同理，見右圖：who he met是定語(yǔ)從句，who是met的賓語(yǔ)。然而，who做賓語(yǔ)是一般用法，正式演說(shuō)或書寫時(shí)， 應(yīng)該用whom ,顯得嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。因此，右圖的定語(yǔ)從句有兩個(gè)筆法：The girl who（m） he met

12、is Janet.1-4、高級(jí)筆法“介詞+關(guān)代”理解了 “做賓語(yǔ)可用 who(m)”后，再來(lái)看一個(gè)有趣的對(duì)照，如以下左右欄:巧妙就在介詞to/in上面。書寫要盡量避免用介詞結(jié)尾, 法“介詞+關(guān)代”，就是“禮介詞整到卷系代名迥三 可用that。如下：于是這就引出了另一個(gè)重點(diǎn)：定語(yǔ)從句高級(jí)筆,這時(shí)只能用 which/whom ,不可用who ,也不The man is a teacher. I sold my car to the man.The manis a teacher人I sold my car to the manThe manis a teacherThe city is far a

13、way. She lives in the city.The cityis far away尸、She lives in the cityThe cityis far away廠、who I sold my car to the manThe man who I sold my car to is a teacher我賣車給他的那個(gè)人是老師。 定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)尾是介詞to。產(chǎn) 、 which she lives in the cityThe city which she lives in is far away.她所住的那城市非常遠(yuǎn)。 定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)尾是介詞in。標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)句：The manwho(m)I

14、sold my car tois a teacher.高級(jí)筆法： The man to whomI sold my car -4o-is a teacher.A ：i介詞to移到關(guān)系代名詞 whom之前。因此，請(qǐng)注意以下各句的用法:( )The man who I sold my car to is a teacher. (口語(yǔ))( )The man whom I sold my car to is a teacher.(書寫)( )The man that I sold my car to is a teacher.( )The man I sold my car to is a teach

15、er.(賓語(yǔ)關(guān)代省略)( )The man to whom I sold my car is a teacher.(介移)( )The man to who I sold my car is a teacher.(介移)( )The man to that I sold my car is a teacher.(介移)()The city which she livesin is far away.()The city that she lives in is far away.()The city she lives in is far away.(賓語(yǔ)關(guān)代省略)()The city in

16、whic h she lives is far away.(介移)()The city in that she lives is far away.(介移)關(guān)代作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可省略。1-5、主動(dòng)/被動(dòng)型的定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)以主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)出現(xiàn)而表達(dá)相同的意思，如下：1) . The book which Mary wrote is very expensive.瑪莉?qū)懙倪@本書彳艮貴。=The book which was written by Mary is very expensive.(被)瑪莉所寫的這本書彳艮貴。2) . The cake which Janet baked smells go

17、od.畛妮烤的這個(gè)蛋糕聞起來(lái)很香。=The cake which was baked by Janet smells good. (M)珍妮所烤的這個(gè)蛋用聞起來(lái)很香。 1-6、關(guān)系副詞引出的定語(yǔ)從句任何修飾名詞的從句， 都是定語(yǔ)從句。副詞when/where/how/why 經(jīng)常引領(lǐng)從句來(lái)修飾名詞， 這時(shí)這四 個(gè)詞就成為了關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系詞的用途是引出定語(yǔ)從句）。先已是副詞，現(xiàn)又是關(guān)系詞，所以這四個(gè)詞稱為“關(guān)系副詞”。由于先行詞決定了關(guān)系詞的選用，因此先行詞“時(shí)間/場(chǎng)合/方法/原因”分別對(duì)應(yīng)到這四個(gè)關(guān)系副詞 when/where/how/why 。（以下稱關(guān)系副詞為關(guān)副）He didn't

18、 come today 論及前句的 reason,所以置于 reason之后。兩獨(dú)立句：I don ' t know the reason. He didn ' t comtoday.將后句寫成定語(yǔ)從句并融入前句。位置： I don't know the reason AHe didn't come today關(guān)系詞： I don't know the reason人why He didn't come today答案： I don't know the reason why He didn't come today.我不知道他今

19、天沒來(lái)的原因。由于 reason所以選 why。reason 和 why 是伙的。why是副詞，不存在名詞重復(fù)的 問(wèn)題。whose的,引出的定語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)單純。1-7、關(guān)系形容詞引出的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系形容詞（以下稱關(guān)形）只有一個(gè)，就是所有格兩獨(dú)立句：The boy is one of my pupils. His bike was stolen.將后句寫成定語(yǔ)從句并融入前句。位置：The boyis one of my pupils人r、His bike was stolenHis bike was stolen 論及前句的 The boy,所以置于boy之后。關(guān)系詞：The boyis one o

20、f my pupils先行詞boy決定關(guān)系詞選用。按贅字：廠二whose His bike was stolenThe boyis one of my pupils句意論及所有格,選 whose的。關(guān)系形容詞whose沒有名詞增減答案：whose His bike was stolenThe boy whose bike was stolen is one of my pupils自行車被偷的那個(gè)男孩是我的一個(gè)學(xué)牛。-whose bike was的問(wèn)題，但 whose/His語(yǔ)義重復(fù)， 所以刪除后面相對(duì)應(yīng)的贅字 His。stole即為定語(yǔ)從句。1-8、論what-從句what-從句永遠(yuǎn)是名詞從

21、句。所有名詞從句（除了what-從句之外）都要視其在句中的位置來(lái)決定屬性,有可能做名詞從句？定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句。唯獨(dú)what-從句永遠(yuǎn)只做名詞從句，因此有必要分離出來(lái)單獨(dú)討論。what-從句來(lái)自于定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句都有先行詞（即修飾對(duì)象），可能單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。不論先行，是什么（通常是物）,也不論關(guān)系代名詞是什么（通常是which/that）,只要二者合一就是 what,稱為“復(fù)合關(guān)系代名詞”。如下：先行詞+關(guān)代=復(fù)合關(guān)系代名詞 what:先行詞The answer關(guān)系代名詞thatThe answer that you told me is incorrect.你跟我說(shuō)的答案不對(duì)。*定語(yǔ)從句 th

22、at you told me1 fWhatyou told me is incorrect.你跟我說(shuō)的不對(duì)。復(fù)合關(guān)系代名詞What01). The answer that you told me is incorrect.你告訴我的答案不正確。=What you told me is incorrect.你所告訴我的不正確。02). Please tell me the idea that you have thought of.請(qǐng)告訴我你所想到的點(diǎn)子。=Please tell me what you have thought of.請(qǐng)告訴我你所想到的。03). He would not gi

23、ve them everything that they wanted.他不會(huì)把他們要的東西都給予他們。=He would not give them what they wanted.他不會(huì)把他們要的給予他們。04). She is not in the shape that she used to be.她不再是以前那幅模樣。=She is not what she used to be.05). He is the kind of person that is called a genius.他就是那種被稱為天才的人。=He is what is called a genius.1-9、

24、逆用 what-從句遇到有what的句子，若看不懂時(shí)，只要將之拆開為“適當(dāng)?shù)南刃性~+適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)代”，然后佐以定語(yǔ)從句概念，即可輕易解出。如下例：1) ). What is called traditional friendship between two nations is not friendship at all.兩個(gè)國(guó)家之間所謂的傳統(tǒng)友誼，根本不是友誼。=The relationship that is called traditional friendship between two nations is not friendship at all.02). What cannot b

25、e done by virtue can be done by money.道德上辦不到的事，可用金錢辦到。=The thing that cannot be done by virtue can be done by money.03). What you do speaks louder than what you say.你所做的事比你所說(shuō)的話更讓人注意。=The deeds that you do speaks louder than the words that you say.04). We rate ability in men by what they finish, not

26、by what they attempt.衡量人的能力，是看他的成果，不是看夢(mèng)想。=We rate ability in men by the works that they finish, not by the dreams that they attempt.練習(xí)(關(guān)代定語(yǔ)從句)以下各題中，請(qǐng)用“目視口述”方法，將后句轉(zhuǎn)為定語(yǔ)從句并融入前句中。要求:1、說(shuō)明關(guān)代在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)還是賓語(yǔ)(若做賓語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)說(shuō)明做哪個(gè)字的賓語(yǔ))2、若定語(yǔ)從句是介詞結(jié)尾，請(qǐng)將之改為高級(jí)筆法。01). The big store is interesting. It is near the bank.02). The

27、 student is from Peru. You just met the student in the lab.03). All the teachers like the girl.The girl is never late for class.04). The food saved the beggar ' Slifeprovided the beggar with the food.05). I read the book. The book describes California.06). The girl brought the book. John likes t

28、he girl very much.07). The short story is interesting. You told me the short story yesterday.08). The girl is the youngest in the class. The girl ' s work got the prize.09). The book is not very expensive. John bought the book.10) . I apologized to the girl. The girl ' s books were hit falle

29、n on the ground.11) . The doctor gave me a book. My father visited the doctor.12) . The winter sun brought me a new hope. The sun ' s rays were so warm.13) . The book is not very expensive. You are reading the book.14) . The man is Mr. Smith. I sold my car to the man.15) . The short story is int

30、eresting. It is about baseball.16) . The car can go two hundred miles an hour. John wants the car.17) . The cake smells good. Mary made the cake.18) . The new house is on Fifth Street. John lives in the new house.19) . Yesterday he delivered a long speech. We were bored with the speech.20) . The tal

31、l girl is from California. I am acquainted with the tall girl.21) . I am going to the shoe store. Helen recommended the shoe store.22) . The man is Mr. Smith. I sold my car to Mr. Smith.23) . The man is in New York now. The man was here yesterday.24) . The book belongs to the tall man. The man '

32、s name is on the cover.解答(關(guān)代定語(yǔ)從句)01). The big store which is near the bank is interesting.靠近銀行的那間大書局是有趣的。which在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)。02). The student who(m) you just met in the lab is from Peru.你才在實(shí)驗(yàn)室遇到的那位學(xué)牛來(lái)自于秘魯。 who(m)在定語(yǔ)從句中做動(dòng)詞 met的賓語(yǔ)。03). All the teachers like the girl who is neve門ate for class.所有老師都喜歡那位從不遲到的

33、女牛。who在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)。04). The food which she provided the beggar with saved his life.她提供給這乞丐的食物救了乞丐的命。=The food with which she provided the beggar saved his life.which在定語(yǔ)從句中做介詞 with的賓語(yǔ)。高級(jí)筆法。05). I read the book which describes California.我讀了文本精j寫加州的書。which在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)。06). The girl who John likes very much

34、brought the book.約翰特喜歡的那位女生買了這本書。who在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)。07). The short story which you told me yesterday is interesting.你告訴我的那個(gè)小故事很有趣。which在定語(yǔ)從句中做動(dòng)詞 told的賓語(yǔ)。Tell sb sth 告訴某人某事。08). The girl whose work got the prize is the youngest in the class.作品得獎(jiǎng)的那位女生是全班最年輕的。09). The book which John bought is not very expen

35、sive.約翰買的那本書不很貴。which在定語(yǔ)從句中做動(dòng)詞 bought的賓語(yǔ)。10) . I apologized to the girl whose books were hit fallen on the ground.我向那位書本被撞落地的女生道歉了。11) . The doctor who my father visited gave me a book.我父親拜訪過(guò)的那位醫(yī)生給了我一本書。who在定語(yǔ)從句中做動(dòng)詞 visited的賓語(yǔ)。12) . The winter sun whose rays were so warm brought me a new hope. 溫暖和煦的冬陽(yáng)帶給我了新的希望。13) . The book which you are reading is not very expensive.你現(xiàn)在正在讀的書不很貴。which在定語(yǔ)從句中做動(dòng)詞 are reading的賓語(yǔ)。14) . The man who(m) I sold my car to is Mr. Smith.我把車賣給他的那個(gè)人是史密斯先生。=The man to whom I sold