環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論P(yáng)PT選編課件

1、1專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論范文：Aerobic TreatmentAerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.Aerob

2、ic bacteria are like humans in that they require oxygen to survive and thrive. This is the primary difference between aerobic systems and septic systems, you see. Septic systems depend on much less efficient anaerobic bacteria. 3專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken do

3、wn into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. Of all biological waste treatment method, aerobic digestion is the most widespead process used througho

4、ut the world (more than 95%).Aerobic bacteria demand oxygen to decompose dissolved pollutants. Large amounts of pollutants require large quantities of bacteria; hence the demand for oxygen will be high.The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants th

5、at can be removed in biological oxidation by the bacteria. It is expressed in mg/L.4專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in chemical oxidation, by adding strong acids. It is expressed in mg/L.The ratio BOD/COD give

6、s an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.5專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論1. 專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯概論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)

7、翻譯概論1.1 專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)1.1.1 專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的詞匯特點(diǎn)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的詞匯特點(diǎn)專業(yè)詞匯出現(xiàn)的頻率低。專業(yè)詞匯出現(xiàn)的頻率低。詞義專一。詞義專一。廣泛是使用縮寫詞。如：廣泛是使用縮寫詞。如：COD chemical oxygen demand 化學(xué)需氧量化學(xué)需氧量BOD biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量生化需氧量TOC total organic carbon 總有機(jī)碳總有機(jī)碳DO dissolved oxygen 溶解氧溶解氧6專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論P(yáng)OPs persistent organic pollutants 持久性有機(jī)污染物持久性有

8、機(jī)污染物TSP total suspended particle 總懸浮顆粒總懸浮顆粒TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen 總凱氏氮總凱氏氮UASB up flow anaerobic sludge blanket 上流式厭氧污泥床上流式厭氧污泥床MBR membrane bioreactor 膜生物反應(yīng)器膜生物反應(yīng)器SBR sequencing batch reactor 間歇式活性污泥法間歇式活性污泥法1.1.2 專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的句法特點(diǎn)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的句法特點(diǎn)廣泛使用陳述句。廣泛使用陳述句。Aerobic means requiring the presence of free o

9、xygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.7專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論廣泛使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。廣泛使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2),

10、water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在專業(yè)英語(yǔ)中的使用比在其他場(chǎng)合更為廣泛，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在專業(yè)英語(yǔ)中的使用比在其他場(chǎng)合更為廣泛，主要因?yàn)楸粍?dòng)句比主動(dòng)句更能說(shuō)明需要論證的對(duì)象，更能主要因?yàn)楸粍?dòng)句比主動(dòng)句更能說(shuō)明需要論證的對(duì)象，更能使其位置鮮明、突出。使其位置鮮明、突出。8專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯

11、理論簡(jiǎn)略表達(dá)多。簡(jiǎn)略表達(dá)多。 The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. 長(zhǎng)句使用多。長(zhǎng)句使用多。 Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the t

12、he waste.主句帶若干從句，從句帶短語(yǔ)，短語(yǔ)帶從句，相互依附，相互制約。9專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion（萬(wàn)億） metric tons（公噸） of ice encased in （包含在）10,000 icebergs（冰山） that break away from（脫離） the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica（南極洲）.句子倒置。Floating on the oceans are 7,659 tr

13、illion metric tons of ice多重修飾。Ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.10專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論 Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, m

14、ore than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.庖丁解牛。ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.就近修飾原則。Layer 1: Ice encased in 10,000 icebergsLayer 2: icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, icebergsmore than nin

15、ety percent of them from Antarctica.粗譯： 世界大洋里漂浮著7659萬(wàn)億噸的冰。這些冰包含在10000多個(gè)冰山里。這些冰山從極地冰蓋脫落而產(chǎn)生；超過(guò)90%的這些冰山來(lái)源于南極。11專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論1.1.3 專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的修辭特點(diǎn)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的修辭特點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用有限。時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用有限。過(guò)去研究過(guò)去研究過(guò)去時(shí)（與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系）；討論理論用現(xiàn)過(guò)去時(shí)（與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系）；討論理論用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。在時(shí)。 Biofiltration technique for disposing ammonium-contaminated gas streams was investi

16、gated. 修辭手法較為單調(diào)。修辭手法較為單調(diào)。12專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論邏輯性語(yǔ)法詞使用普遍。如：邏輯性語(yǔ)法詞使用普遍。如：表示原因的詞：表示原因的詞：because, because of, due to, owing to, as, as a result, caused by, for表示語(yǔ)氣轉(zhuǎn)折的詞：表示語(yǔ)氣轉(zhuǎn)折的詞：but, however, nevertheless, yet, otherwise表示邏輯、順利連接的詞：表示邏輯、順利連接的詞：so, thus, therefore, furthermore, moreover, in addition to 表示限制

17、的詞：表示限制的詞：only, if only, except, besides, unless表示假設(shè)的詞：表示假設(shè)的詞：suppose, supposing, assuming, provided, providingAerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.13專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯

18、理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論1.2 翻譯的基本知識(shí)翻譯的基本知識(shí)1.2.1 翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)忠實(shí)：譯文必須忠實(shí)、正確地傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容。忠實(shí)：譯文必須忠實(shí)、正確地傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容。通順：譯文的語(yǔ)言必須規(guī)范、流暢、通俗易懂。通順：譯文的語(yǔ)言必須規(guī)范、流暢、通俗易懂。14專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論1.2.2 翻譯的過(guò)程翻譯的過(guò)程理解理解-表達(dá)表達(dá)翻譯的理解過(guò)程翻譯的理解過(guò)程a. 通讀全文，領(lǐng)會(huì)大意。通讀全文，領(lǐng)會(huì)大意。b.明辨語(yǔ)法，弄清關(guān)系。明辨語(yǔ)法，弄清關(guān)系。c. 結(jié)合上下文，推敲詞義。結(jié)合上下文，推敲詞義。Aerobic means requiring the presence of free ox

19、ygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the waste.15專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論 翻譯的表達(dá)過(guò)程翻譯的表達(dá)過(guò)程a. 一稿初譯，忠實(shí)為主。一稿初譯，忠實(shí)為主。b. 二稿核對(duì)，注意邏輯。二稿核對(duì)，注意邏輯。c. 三稿定局，潤(rùn)色詞句。三稿定局，潤(rùn)色詞句。 翻譯的方法翻譯的方法a. 直譯直譯b. 意譯意

20、譯Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.16專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2. 詞義的選擇和引申詞義的選擇和引申2.1 詞義的選擇詞義的選擇2.1.1 根據(jù)詞類選擇詞義根據(jù)詞類選擇詞義E

21、.g.: like：像、同樣的、喜歡、希望、如同：像、同樣的、喜歡、希望、如同 He would like to join our discussion. Things like air, water or metal are matter.Like charges repel（排斥）（排斥）, unlike charges attract.I hope that I can drive the tractor like you do. 17專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2.1.2 根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇詞義根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇詞義E.g.: operate: 操作、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、完成、實(shí)施操作、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

22、、完成、實(shí)施a. Thermal convection（對(duì)流）（對(duì)流） will not operated in zero gravity.b.Rockets （火箭）（火箭）operate in the vacuum（真空）（真空） of outer space as well as in the earth atmosphere.c. Transistors(晶體管晶體管) operate as control devices and amplifier.d.The electric computers can operate only according to instructions（

23、指令）（指令）, which must be prepared by man in advance. 18專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論 represent: 代表，表示、相當(dāng)于，是、提供、代表，表示、相當(dāng)于，是、提供、闡述闡述a.Inorganic flocculants represent nearly 20% of the total flocculants.b.The material referred to as （被稱為）（被稱為）“acid rain” represents the raindrops dissolved CO2 which have a pH of 5.6.1

24、9專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2.1.3 根據(jù)單、復(fù)數(shù)及習(xí)慣表達(dá)選擇詞義根據(jù)單、復(fù)數(shù)及習(xí)慣表達(dá)選擇詞義E.g.: work, timea. The ability to do work is called energy. （功）b.This iron and steel works was set up last year. （工廠）c. The time for the water supply is cut by half.d.A is three times as large as B.2.1.4 語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的轉(zhuǎn)換語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的轉(zhuǎn)換 E.g.:a. Magnetism(磁性）磁性） is

25、used to measure the coldest temperature. (很低的）很低的）b.Light-colored things reflect more light than dark-colored things. （深、淺）（深、淺）20專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2.2 詞義的引申詞義的引申2.2.1 單詞的引申單詞的引申E.g.:a. Today is the link between yesterday and tomorrow. （橋梁）（橋梁）b.This kind of wood works easily. （加工）（加工）c. The thicker t

26、he wire the more freely it will carry current載流載流. （容易）（容易）21專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2.2.2 詞組的引申詞組的引申E.g.:a.Alloys belong to a half-way house between mixture and compounds. （中間結(jié)構(gòu)）（中間結(jié)構(gòu)）b. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. （能源）（能源）c. High concentrations of critical elements, such as l

27、ead, arsenic, mercury, may affect the human health. （微量）（微量）22專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論3. 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換詞類轉(zhuǎn)換3.1 非動(dòng)詞譯成動(dòng)詞非動(dòng)詞譯成動(dòng)詞E.g.:a.The control unit of a computer causes the machine to operate according to mans wish.計(jì)算機(jī)的控制單元使機(jī)器人按照人的意志計(jì)算機(jī)的控制單元使機(jī)器人按照人的意志運(yùn)作。運(yùn)作。23專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論3.1.1 名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞1.單獨(dú)的名詞用作動(dòng)詞單獨(dú)的名詞用作動(dòng)詞（1

28、）動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞派生的名詞，具有動(dòng)作意義的名詞）動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞派生的名詞，具有動(dòng)作意義的名詞可直接譯為動(dòng)詞可直接譯為動(dòng)詞E.g.:a. In the absence of friction摩擦摩擦, vehicles車輛車輛 could not even start.b.Control of dissolved oxygen, solids retention time and hydrolytic retention time is necessary for efficient treatment of wastewater.c. The main object of sedimentatio

29、n is the separation of clear water from mixture.24專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論(2) 一些加一些加er或或or的名詞，有時(shí)在句中并不表示一個(gè)人的身份的名詞，有時(shí)在句中并不表示一個(gè)人的身份或職業(yè)，而具有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作意義，這種詞漢譯時(shí)可譯為或職業(yè)，而具有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作意義，這種詞漢譯時(shí)可譯為動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞。 E.g.:a. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.b.Professor Wang was the instru

30、ctor of our experiment.2. 適用于動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)或介詞短語(yǔ)中的名詞可譯為動(dòng)詞。適用于動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)或介詞短語(yǔ)中的名詞可譯為動(dòng)詞。E.g.: A body is negatively charged when it has electrons in excess of its normal number.25專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論3.1.2. 形容詞譯為動(dòng)詞形容詞譯為動(dòng)詞1. 英語(yǔ)中表示感覺、知覺、信念的詞，如英語(yǔ)中表示感覺、知覺、信念的詞，如familiar、 confident、sensible of等在句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，譯成動(dòng)詞等在句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，譯成動(dòng)詞。 E.g.: a

31、. Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible不可毀滅的不可毀滅的.b.They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.c. We are not sure about the effect of this parameter on the quality of the effluent.26專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2. 有些要求有固定介詞的形容詞在句中作有些要求有固定介詞的形容詞在句中作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)時(shí)，譯成動(dòng)詞。表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)時(shí)，譯成

32、動(dòng)詞。E.g.:a.The final product moisture濕度濕度 is dependent on feed size and residence time at temperature.b.For larger size feed, dried product moisture levels are higher.27專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論3. 起形容詞作用的現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞和一起形容詞作用的現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞和一些作定語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的形容詞，譯為動(dòng)詞。些作定語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的形容詞，譯為動(dòng)詞。E.g.:a.The design calculation will serve as

33、 an illustrative application of the theory semiconductor devices半導(dǎo)體設(shè)備半導(dǎo)體設(shè)備.3.1.3. 介詞譯成動(dòng)詞介詞譯成動(dòng)詞 E.g.:a.Numerous treatment technology of wastewater exist, each with their respective merits優(yōu)點(diǎn)優(yōu)點(diǎn).28專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論3.1.4 副詞譯成動(dòng)詞副詞譯成動(dòng)詞E.g.:a.The oil in the tank is up上升上升.b.The experiment in chemistry was te

34、n minutes behind（晚，落后）（晚，落后）.29專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論3.2 非名詞譯為名詞非名詞譯為名詞3.2.1 動(dòng)詞譯成名詞動(dòng)詞譯成名詞1. 名詞派生的動(dòng)詞譯成名詞。名詞派生的動(dòng)詞譯成名詞。E.g.:a.Computer is chiefly characterized by (以以為特征）為特征）its accurate and rapid computations.b.As the war progressed, he would symbolize象征象征 their frustrations挫敗挫敗, the embodiment化化身身 of evils

35、邪惡邪惡.30專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論2. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞譯成名詞。名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞譯成名詞。E.g.:a.Coating涂層涂層 thickness range from one-tenth mm to 2 mm.b.This article aims at discussing new development in component material and technologies.31專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論3. 一些用以表示主語(yǔ)所處的特征或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)一些用以表示主語(yǔ)所處的特征或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，漢譯時(shí)不好處理，也可將它們譯成漢詞，漢譯時(shí)不好處理，也可將它們譯成漢語(yǔ)的名詞。語(yǔ)的

36、名詞。E.g.:a. A well dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into car.b. Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the later.32專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯理論3.2.2 形容詞譯成名詞形容詞譯成名詞E.g.:a.Computer are more flexible, and can do a greater variety of jobs.b.This steam engine is only about 20% efficient.c.Mercury is appreciab