英語寫作常見錯誤與分析

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上英語寫作常見錯誤與分析一、不一致（Disagreements）所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致，它還包括了數(shù)的不一致。時態(tài)不一致及代詞不一致等。例、When one have money, he can do what he want to.(人一旦有了錢，他就能想干什么就干什么。)剖析：one是單數(shù)第三人稱，因而本句的have應(yīng)改為has；同理，want應(yīng)改為wants。本句是典型的主謂不一致。改為：的Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do).二、修飾語錯位（Misplaced Modifiers）英語與漢語不

2、同，同一個修飾語置于句子不同的位置，句子的含義可能引起變化。對于這一點(diǎn)中國學(xué)生往往沒有引起足夠的重視，因而造成了不必要的誤解例、I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.剖析：better位置不當(dāng)，應(yīng)置于句末。三、句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口語中，交際雙方可借助手勢語氣上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解?？墒菚嬲Z就不同了，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會令意思表達(dá)不清，這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫完以后，筆者又想加些補(bǔ)充說明時發(fā)生。例、There are many wa

3、ys to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.剖析：本句后半部分“for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on .”不是一個完整的句子，僅為一些不連貫的詞語，不能獨(dú)立成句。改為：There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper.四、懸垂修飾語（Dangling Modifiers）所謂懸垂修飾語是指句首的短語與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清。例如：At t

4、he age of ten, my grandfather died. 這句中“at the age of ten”只點(diǎn)出十歲時，但沒有說明“誰”十歲時。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我們把這個懸垂修飾語改明確一點(diǎn)，全句就不那么費(fèi)解了。改為：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例、To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短語 “to do well in college”的邏輯主語不清楚。改為：To do well in college, a student n

5、eeds good grades.五、詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為：介詞當(dāng)動詞用；形容詞當(dāng)副詞用；名詞當(dāng)動詞用等。例、None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容詞，誤作動詞。改為：None can deny the importance of money.六、指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清，或者先后所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句：Mary was friendly to my s

6、ister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好，因?yàn)樗鏊陌槟铩? 讀完上面這一句話，讀者無法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰將結(jié)婚，誰將當(dāng)伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對象加以明確，意思就一目了然了。這個句子可改為：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.剖析：句中人稱代詞w

7、e 和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。改為：We can also know society by serving it ourselves.七、不間斷句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence?請看下面的例句。例、There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：這個句子包含了兩層完整的意思：“There are many ways.”以及“We get to know the outside world”。簡單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。改為：There are many ways for

8、 us to learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.八、措詞毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)剡x用詞語的問題，囿于教學(xué)時間緊迫，教師平時在這方面花的時間往往極其有限，影響了學(xué)生在寫作中沒有養(yǎng)成良好的推敲，斟酌的習(xí)慣。他們往往隨心所欲，拿來就用。所以作文中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e誤比比皆是。例、The increasing use of chemical obst

9、acles in agriculture also makes pollution.(農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。)剖析：顯然，考生把obstacles“障礙”，“障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the increasing use”(不斷增加的使用)應(yīng)改為“abusive use”(濫用)。改為：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.九、累贅(Redundancy)言以簡潔為貴。寫句子沒有一個多余的詞；寫段落沒有一個無必要的句子。

10、能用單詞的不用詞組；能用詞組的不用從句或句子。如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同謂語從句，我們按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”可以改為：In spite of his laziness, I like him.例、For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.剖析：整個句子可以大大簡化。改為：Diligent

11、, caring people use money only to buy what they need.十、不連貫 (Incoherence)不連貫是指一個句子前言不對后語，或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通。這也是考生常犯的毛病。例、The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：The fresh water 與逗號后的it 不連貫。It 與things 在數(shù)方面不一致。改為：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.英文寫作中怎樣避免用詞的重復(fù)？在英語的文章

12、中，我們可以看到，除了表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或?yàn)榱吮苊庖饬x的含糊外，同一個詞或短語很少在同一個句子中連續(xù)使用，有時，在一個句群或段落中也避免重復(fù)使用相同的詞。避免詞匯重復(fù)是英語句子的又一特點(diǎn)。這一特點(diǎn)最明顯的標(biāo)志是，英語代詞的使用頻率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于漢語。英語主要是通過使用代詞、同義詞、近義詞和省略等手段來避免重復(fù)。 1使用代詞回避重復(fù)這是最普通，也是常見的一種方法。Can you mend this table? I broke it yesterday你會修理這張桌子嗎?昨天我把它弄壞了。2用同義詞避免重復(fù)這里說的同義詞是一個比較寬泛的概念。它包括范疇詞、相近詞(near-synonym)和派生詞等。The m

13、onkey's extraordinary performance was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine，the animal had learned to drive the vehicle single-handed這只猴子最出色的表演是學(xué)開拖拉機(jī)。到9歲時，它已學(xué)會獨(dú)自駕駛拖拉機(jī)了。在第二句仍要提及monkey和tractor，為了回避重復(fù)，作者用了animal和vehicle這兩個范疇詞來替代。范疇詞雖然意義寬泛，不太確切，但是在特定的上下文中一般不會引起誤解，而且行文也顯得更加活潑了。3用省略手段回避重復(fù)省

14、略的主要功能就是避免重復(fù)，并能突出新的信息。省略是英語的一種習(xí)慣用法，它能節(jié)省詞語，使語句結(jié)構(gòu)顯得緊湊。1)省略名詞He spoke for the first motion and against the second(the secondthe second motion)他贊成第一個提議，反對第二個提議。They are fine actorsSmith is the finest I've ever seen他們是優(yōu)秀的演員，但史密斯是我見過的最好的演員。有時，名詞的省略出現(xiàn)在相同的名詞之前。Cut off the first and last parts of the pla

15、y，and leave then middle(the firstthe first part of the play)把這個劇本的首尾兩部分刪去，只留下中間部分。2)省略動詞談到動詞的省略，典型的例子應(yīng)首推培根關(guān)于讀書的那段名言。Some books are to be tasted，others(are)to be swallowed，and some few (are) to be chewed and digested書有可淺嘗者，有可盡食者，少數(shù)則需咀嚼消化。Jack needn't stay here，but George must(but George must stay

16、 here)杰克不必留下了，可是喬治必須留下來。John won the first race and Jim(won) the second. 約翰勝了第一場比賽，吉姆勝了第二場。3)省略形容詞相比較而言，英語中省略形容詞來避免重復(fù)的情形，不如其他詞類多。Robert seemed angry，and George certainly was(angry)羅伯特似乎生氣了，而喬治肯定是生氣了。4)省略從句I did not notice it till too late(till it was too late)等我注意到這事時，已經(jīng)晚了。l must get it done what ev

17、er the cost(what ever the cost may be)無論代價如何，我也要把這事辦成。He gave the same answer as before(as he has given before)他的回答和從前一樣。為了回避詞語的重復(fù)，人們通常采用以上這3種省略手段。省略手段看似容易，因?yàn)橛行﹥?nèi)容可以略去不表，其實(shí)不然，能夠做到正確地省略，說明一個人句子的運(yùn)用能力已經(jīng)達(dá)到純熟的地步。有運(yùn)用得當(dāng)?shù)氖÷跃涓茱@示出學(xué)習(xí)者英語的規(guī)范性、地道性。避免重復(fù)是英語句子表達(dá)的一條原則。但是從詞類的角度看，重復(fù)的多是名詞、動詞和形容詞這些實(shí)詞，而詞義較抽象的代詞、介詞、助動詞等虛詞則

18、不怕重復(fù)。這樣看來，英語句子是“避實(shí)就虛”，而虛詞的重復(fù)常常是為了避免實(shí)詞的重復(fù)。4避免重復(fù)與避免中式英語避免重復(fù)這條原則對中國學(xué)生還有一層特殊的意義。受漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣的影響，中國學(xué)生用英語表達(dá)思想時，常常不自覺地加上不必要的修飾語。這些修飾語雖然在漢語中也是重復(fù)(如毫無根據(jù)的捏造)，但是它們顯得自然，符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣?？墒牵绻堰@些修飾語也譯成英語，效果就適得其反了，既累贅，又有失表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確。例如：漢語中，我們可以說，“請給我們多提寶貴意見”，但是用英語表達(dá)時就不必說Please gives us your valuable opinions別人能提出意見、建議，我們肯定應(yīng)該認(rèn)為是寶貴的，

19、再用valuable一詞就是多余的，正確的說法應(yīng)是Your opinions will be appreciated還有一個典型的例子，在表達(dá)“他的病情好多了”這一漢語句子時，中國學(xué)生往往說成His sick condition is much better實(shí)際上，condition本身就表示“疾病”(sickness，illness)，所以句中的sick也是一種無意義的重復(fù)，地道的表達(dá)方法是His condition is much better或者可以更簡單地說He is much better此外，在用英語表達(dá)漢語中的“吃飯”、“讀書”、“唱歌”、“付錢”、“換車”這些動賓結(jié)構(gòu)的概念時，

20、中國學(xué)生往往把賓語表達(dá)出來，而實(shí)際上，英語的有些動詞本身已經(jīng)含有賓語所表示的意思，不言自明，一般是可以省略的，加上賓語則有可能形成畫蛇添足，說出中國式的英語?，F(xiàn)舉例如下：Have you heard(any news) from your daughter recently?近來你得到你女兒的消息了嗎?"to hear from somebody" 就含有“聽到某人的消息”，“接到某人來信”的意思。Write(letters)to me often經(jīng)常給我寫信。Dick was mad about booksHe made notes while he read(while

21、 he read books)迪克特別愛讀書，他讀書時總是作筆記。It's through train, you don't have to change anywhere(you don't have to change trains anywhere)這是一超支達(dá)車，你不需要在任何地方換車。He paid(money) to see the show他花了錢去看演出。以上各例中，動詞的賓語是不言而喻的。如果不是特別需要強(qiáng)調(diào)，賓語可以省略。不省略，雖然符合語法規(guī)則，也不構(gòu)成理解錯誤，但是在表達(dá)方式上與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的英語習(xí)慣用法不符，影響語言的地道性。避免重復(fù)這一原則在書面英語

22、中體現(xiàn)比較嚴(yán)格，相對來說，口語中則具有較大的靈活性。 書面表達(dá)常見錯誤類型及改進(jìn)意見錯誤類型一:漢式英語錯誤不少考生在英語書面表達(dá)時易受漢語習(xí)慣影響,所寫句子雖然語法正確,卻不符合英語表達(dá)習(xí)慣,造成不少漢語式英語病句.要減少漢式病句必須做到(1)養(yǎng)成用英語思維進(jìn)行寫作的習(xí)慣,注意中西文化差異所帶來的不同表達(dá).(2)平時多歸納總結(jié),糾正漢式英語.(3)多收聽對外廣播、收看英語節(jié)目、廣泛閱讀英文版書籍、報紙及其它材料.例如:誤:He cost five yuan to buy a dictionary. 正:It cost five yuan to buy a dictionary.或The di

23、ctionary cost him five yuan.誤:Good good study,day day up. 正:If you study hard ,you will make progress every day.誤:Here is suitable to grow cash crops 正:It is suitable to grow cash crops here.誤:There is a nitice in the park saying “ To take notice of safe; the sidewalk is very crafty.” 正: There is a

24、nitice in the park saying “Watch your step. Slippery sidewalk.”誤: His fever is high. 正: He has a high fever.誤: The student is standing there is my brother. 正: The student standing there is my brother. 或 The student who is standing there is my brother.誤: The price of the computer is expensive. 正: The

25、 price of the computer is high.誤: The population of China is many. 正: The population of China is large.誤: Recently our village has taken place great changes. 正: Recently great changes have taken place in our village.誤: There are twenty students in our class have been to Beijing. 正: Twenty students i

26、n our class have been to Beijing.誤: That factory broke out a fire last Sunday. 正: A fire broke out in that factory last Sunday.誤: This building likes a school. 正: This building looks like/is a school.誤: He will able to write articles in English next year. 正: He will be able to write articles in Engl

27、ish next year.誤: I will by bus to Beijing. 正: Ill go to Beijing by bus tomorrow.誤: Professor Li comes from Beijing University will give us a lecture tomorrow. 正: Professor Li from Beijing University will give us a lecture tomorrow.誤: His friends are few. 正: He has few friends誤: Wei Fangs father scol

28、ded her coming late to school. 正: Wei Fangs father scolded her for her coming late to school.誤: To attend this meeting is important. 正: It is important to attend this meeting.誤: His teaching methods are many. 正: He has many teaching methods.錯誤類型二:句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整或結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤一個句子至少包括主語和謂語兩部分(祈使句除外)。如果把句子的某一個部分當(dāng)成一個句子

29、，就會導(dǎo)致非完整句子。兩個各含有主語和謂語的分句不能寫在一起，也不能只用逗號隔開。例如：誤: There were foreigners came to our school.正: There were foreigners who came to our school.誤: Without a friend will feel lonely.正: Without a friend one will feel lonely.誤: The girls cleaned the desks and chairs, the boys mopped the floor.正: The girls clea

30、ned the desks and chairs; the boys mopped the floor. 正: The girls cleaned the desks and chairs, and the boys mopped the floor.誤: The book was interesting. I read it rapidly.正: The book was interesting; I read it rapidly. 正: The book was interesting, and I read it rapidly.誤: The woman talked to you j

31、ust now is our English teacher.正: The woman who talked to you just now is our English teacher.誤: I cant imagine what life would be like if have not any TV sets.正: I cant imagine what life would be like if we have not any TV sets.誤: China is no longer what used to be .正: China is no longer what it us

32、ed to be .誤: Although rained, we went on working.正: Although it rained, we went on working.誤: They finished the homework, they went out.正: Since/As they finished the homework, they went out.誤: I am tired, I must go to bed.正: I am tired, so I must go to bed.誤:The sun gives off heat and light, this ma

33、kes it possible for the plants on the earth to grow.正: The sun gives off heat and light, which makes it possible for the plants on the earth to grow.誤:You practice more reading, you will improve your reading ability.正:If you practice more reading, you will improve your reading ability.誤:I arrive at

34、the station, the train had left.正: When I arrive at the station, the train had left.誤: China is still a developing country, most people cant afford a car.正: Because China is still a developing country, most people cant afford a car.錯誤類型三：重復(fù)累贅有些英語單詞本身自帶某個意思，或由于語法需要不能再出現(xiàn)某個單詞，而學(xué)生基本功夫不夠扎實(shí)，常常出現(xiàn)累贅現(xiàn)象。誤: Th

35、e box is too heavy for the weak boy to carry it.正: The box is too heavy for the weak boy to carry.誤: We hope to improve our work better.正: We hope to improve our work.誤: We are very like his lesson.正: We are like his lesson very much.誤: Yours class was interesting.正: Your class was interesting.誤: In

36、 spite of the fact he is lazy, I like him.正: In spite of his laziness, I like him.誤: Personally I think he is a good student.正: I think he is a good student.誤: I seldom go to the Shanghai Library due to the reason it is far away from my home.正: I seldom go to the Shanghai Library because it is far a

37、way from my home.誤: Mary married with John.正: Mary married John.誤: I returned back the book to you yesterday.正: I returned the book to you yesterday.誤: The teacher repeated the sentence again.正: The teacher repeated the sentence.誤: My most favorite song is “Hand in Hand”.正: My favorite song is “Hand

38、 in Hand”.誤: The train is entering into the tunnel.正: The train is entering the tunnel.錯誤類型四：句子缺乏邏輯性或連貫性一個句子必須表達(dá)一個完整、前后語意一致的意思。如果把不相干的意思放子一個句字里或一個句子表達(dá)不完整，就會出現(xiàn)邏輯問題。句子無論長短，在安排上要合乎邏輯，銜接自然，使句內(nèi)語意關(guān)系明確。而學(xué)生在習(xí)作過程中常出現(xiàn)懸垂修飾語、指代不明、缺少過渡詞語、非平行結(jié)構(gòu)和語意不完整的分割句等錯誤。例如誤: Being an honest man, Tom worked very hard.正: Being an honest