非謂語動詞(2)(1)

1、1 1性質(zhì)性質(zhì)：它具有動詞的特點，但在句子中起著：它具有動詞的特點，但在句子中起著名詞、形容詞、副詞的作用，充當(dāng)主語、表語、名詞、形容詞、副詞的作用，充當(dāng)主語、表語、定語、賓語、賓語補足語、狀語的作用，即：定語、賓語、賓語補足語、狀語的作用，即：除除謂語以外的一切成分。謂語以外的一切成分。非謂語動詞非謂語動詞2形式形式不定式不定式 相當(dāng)于名詞、形容詞、副詞。充當(dāng)主語、賓語、相當(dāng)于名詞、形容詞、副詞。充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語、表語、賓語補足語、狀語。定語、表語、賓語補足語、狀語。動名詞動名詞 相當(dāng)于名詞充當(dāng)主語、表語、定語、賓語相當(dāng)于名詞充當(dāng)主語、表語、定語、賓語.分詞分詞 相當(dāng)于形容詞、副詞。作表

2、語、定語、賓語補相當(dāng)于形容詞、副詞。作表語、定語、賓語補足語、狀語。足語、狀語。 一 動詞不定式 The Infinitive (to do )不 定 式 的不 定 式 的 作 用作 用不定式的不定式的時態(tài)時態(tài)不定式的不定式的語態(tài)語態(tài)不定式不定式1. 主語主語2. 賓語賓語3. 賓語補足語賓語補足語4. 表語表語5. 定語定語6. 狀語狀語 1. _( talk ) with him is a great pleasure. 2. _( help ) others is our duty. To talkTo help3. 如果要說明不定式表示的動作是誰做的，可以在不定式前如果要說明不定式表示

3、的動作是誰做的，可以在不定式前加一個由加一個由 for for 引起的短語引起的短語, ,構(gòu)成不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。構(gòu)成不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。2. 不定式作主語時不定式作主語時,可以用可以用it作形式主語作形式主語.It is our duty to help others4. It is+adj+for sb to do It is+adj+ of sb to do4. It is important _ Tom to get that job. It is kind _ you to help me with my English.forof1不定式作主語：不定式作主語：3.It is easy_

4、 _ (學(xué)生讀學(xué)生讀)(adj: kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, careless, rude, polite, naughty（修飾人的形容詞）（修飾人的形容詞）（修飾物的形容詞）（修飾物的形容詞）1.單個不定式直接作主語，謂語動詞單數(shù)單個不定式直接作主語，謂語動詞單數(shù)for the students to read.用來說明主語的具體內(nèi)容或表示目的用來說明主語的具體內(nèi)容或表示目的The most important thing in life is to have a great aim, an

5、d the determination toachieve it.The next step is to make sure that you knowwhat you should do.To see is to believe.2不定式作表語：不定式作表語：want, demand, hope, wish, expect,fail, help, offer, manage, pretend, promise, prepare, learn, agree, plan, determine, prefer, intend. 1. They wanted _( get ) on the bus,

6、 didnt they?2. He said he wished _( be ) a professor.3. I agreed_ ( go ) there with the doctor.4. He had promised _ ( give ) me a hand.to getto beto goto give3不定式作賓語：不定式作賓語：1.He found _Russian.(study/important)2.The computer makes_(possible/ calculate faster)2）如作賓語的不定式有自己的補語，須用先行詞）如作賓語的不定式有自己的補語，須用先

7、行詞 it作作 形式賓語，形式賓語，而將真正的賓語不定式后置。而將真正的賓語不定式后置。 1)有些及物動詞常用不定式作賓語。常見的動詞有有些及物動詞常用不定式作賓語。常見的動詞有it important to studyit possible to calculate faster.句式：主句式：主+謂謂+it+adj/n+to dothink, find, feel, consider, makeWe thought it better to start early.Ill leave it to you to decide.They consider it important to get

8、 his permission.I find it difficult to learn math. 1.He seldom comes except _at my pictures.(look)2.We have no choice but _outside.(wait)3.They could do nothing but _for help.(ask)前有前有do 后無后無to ,前無前無do 后有后有to能夠用不定式作賓語的介詞不多，常見的只有能夠用不定式作賓語的介詞不多，常見的只有but but 和和except.except. 注意注意to lookto waitask此外，介詞此

9、外，介詞of, on, over, about和詞組和詞組as to 等后面常跟等后面常跟“疑問代、副詞疑問代、副詞+不定式不定式”做賓語。做賓語。Im thinking of how to express my thanks to you.They discussed on how to improve their studies.I was careful over what to say.The couple was at a loss as to what to do next. 5看（看（look at, see, watch,notice,observe） 3使（使（make, l

10、et, have）；）；2聽（聽（listen to, hear）；）； 1感覺（感覺（feel）。）。1.The teacher made the boy_( go )out of the classroom2.We observed them_(finish)the work3.He was made_(tell) a story4.Let us_( have) a rest.5.The teacher got the students _(hand )in homework.“吾看三室兩廳一感覺吾看三室兩廳一感覺”主動語態(tài)主動語態(tài) s+v +sb + do .被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)。S+be

11、 +v ed+ to doA 1. I didnt want my parents _( help ) me. 2. Wed prefer you _( take ) the job instead of Zhang.B4.不定式作賓語補足語不定式作賓語補足語.+V+sb to dogohave to hand to tell to help to takefinish let sb do sth get sb to do sthc. 做判斷類動詞的賓補做判斷類動詞的賓補常見詞有常見詞有judge, think, consider, find, know, suppose, prove等等I

12、know him to be honest.I consider the work to be important.I judge her to be 60 years old.d. 做建議命令類動詞的賓補做建議命令類動詞的賓補常見詞有常見詞有advise, allow, beg, command, force,encourage, permit, request, order, persuade, warnHe commanded the soldiers to be silent.Please remind me to come early.e. 做某些短語動詞的賓補做某些短語動詞的賓補如

13、如long for, wait for, call on(號召），號召），rely on, arrange for等等 I rely on you to finish the work today.We are waiting for the doctor to arrive.1.He was the first person_to the classroom (come)2. Do you have anything_ ?(say)3. He thought out a plan _ (punish) Tom.to say to come to punish 4. We need a roo

14、m to live5. We have a lot of problems to talk作定語的不定式如是不及物動詞，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。作定語的不定式如是不及物動詞，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。5.不定式作定語不定式作定語inabout1.The house is not big enough for us all_.A. to live inB. to be lived in C. to live D. for living in2. Would you please pass me the knife _?A. cut the fruit withB. to cut the fru

15、it C. cutting the fruitD. cutting the fruit with3.I have something important to say.please find a piece of paper （寫上）（寫上） 4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？I have no pen （寫）（寫）to write onto write with動詞不定式做定語動詞不定式做定語不定式作定語與被修飾名詞之間構(gòu)成三種關(guān)系不定式作定語與被修飾名詞之間構(gòu)成三種關(guān)系1）動賓關(guān)系）動賓關(guān)系I have lots homework

16、to do.I need some water to drink.2)主謂關(guān)系主謂關(guān)系We need another ten people to help us.3) 偏正關(guān)系偏正關(guān)系There is no need to worry about it.目的狀語還可用目的狀語還可用 in order to 或或so as to結(jié)果狀語還可用結(jié)果狀語還可用 soas to, suchas to, enough to, tooto, only to等結(jié)構(gòu)來表示等結(jié)構(gòu)來表示 _(save ) the badly sick lady, the doctor had an operation on he

17、r. 2. He hurried to the station only _ ( find ) the train left.不定式在作表語不定式在作表語/ 補語的補語的形容詞形容詞后面作狀語，用主動形式后面作狀語，用主動形式表被動意思。表被動意思。This question is difficult _ (answer).Do you think him easy_ (work) with?We find this rule hard _ (remember)6.不定式作狀語不定式作狀語To save to find作目的、結(jié)果要用不定式。作目的、結(jié)果要用不定式。 to answer to

18、work to remember6.不定式作狀語不定式作狀語 做目的狀語做目的狀語 The whole family went to the beach to spend the weekend. To make the best ever games in 2008, Beijing made several big changes.目的狀語還可用目的狀語還可用 in order to 或或so as tob. 作結(jié)果狀語作結(jié)果狀語The girl raised her head to find everybody was looking at her.What have I said to

19、 make you so excited?At that time, she was too young to understand this.結(jié)果狀語還可用結(jié)果狀語還可用 soas to, suchas to, enough to, tooto, only to等結(jié)構(gòu)來表示等結(jié)構(gòu)來表示 I was fortunate enough to get a ticket.It was such a good film as to move us to tears.You are so kind as to lend me your bike.He lifted a rock only to drop

20、 it on his own feet.表原因表原因(不定式常跟一些表示喜怒哀樂等情感的形容詞不定式常跟一些表示喜怒哀樂等情感的形容詞或或V-ed形式后面，說明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因）形式后面，說明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因）All of us are shocked to hear the news.The old couple seemed content to watch TV all day.作條件狀語作條件狀語To hear you speak English, people might take you for an American.(=if people heard you)A man w

21、ould be blind not to see that.(=if he did not see that)1._ (實話實說實話實說), he doesnt agree with you. 2. （誠實說（誠實說)，I dont like your idea To tell (you) the truthTo be honest3._（首先），（首先）， Beijing is a very beautiful city。7.不定式作獨立成分不定式作獨立成分,做插入語做插入語To begin with8.不定式與疑問詞不定式與疑問詞who, which, when, where, who,

22、which, when, where, how, what how, what 等連用，在句中起名詞作用，可充當(dāng)?shù)冗B用，在句中起名詞作用，可充當(dāng)主語，表語，賓語等。主語，表語，賓語等。 He didnt know what to say.2.How to solve the problem is important. 3.My question is when to start. 1.I saw him_.2.I plan to attend the meeting_ tomorrow4.Im sorry _ you waiting.5.The article is said _ by man

23、y people. go outto be held3.He pretended _ (sleep)when I came in. to be sleepingto have keptto have been read9.不定式的時態(tài)與語態(tài)：不定式的時態(tài)與語態(tài)：1）不定式的）不定式的一般式一般式：不定式表示的動作常與謂語的動不定式表示的動作常與謂語的動作同時（或幾乎同時）發(fā)生，或在它之前之后發(fā)生。作同時（或幾乎同時）發(fā)生，或在它之前之后發(fā)生。to do /to be doneShe appears to be satisfied.I hope to see you soon.We are ju

24、st happy to have you back.同時同時之后之后之前之前2）不定式的）不定式的進行式進行式：不定式表示的動作正在進行，這不定式表示的動作正在進行，這一動作可以和謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生，也可以在它之一動作可以和謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生，也可以在它之后發(fā)生。后發(fā)生。to be doingThey seem to be getting along quite well.I wish to be studying with you next year.同時同時之后之后3 3）不定式的）不定式的完成式完成式：不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前前?？捎脕肀硎具^去已

25、完成的動作，又可表示沒有實現(xiàn)可用來表示過去已完成的動作，又可表示沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望。的愿望。to have done to have been done表示動作已完成表示動作已完成Im sorry to have bothered you so much.The city is said to have been built into an art center.表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望、計劃等。表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望、計劃等。I meant to have telephoned, but I forget.(=I had meant to telephone)Id like to have gon

26、e shopping, but it rained.10. 不定式的否定式不定式的否定式The patient was told not to eat oil food after the operation.He warned his son never to drive after drinking.11. 不定式的常見結(jié)構(gòu)不定式的常見結(jié)構(gòu)1）be+動詞不定式動詞不定式此結(jié)構(gòu)中，此結(jié)構(gòu)中，be只有一般現(xiàn)在時和只有一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時兩種形式。一般過去時兩種形式。a. 表示按照計劃或安排將要做的事表示按照計劃或安排將要做的事The meeting is to be held next we

27、ek.He felt excited because he was soon to go abroad traveling.b. 表示命令或指示表示命令或指示You are not to smoke in the office.The homework is to be to handed in to the teacherin person. 11. 不定式的常見結(jié)構(gòu)不定式的常見結(jié)構(gòu)c. 表示征求意見表示征求意見What am I to say if they ask me the question?Where am I to put the vase?d. 表示不可避免將要發(fā)生某事表示不可

28、避免將要發(fā)生某事The worst is still to come. Better days are soon to follow.11. 不定式的常見結(jié)構(gòu)不定式的常見結(jié)構(gòu)2）主動形式表示被動含義的結(jié)構(gòu)）主動形式表示被動含義的結(jié)構(gòu) 不定式作形容詞的賓語，和句子主語構(gòu)成邏輯不定式作形容詞的賓語，和句子主語構(gòu)成邏輯 上的動賓關(guān)系時。上的動賓關(guān)系時。The homework is not easy to do.The water is not healthy to drink.b. 作后置定語，和被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯作后置定語，和被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，但又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯

29、上的上的動賓關(guān)系，但又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。主謂關(guān)系。Most people have some similar experience to remember.11. 不定式的常見結(jié)構(gòu)不定式的常見結(jié)構(gòu)2）主動形式表示被動含義的結(jié)構(gòu)）主動形式表示被動含義的結(jié)構(gòu)c. 在在too.to和和enoughto結(jié)構(gòu)中結(jié)構(gòu)中The box is too heavy to carry.The book is cheap enough to buy.d. to let, to blame等作表語時等作表語時The house is to let. 這所房子要出租這所房子要出租You are to bl

30、ame. 這是你的過錯。這是你的過錯。I have something to type.I have something to be typed.11. 不定式的常見結(jié)構(gòu)不定式的常見結(jié)構(gòu)3）不定式的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）不定式的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)該結(jié)構(gòu)指的是該結(jié)構(gòu)指的是“（with/without）+名詞名詞+不定式不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞結(jié)構(gòu)，在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯的主謂關(guān)系，詞結(jié)構(gòu)通常作狀語。存在著邏輯的主謂關(guān)系，詞結(jié)構(gòu)通常作狀語。The mayor to inspect the school, the headmasteris as busy as

31、 a bee.The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.Without anything to do all day, we felt rather dull. 二 動名詞GerundWorking hard will produce good results.1.時時 態(tài)態(tài) 和和 語語 態(tài)態(tài) 類 別 及及 物物動動 詞詞不及物動詞不及物動詞形式主主 動動被被 動動主主 動動一般式 doing being done doing 完成式 having donehaving been donehaving done動詞的動詞的-in

32、g現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞 動名詞動名詞在句中可以做：在句中可以做： 主語主語，表語，表語，賓語賓語， 補語，定語和狀語補語，定語和狀語千萬要注意千萬要注意V-ing形式的規(guī)則喲！形式的規(guī)則喲！不能單獨作謂語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，不能單獨作謂語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，可以有自己的賓語和狀語。還有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化可以有自己的賓語和狀語。還有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。一：簡介一：簡介 v+ing 作主語作主語Playing with fire is dangerous.Talking is easier than doing.1）動名詞直接作主語。）動名詞直接作主語。(單個的單個的v-ing形式作主語，謂語動詞用單

33、數(shù)。形式作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。)1作主語時句子有三種形式：作主語時句子有三種形式：2）用）用it作形式主語。作形式主語。(常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)：常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)：It is no use/no good/useless/worthwhile/worth/dangerous/fun/a waste of time等）等）It is no use trying to persuade him.It is a waste of time arguing about it.作主語作主語1)學(xué)習(xí)新單詞對我來說非常重要。學(xué)習(xí)新單詞對我來說非常重要。 _ is very important for me2)說比做

34、容易。說比做容易。_ is easier than doing.Learning new wordsTalking3) 和夏洛克爭辯是沒有什么用的。和夏洛克爭辯是沒有什么用的。_ with ShylockIt is useless trying to argue用形式主語用形式主語it，把真正的主語，把真正的主語動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)移置句尾。動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)移置句尾。但這種句子形式有一定的限制，作表語的只能是某些形容詞或少數(shù)名詞但這種句子形式有一定的限制，作表語的只能是某些形容詞或少數(shù)名詞，如如useful，useless，good，fun；no use，a waste of等。等。如：如：動名詞直接置于句首

35、主語的位置上。動名詞直接置于句首主語的位置上。1作主語作主語. 動名詞作主語時，句子有三種形式：動名詞作主語時，句子有三種形式：1)這種事開不得玩笑。這種事開不得玩笑。 Here is _ about such matter.2)無法知道他什么時候離開。無法知道他什么時候離開。 There was _ when he would leave. 作主語作主語no jokingno knowing在在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的意思相當(dāng)結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的意思相當(dāng)于于“It is impossible to do ” 如如 There is no doing：There is no

36、 sense in doing sth. 做做沒道理沒道理There is no use/good doingThere is nothing worse than doing 沒有比做沒有比做更糟的更糟的There is no point doing 做做無意義無意義V-ing 做主語做主語_(play)with fire is dangerous.Be careful! _(play)with fire will be dangerous.to do or v-ing?PlayingTo play_(swim)is good for our health._(swim)in this ri

37、ver is not allowedSwimmingTo swim表示一般或抽象的多次行為表示一般或抽象的多次行為具體的或一次性的動作或?qū)淼膭幼骶唧w的或一次性的動作或?qū)淼膭幼鱏moking is forbidden here.(泛指任何人抽煙的行為）泛指任何人抽煙的行為）It is no good for you to smoke so much.(具體指你吸煙的行為）具體指你吸煙的行為）Her job is keeping the office clean.(經(jīng)常性動作）經(jīng)常性動作）Her job this afternoon is to clean the office.(具體的一次行

38、為）具體的一次行為）作表語與動詞不定式的區(qū)別（和主語的區(qū)別一致）作表語與動詞不定式的區(qū)別（和主語的區(qū)別一致）Her hobby is painting. (一般性動作）一般性動作）Today what he wants to do is to paint.(具體的動作）具體的動作）His wish is to become an artist. (將要發(fā)生的事情）將要發(fā)生的事情） 她的業(yè)余愛好是畫畫。她的業(yè)余愛好是畫畫。 我的工作就是照顧這些孩子。我的工作就是照顧這些孩子。1.Her hobby is_2.My job is_paintinglooking after the children

39、.1)表示抽象的一般性的行為，用來說明主語的內(nèi)容，表示抽象的一般性的行為，用來說明主語的內(nèi)容，表語主語和互換位置表語主語和互換位置二、二、-ing形式作表語形式作表語3.Our task is studying English wellStudying English well is our task.2）表示主語具有的特征，可看作為形容詞）表示主語具有的特征，可看作為形容詞The problem is/seems quite puzzling.用作賓語用作賓語looking forI cant avoid_Have you considered _ one special friend?1)

40、我不能不去。我不能不去。2)你是否考慮過找一位摯友你是否考慮過找一位摯友? (一一).（1）只能后接動名詞作賓語的動詞，常見的有）只能后接動名詞作賓語的動詞，常見的有avoid，consider，enjoy，keep，finish，suggest，dislike，delay，escape，cannot help，imagine，mind，miss，practise，cannot stand等。等。如：如： (一一) 有些動詞只能后接動名詞作賓語；有些動詞只能后接動名詞作賓語； (二二) 有些動詞既可后接動名詞也可接不定式作賓語。（有區(qū)別）有些動詞既可后接動名詞也可接不定式作賓語。（有區(qū)別） (

41、三三) 有些動詞既可后接動名詞也可接不定式作賓語有些動詞既可后接動名詞也可接不定式作賓語.（沒大區(qū)別）（沒大區(qū)別）going三。動名詞作賓語三。動名詞作賓語有三種情況。有三種情況。常跟動詞ing作賓語的動詞歌訣:考慮建議盼原諒，考慮建議盼原諒，承認推遲沒得想，承認推遲沒得想，避免錯過繼續(xù)練，避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認完成停能賞，否認完成停能賞，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡，不準(zhǔn)冒險憑想象。不準(zhǔn)冒險憑想象。consider, suggest / advise ,look forward to ,excuse ,pardon admit, delay / put off , fancy avoid ,

42、 miss ,keep /keep on , practise deny , finish , stop ,enjoy / appreciate cant help , mind , allow/ permit ,escape forbid , risk , imagine （2）. 只接只接v-ing作賓語的常見動詞短語作賓語的常見動詞短語1.He devoted his time to _ (teach)2.I am looking forward to _from you (hear)teaching hearing insist on, object to, be good at, l

43、ead to, put off, give up, feel like, look forward to, devote to, be worth, devote to, get used to, pay attention tohave difficulty (in)注注：advise/allow/ forbid/permit/require/encourageWe dont allow people to smoke here. People are not allowed to smoke here.We dont allow smoking here.doing sthsb. to d

44、o sth動詞動詞forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try, be used to, cant help forget, regret, remember 后跟動名詞，動名詞表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生后跟動名詞，動名詞表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作；后跟不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動作。的動作；后跟不定式表示將要發(fā)生的動作。 (二二) 有些動詞既可后接動名詞也可接不定式作賓語。（有區(qū)別）有些動詞既可后接動名詞也可接不定式作賓語。（有區(qū)別）I forgot _to her.(我忘了曾經(jīng)給她寫過信）我忘了曾經(jīng)給她寫過信）I forgot _her about it.我忘了要告

45、訴。）我忘了要告訴。）I remember_ you somewhere in biejing.（see）Remember _me tonight.(call)He regretted_ in the exam.(cheat)I regret _that we cant stay here any longer(say)writingto tell seeingto callcheatingto saygo on doing 繼續(xù)做原來做的事繼續(xù)做原來做的事go on to do 接著做另一件事接著做另一件事 mean doing 意味著要做某事意味著要做某事mean to do 想要做某事想

46、要做某事 stop doing 停止做某事停止做某事stop to do 停下來（別的事）停下來（別的事）try doing 試著做某事試著做某事try to do 努力做某事努力做某事be used to doing 習(xí)慣于做某事習(xí)慣于做某事 be used to do 被用來做某事被用來做某事cant help doing 禁不住做某事禁不住做某事cant help to do 不能幫助做某事不能幫助做某事1.He stopped _and have a rest.(smoke) 2.He really must stop_3. I once tried _French(learn)4.L

47、ets try _at the back door.(knock)5.I didnt to mean _your feeling.(hurt)6. This word means _out at once.(set)7.I cant help _the room.for I am too busy(clean)8.After hearing the joke, we cant help _(laugh)9.Water is uesed to _flowers(water)10.I am used to _early.(get)11.Though it rained, they went on_

48、.(work)12.We have finished Part 1.Lets go on _P 2(Learn)to smokesmokingto learnknockingto hurtsettingTo cleanlaughingwaterGetting upworkingto learn(三三) 有些動詞既可后接動名詞也可接不定式作賓語有些動詞既可后接動名詞也可接不定式作賓語.（沒大區(qū)別）（沒大區(qū)別）1.一些表示喜好或開始動作的動詞一些表示喜好或開始動作的動詞like,love,hate,prefer ,intend ,begin, start continue等，等，用不定式做賓語和用

49、不定式做賓語和v+ing形式做賓語，意義相差不大形式做賓語，意義相差不大1.I started _(work)here two years ago.2.I intended _a poem in English.(write)3.They prefer _(spend) their summer vacation in the country.2溫馨提示：介詞后都用動詞的溫馨提示：介詞后都用動詞的-ing形式作賓語。形式作賓語。What prevent you from coming on time?No one would have dreamed of there being such a

50、 place.3. 下列動詞接下列動詞接v-ing作形式賓語，其主動形式作形式賓語，其主動形式表示被動意義表示被動意義sb./sth.want/need/require/deserve +doing/to be doneThe room needs painting/to be painted.The sick woman required examining/to be examined.The man deserved punishing/to be punished. 四四 作賓補作賓補 在表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞后作賓補，這些在表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞后作賓補，這些 動詞常見的有動詞常

51、見的有hear, feel, find, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, smell, watch等。等。 He saw the boy playing in the yard. I must say I dont like to hear you talking like that. see sb do (過程）過程） see sb doing (進行的動作）進行的動作） b.在表示在表示“致使致使”等意義的動詞后作賓補，常見的等意義的動詞后作賓補，常見的 詞有詞有catch, have, get, keep, set, leave等。等。

52、 Im sorry to have kept you waiting for me for so long. The joke set everybody laughing. What she has told left us thinking that shea. experienced much when she was young.四四 作賓補作賓補c.這種結(jié)構(gòu)如使用被動語態(tài)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)如使用被動語態(tài)，V-ing便是主補。便是主補。He was seen going out.The child was heard crying in the next room.building mater

53、ials = drinking water = a reading room =materials (which are used) for buildingwater for drinking 飲用水飲用水a(chǎn) room for reading 閱覽室閱覽室 a writing desk cooking salt a dancing hall a meeting room an operating table a sleeping car opening speechspending money answering machine動名詞一般只能做前置定語，動名詞一般只能做前置定語，a.說明被修

54、飾名詞的用途和性能說明被修飾名詞的用途和性能 ，多數(shù)時候可以換成，多數(shù)時候可以換成for引導(dǎo)的短語引導(dǎo)的短語:如如：五、五、-ing形式作定語形式作定語b. 表示所修飾的人或物的動作或狀態(tài)表示所修飾的人或物的動作或狀態(tài)a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping a puzzling question=a question which puzzles everybody2. 后置定語后置定語作定語的作定語的V-ing形式如是一個短語，則應(yīng)放在形式如是一個短語，則應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面被修飾詞的后面,表示所修飾的名詞的動作或狀態(tài)，表示所修飾的名詞的動作或狀態(tài)，它與被

55、修飾的詞之間有一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。它與被修飾的詞之間有一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。The man standing by the window is our teacher. =who is standing/stands by.A building is being built now.A building which is being built now is a school.A building was being built here at that time.A building which was being built at that time is a school.Those

56、who wish to join the club should sign here.Those wishing to join the club should sign here.注意：注意：1) V-ing形式的完成式一般不可用作后置定形式的完成式一般不可用作后置定語語The students having finished the homework can go home now. The students who have finished the homework. 2)與謂語動作不能同時發(fā)生的與謂語動作不能同時發(fā)生的V-ing形式不可用于形式不可用于后置定語后置定語The expe

57、rt coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. The expert who came here yesterday.四四 作狀語作狀語 表示時間表示時間 V-ing作時間狀語，相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。作時間狀語，相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。 While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. =while he was reading the book Turning around, she saw a car driving up. =when she turned around b.表示原因表示原

58、因 Being tired out, he couldnt walk any further. =As he was tired out Being a student, you should work hard. =As you are a student, Having finished the homework, he went out.a.=As he had finished 四四 作狀語作狀語Not knowing how to work out the problem, he =Since she did not know howturned to the teacher for

59、 help.c.表示結(jié)果表示結(jié)果The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing. =and left nothing.The teacher came in, and he was followed by the students. being followed by the students.四四 作狀語作狀語d.表示條件表示條件Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. =if you are more carefulIf weather permits, well go to park

60、tomorrow.=Weather permitting,e.表示讓步表示讓步although they know all this, they made me pay for the damage.Knowing all this四四 作狀語作狀語f.表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明I sat at the table, watching TV happily. =and watched TV happilyHe was walking along the street, and looked this way and that.looking this wa