非謂語動詞復習綱要(一)——分詞

1、非謂語動詞復習綱要（一）分詞【基本概念】1. 對英語動詞的基本認識英語中動詞的語法作用同漢語區(qū)別很大。動詞除了在句子中充當謂語之外，還常以非謂語的形式充當其他的句子成分。按照動詞是否充當謂語，我們可以把動詞分為謂語動詞和非謂語動詞兩類。每一類動詞所包含的主要語法知識如 下。 時態(tài) （按高考要求共九個時態(tài)） 謂語動詞 語態(tài) （主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)） 語氣 （陳述語氣和虛擬語氣） 主謂一致動詞 動詞不定式 非謂語動詞 分詞 （現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞） 動名詞非謂語動詞是指不充當謂語而做其他句子成分的動詞，凡是用作非謂語的動詞在形式上都要有所變化，以區(qū)別于謂語動詞。2.分詞的語法作用分詞分現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分

2、詞兩類，具有形容詞和副詞的語法功能，在句子中可以充當表語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語。例1：The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging.(P.51, Senior Book 2B)句中的現(xiàn)在分詞encouraging充當句子的表語。例2：The people performing all play different instrument. (P.49, Senior Book2B)Polluted rivers and lakes have also been a cause of death. (

3、P.52,Senior Book2A)現(xiàn)在分詞performing作后置定語，修飾the people; 過去分詞polluted作定語修飾rivers and lakes。例3：So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him, and went to live in English. (P.57, Senior Book2B)現(xiàn)在分詞短語 preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him 作狀語

4、，表示he left France and went to live in England 的原因。Well known for his expert advice, he was able to help a great number of people with their personal affairs. (P.14 Senior Book2B)過去分詞短語well known for his expert advice 也充當狀語，表示原因。分詞短語充當狀語時，其作用相當于一個狀語從句，因此都可以用狀語從句替代。Well known for his expert advice = B

5、ecause he was known for his expert advice,顯然，按照修辭的標準衡量，分詞短語較狀語從句更為精練。例4：They broke into the uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead.(P.16, Senior Book2B)I can see it fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall, but it is not fastened to that wire. (P.16 Senior Book2B)The gate m

6、ust be kept shut so that the animals do not escape. (P.53,Senior Book2A)以上三句劃線的部分都是賓語補足語,其中第三句的shut在主動語態(tài)中是過去分詞做賓補,改為被動語態(tài)后,主動語態(tài)的賓語gate變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語,因此語法上稱之為 “主補”。賓語補足語是漢語所沒有的句子成分，然而卻類似于漢語中的兼語。在英語中，賓語同賓語補足語之間具有邏輯上的主謂或主表關系，這是理解賓語補足語時必須搞清的最基本的概念。第一句中的man是賓語，和賓語補足語lying on the floor之間具有邏輯上的主謂關系，man發(fā)出lying on

7、 the floor 的動作。第二句中it 是賓語，同賓語補足語fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall具有邏輯上的被動的主謂關系。【關鍵知識】學習分詞的知識只要抓住現(xiàn)在分詞同過去分詞的區(qū)別這一關鍵環(huán)節(jié)，其他問題便可迎刃而解。區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的方法主要有兩點：1. 掌握主謂關系用現(xiàn)在分詞，動賓關系用過去分詞的基本原則。分詞做定語時，看分詞同它所修飾的名詞或代詞的關系。分詞所修飾的名詞或代詞同分詞為主謂關系時，用現(xiàn)在分詞；分詞所修飾的名詞或代詞同分詞為動賓關系時，用過去分詞。There are lots of good English

8、language programmes broadcast on TV or the radio in China. (P.46, Senior Book1A)過去分詞短語broadcast on TV or the radio in China 作定語修飾programmes, broadcast 同它所修飾的名詞programmes 具有動賓關系，即broadcast programmes on TV or the radio，因此必須用過去分詞。Two days later I received a letter offering me the job. (P.34-35, Senior

9、 Book2B)現(xiàn)在分詞短語offering me the job是名詞letter的定語，offering同它所修飾的名詞letter具有邏輯上的主謂關系，如果將現(xiàn)在分詞短語轉換成定語從句，這種“主謂關系”則更為明確：Two days later I received a letter which offered me the job。分詞做賓語補足語時，看分詞同賓語補足語的關系。主謂關系用現(xiàn)在分詞；動賓關系用過去分詞。You often see musicians performing in the streets. (P.54, Senior Book2B)賓語musicians和賓語補

10、足語performing 具有邏輯上的主謂關系，musicians發(fā)出perform 的動作，賓語補足語必須用現(xiàn)在分詞。Although we may not realize it, when we talk with others we make ourselves understood not just by words. (P.14, Senior Book2A)作賓語補足語的過去分詞understood同賓語ourselves 為動賓關系，即understand ourselves，此處的意思是“使我們自己被別人所理解”。分詞作狀語時，分詞的邏輯主語同句子的主語一致。據(jù)此，辨別現(xiàn)在分詞

11、和過去分詞的區(qū)別要看分詞同句子主語的邏輯關系，主謂關系用現(xiàn)在分詞；動賓關系用過去分詞。In Arab countries, you eat using the fingers of your right hand; the left hand is not used at all. (P.14, Senior Book2A)現(xiàn)在分詞短語 using the fingers of your right hand 作方式狀語修飾謂語動詞eat。之所以用現(xiàn)在分詞，是因為using 同句子的主語you 有邏輯上的主謂關系。換言之，句子的主語 you既發(fā)出謂語動作eat，又發(fā)出非謂語動詞using 所表

12、示的動作。Dr. Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room. ( P.15 Senior Book2B)過去分詞短語locked in your room充當spend the night的方式狀語。lock 同句子的主語Dr. Watson and I的邏輯關系為動賓關系“l(fā)ock Dr. Watson and I in your room”。分詞作狀語時同句子主語之間的邏輯關系較難理解，再看以下例句，注意分詞短語同句子主語之間的邏輯關系。The poor of the cities and the peasants in t

13、he country, having lived such a hard life for so long, took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles. (P.58, Senior Book2B)Considering that Charles would be sentenced to death, he went to a chemists shop and bought some special medicine. (P. 58 , Senior Book2B)Given advice by the f

14、amous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. (P.17, Senior Book2B)The lady returned home, followed by Mr. Holmes and Dr. Watson. (P.17, Senior Book2B)2. 分詞作表語時，區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的兩種方法。分詞作表語時，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的特征；過去分詞表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。 The temperature is 15C. It is freezing outside. ( P.51, Senior Book2B) 現(xiàn)在分詞freez

15、ing作表語，表示主語“天氣”的特征。Children are afraid of the stone figures in the temple which look so frightening. ( P.51, Senior Book2B )which代表先行詞the stone figures 的含義，在定語從句中作主語。frightening是系動詞look的表語，表示主語the stone figures的形象特征。One quarter of the shores of the Mediterranean are polluted. (P.52, Senior Book2A )過

16、去分詞polluted作表語，表示地中海沿岸的四分之一受污染的狀況。surprise, excite, interest, frighten, worry, please, 等動詞具有共同的特點，他們的意思都是“使（人）怎么樣”。這類動詞充當表語時區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞的方法比較簡單：如果主語是表示“人”的詞語，表語用過去分詞；主語是表示“事”或“物”的詞語，表語用現(xiàn)在分詞。We were getting very worried. ( P.61, Senior Book2A )“The lion! It must be the lion from the zoo!” Mrs. Cousins

17、 was frightened. ( P.69, Senior Book2A )以上兩句的主語分別是 “we”和 “Mrs. Cousins”，表語用過去分詞worried 和frightened。The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging. ( P.51, Senior Book2B )主語是表示“事物”的詞語the news，表語用現(xiàn)在分詞encouraging?！鞠嚓P知識及其運用】在語言實踐中，我們還會遇到許多關于分詞使用的具體疑難問題。以下選用高考試題或各地模擬試題為例，集中討論一些常見的

18、語言現(xiàn)象。1.現(xiàn)在分詞被動式同過去分詞的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞同過去分詞的基本區(qū)別可見下表。時間概念語態(tài)概念現(xiàn)在分詞進行或與謂語動作同時主動概念過去分詞完成被動概念但現(xiàn)在分詞被動式being done也表示被動，在語態(tài)概念上與過去分詞相同，因此區(qū)別就只在于時間概念了。Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists. (1987年高考試題)A. invited B. to invitedC. being invited D. inviting試題分析：試題意圖是考察分詞作定語的知識，句子主語的漢語意思為“受到邀請出席晚會的大多數(shù)人”。選項

19、A、C均表示被動，區(qū)別在于invited表示“已經(jīng)受到邀請出席晚會”；being invited表示“正在受到邀請出席晚會”。句子是一般過去時，因此答案為A。2.分詞作定語同不定式作定語的區(qū)別不定式作定語在時間概念上表示“將要”，這是他們之間最根本的區(qū)別。The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. ( 1994年高考試題) A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written試題

20、分析：選項A為現(xiàn)在分詞完成式，同其所修飾的主語textbooks具有邏輯上的動賓關系，沒有被動形式，不可能考慮；選項B為不定式的被動式，在時間概念上表示將來，與句子的時態(tài)不符，必須排除；選項C為現(xiàn)在分詞被動式，在時間概念上表示“進行“，不能滿足試題要求；選項D written既表示被動又表示完成，切合試題要求，是正確答案。3.介詞with后的賓語補足語介詞with具有一般介詞都不具備的語法功能，with后面可以帶“賓語+賓語補足語”的結構。In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person. (

21、P.14, Senior Book2A)介詞后的賓語補足語同動詞后的賓語補足語沒有區(qū)別，在試題中只要善于識別便不難理解，The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. (1991年高考試題) A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied答案為D。下面一道試題具有一定難度。With his son _, the old man felt unhappy. (北京西城區(qū)試題一) A. to disappoint B. to be disappointed C. di

22、sappointing D. being disappointed試題分析：賓語補足語如果選用被動式，意思為“他的兒子自己感到失望”；如果選擇現(xiàn)在分詞，意思為“他的兒子令別人感到失望”。正確答案為C。4.分詞作狀語時的邏輯主語問題分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須同句子的主語一致；如果不一致，需在分詞前加一個邏輯主語，分詞和它的邏輯主語合稱獨立主格結構。關于分詞作狀語時的邏輯主語問題，在試題中可以看到各種不同的命題技巧。The key_，she went through her handbag carefully.（2000年長沙模擬試題） A. hadnt been found B. having

23、 not been found C. not having been found D. wasnt found試題分析：選項A、D均為謂語形式，選擇其中的任何一項前半部分便成為一個分句，與后面的分句必須使用連詞。以表示前后分句的邏輯關系，因此全部排除。選項B是現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式，凡非謂語動詞的否定形式，not必須加在最前面，因此也應排除。not having been found同其邏輯主語the key構成獨立主格結構，作原因狀語。本試題中句子的主語 she不能充當分詞的邏輯主語。 _ you should have no trouble with the difficult work.

24、(北京崇文區(qū)統(tǒng)一練習一) A. Knowing this B. If you are knowing this C. From knowing this D. If you have knowing this試題分析：分詞作狀語時一般都可以轉換為狀語從句。本試題的選項B、D作為條件狀語從句，時態(tài)不正確，應該排除。選項A 的knowing this 的邏輯主語同句子的主語一致，符合要求，為正確答案。Written in a hurry, _ . How can it be satisfactory? (2001年廣州市綜合測試一)A. they found many mistakes in th

25、e reportB. Sam made lots of mistakes in the reportC. There are plenty of mistakes in the reportD. The report is full of mistakes試題分析：這時一道非常典型的試題。四個選項均為完整的句子，初看起來似乎不容易領悟試題的意圖。其實，本題的意圖仍然是考察分詞作狀語的知識。抓住試題意圖就容易產(chǎn)生正確的思路哪個句子的主語能夠同過去分詞written的邏輯主語一致。沿著這個思路向前走，不難想到the report was written in a hurry, 試題的答案不言自明。

26、5.現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語時同不定式作賓語補足語的區(qū)別動詞see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe等可以用不帶to 的不定式作賓語補足語，也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語，但意思有區(qū)別。不定式作賓語補足語表示動作的全過程已經(jīng)完成；現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語表示動作在謂語動作發(fā)生的瞬間正在進行。The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. (1994年高考試題) A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play試題分析：本試題意在考察分詞作賓語補足語的知識，試題使用被動語態(tài)

27、使我們不容易意識到試題的意圖?！斑@些丟失的孩子們最后被看到的瞬間正在河邊玩”，句子的意思決定了只能選擇playing作賓語補足語。如果選擇play，則表示動作業(yè)已完成，與試題的意思不符。【高考及各地模擬試題選編】1.-How did the audience receive the play? -They got _. (1985年廣東省MET試題一)A. excite B. excitedC. excitedly D. exciting2.This news sounds _ . （1985年廣東省MET試題二）A. encouraging B. encouragedC. encourage

28、 D. to encourage3._ anything about the accident, he went to work as usual. （1985年廣東省MET試題二）A. Not known B. Known notC. Knowing not D. Not knowing4.- There is a hole in your bag. - I know. Im going to have it _. (1985年廣東省MET試題二)A. mend B. mendingC. mended D. to be mended5.- How did Bob do in the exam

29、 this time? -Well, his father seems _ with his results （1986年廣東省MET試題一）A. pleasing B. pleaseC. pleased D. to please6.Ten years ago, there was an old man _ in that house.（1986年廣東省MET試題一）A. lived B. livingC. live D. was living7.The next morning she found the man _ in bed, dead. (1986年廣東省MET試題二)A. lyin

30、g B. lie C. lay D. laying8.Though I have often heard this song _, I have never heard you _ it. （1987年廣東省MET試題）A. being sung; sung B. sang; singingC. sung; sing D. to be sung; to sing9.Do you know the boy _ under the big tree? （1989年全國高考試題）A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying10.Most of the artists _ to

31、the party were from South Africa. (1990年全國高考試題)A. invited B. to inviteC. being invited D. had been invited11._ more attention, the trees could have grown better. (1990年全國高考試題)A. given B. To giveC. Giving D. Having given12.The secretary worked into the night, _ a long speech for the president. (1991年

32、全國高考試題)A. to prepare B. preparingC. prepared D. was preparing13._ a reply, he decided to write again. (1992年全國高考試題)A. Not receiving B. ReceivingC. Not having received D. Having not received14.This computer center, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. （1993年全國高考試題）A. open B

33、. openingC. having opened D. opened15._ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. （1996年全國高考試題）A. Losing B. Having lostC. Lost D. To lose16.The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C. , did not include women players until 1912. (1997年全國高考試題)A. first playing B. to be first playedC. first played D.

34、 to be first playing17.European football is played in 80countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. (1998年全國高考試題)A. making B. makes C. made D. to make18.When I got home I saw a message pinned to the door _ “Sorry to miss you, call later.” (1999年全國高考試題)A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading1

35、9.The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year. (2000年全國高考試題)A. carry out B. carrying outC. carried out D. to carry out20._ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (2001年全國高考試題)A. Having suffered B. SufferingC. To suffer D. Suffered21

36、.He is lying in bed, his eyes looking at the ceiling and his hands _ behind his head. (2000年北京宣武區(qū)質量檢測二)A. crossing B. crossed C. to cross D. putting22._ a letter from her parents, Lily is now looking forward to _ from them. (2000年湖北黃崗模擬試題)A. Having not received; hear B. Not received; hearC. Not havi

37、ng received; hearing D. Receiving not; hearing23.Walking through the woods, he suddenly found a very nice house _ there. (2000年廣州市綜合測試二)A. to hide B. to be hiddenC. hiding itself D. hidden itself24.The director offered $1,000 _ to the man _ useful information. (2000年遼寧模擬試題)A. / ; giving B. price; to

38、 giveC. pay; for giving D. / ; to give25.I still remember you, as a student, _ sweetly. (2000年遼寧模擬試題)A. singing B. to sing C. sing D. sung26.He sent me an e-mail, _ to get further information. (2000年上海高考試題)A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope27._ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universit

39、ies in the United States. (2000年上海高考試題)A. Being founded B. It was foundedC. Founded D. Founding28.The child was left _ in the park, with no one looking after him. (2000年濟南高三抽樣試題)A. to seat B. seating C. to sit D. sitting29.You can make yourself _ in English pretty well if you keep on speaking the la

40、nguage. (2001年北京西城區(qū)高三抽樣試題一)A. understand B. understandingC. to understand D. understood30.Those boys were caught _ flowers in the garden again. (2001年北京崇文區(qū)高三統(tǒng)一練習一)A. to steal B. stealing C. having stolen D. to have stolen31.The passengers had a chat with the college students _ as conductors during t

41、he summer vocation. (2001年北京宣武區(qū)高三質量檢測一)A. help out B. helped outC. to help out D. helping out32._ the answer, Bob, who asked the question, still stood with his hands _. (2001年河南鄭州高中畢業(yè)班質量預測三)A. Given; raising B. Given; raisedC. Giving; raising D. Giving; raised33._ Sunday, rather than _ at home, I pr

42、eferred _. (2001年云南省高中復習統(tǒng)一檢測)A. It being ; stay ; to travel B. Being ; to stay ; to travelC. Having been; stay ; travel D. It was ; to stay ; traveling34.-It is reported that the government has lightened the burden on the students. -Oh, today we are still_ from heavy schoolwork, _ at preparing us fo

43、r the entrance examination. (2001年濟南高三摸底試題)A. suffering ; aiming B. suffered ; aimedC. suffering ; aimed D. suffered ; aiming35.-Why so serious, dear? -Nothing. Im just thinking about the problem _ tomorrow. (2001年南昌市高三調研測試)A. discussed B. will be discussedC. to be discussed D. being discussed36.Do

44、let your mother know all the truth. She appears _ everything. (2001年上海市高考試題) A. to tell B. to be told C. to being telling D. to have been told37._ in 1911, Qinghua University is one of the most famous universities in China. (2001年陜西省高考質量檢測二) A. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founding D. Founded3

45、8._ for two miles, the car broken down. (2001年福州市質量檢查) A. To have run B. Having run C. To have driven D. Having driven39.The team _ by the famous Italian coach _ among the best in the league. (2001年福建達標學校畢業(yè)班質量檢查)A. to be headed; was B. headed; wasC. being headed; were D. having been headed; were40.F

46、rom the dates _ on the gold coin, we decided that it was made five hundred years ago. ( 2002 年北京海淀區(qū)高三期中練習)A. marking B. markedC. to be marked D. having been marked41.Some of the suspects _ refused to answer and kept their mouths shut. (2002年北京西城區(qū)高三抽樣試題)A. questioning B. being questionedC. questioned

47、 D. to be questioned42.It rained continuously for seven days, completely _ our holiday.（2002年武漢高三調研試題）A. ruined B. to ruinC. ruining D. ruins43. Experts think that we need to eat meat because it contains vitamins and minerals _ in vegetables. (2002年云南省高三復習統(tǒng)測)A. not finding B. to not be foundC. not f

48、ound D. which is not found44.-What is the matter with you? - _ the heavy suitcase, my waist was hurt unexpectedly.（2002年成都市畢業(yè)班診斷性檢測）A. Carrying B. CarriedC. While carrying D. While I was carrying45. China became the 143rd member of the WTO on December 11, 2001, thus _its 15-year wish to join the glo

49、be trade today.（2002年濟南市高三摸底試題）A. realized B. to realizeC. having realizing D. realizing46.Preparations are being made for the Olympic Games _ in Beijing in 2008. (2002年重慶高三診斷性考試)A. held B. holding C. to be held D. to hold47.Dont use words, expressions, or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge. (2002年上海高考試題)A. being known B. having been knownC. to be known D. known48.You will find the word “psychology”