獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).

1、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，常用來表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如：表示時(shí)間The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會后我們都回家了。Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下來喝茶。表示條件The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利，他或許能成功。表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有出租車，我們只好步行。He w

2、rapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)的。表示伴隨情況Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導(dǎo)體，而銀則是最好的導(dǎo)體。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)用法獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句或并列句。用

3、作時(shí)間狀語The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。用作條件狀語Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。用作原因狀語An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the

4、professor has to stay up late into the night. 因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。用作伴隨狀語He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，將兩手交叉枕在腦后。表示補(bǔ)充說明We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。*注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀

5、語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，通常放于句末。一般獨(dú)立主格形式與主句邏輯關(guān)系松散形式為: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. +不定式; n. +介詞短語; n. +形容詞; n. +副詞;名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。如：The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。Time permitting(= If time permits), we

6、 will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時(shí)間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如：The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見

7、黑板上的字。名詞/主格代詞+不定式名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次具體性的動(dòng)作。如：He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個(gè)飛機(jī)模型。They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后，一個(gè)回了家，一個(gè)去了書店。名詞/主格代詞+形容詞如：An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飛機(jī)

8、遭遇了空難，無一人生還。So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會議不得不取消。名詞/主格代詞+副詞如：He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了。名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語如：The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire,her

9、back towards the door.瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。2>with 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格:與主句邏輯關(guān)系緊密形式為: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介詞短語3>each引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)型獨(dú)立主格:強(qiáng)調(diào)句尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞形式為:句子 +復(fù)數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾 , each +介詞短語/形容詞短語/名詞短語/-ing形式/-ed形式如:Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses

10、 will be divided into five groups,each with its own executive.（題源:GMAT語法全解白勇著，Page38）4>其他形式There being +名詞（代詞）如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。It being +名詞（代詞）如：It being Christmas, the gov

11、ernment offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機(jī)關(guān)都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關(guān)門了。1）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨(dú)立存在。2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。3）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。舉例：The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考試結(jié)束了，我們開始放假。The

12、 president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。This done, we went home.工作完成后，我們才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tire

13、d to go home earlier.會議結(jié)束后，每個(gè)人都想早點(diǎn)回家。He came into the room,his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。He came out of the library,a large book under his arm.他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可在其前加上介詞with。如：Dont sleep with the windows open.別開著窗睡覺。He was lying on the bedwith all his clothes on.他和衣躺在床上。She came in with

14、a book in her hand.她手里拿著一本書走了進(jìn)來。He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他沒熄燈就睡著了。I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.因?yàn)閶寢層胁。覠o法去度假。He sat there with his eyes closed.他閉目坐在那兒。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整個(gè)下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。I cant go out with all these clothes to wash.

15、要洗這些衣服，我無法出門了。特殊當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格與主句主語不同時(shí)可有：eg:We walking through the garden,the flowers are beautiful.1.獨(dú)立主格轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語從句，當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個(gè)對象時(shí)，可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課后，學(xué)生很快離開了課室。2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列兩種情況下，獨(dú)

16、立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being（或having been）不能省略。(1) 獨(dú)立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)。如：Itbeing Sunday, we went to church.因?yàn)槭切瞧谔?，我們?nèi)プ隽硕Y拜。(2)在There being+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：There beingno bus, we had to go home on foot.因?yàn)闆]有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。3. 在“名詞（或代詞）+介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom,book in hand.史密斯小姐走進(jìn)了課室，手里拿著

17、一本書。比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom,with a book in her hand.4. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會。(比較動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。)請看下面一道題：Not far from the school there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.A. its B

18、. whose C. which D. that【分析】此題很容易誤選B，許多同學(xué)會認(rèn)為句中逗號后是一個(gè)非限制性的定語從句，whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其后的名詞owner。此分析從表面上看，似乎天衣無縫，但實(shí)質(zhì)上是錯(cuò)的，原因是空格后根本不是一個(gè)句子，因?yàn)闆]有謂語。盡管句中有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，但它們都是非謂語動(dòng)詞。也許有的同學(xué)認(rèn)為，其中的 seated 可視為謂語動(dòng)詞，但是注意，seat 用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，它總是及物的，其后要么接賓語，要么它就用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，所以若在 seated 前加上助動(dòng)詞is，則可以選擇B（當(dāng)然若將 seated 改為sitting，也應(yīng)選擇A）。所以此題最佳答案選A。請?jiān)倏匆?/p>

19、個(gè)類似的例子：(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that第(1)應(yīng)選B，而不能選C，是因?yàn)榫渲械?translated 是過去分詞(非謂語動(dòng)詞)，若選C，則該從句無謂語；第(2)應(yīng)選C，該句是典型的非限制性定語從句，