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1、定語從句的用法和精練一、定語從句的概念 在復合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。 二、定語從句的關(guān)系詞 引導定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時又作定語從句的重要成分。 三、定語從句的分類
2、 根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去,非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號分開,起補充說明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。 四、關(guān)系代詞的用法 1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語或賓語,作主語時不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的
3、音樂。(that作主語) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍色的。(that作賓語) 2.which用于指物,在句中作主語或賓語,作主語不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語) The film (wh
4、ich) we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語) 3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主語,whom用作賓語。在口語中,有時可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個女孩是英國人。(作主語) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming
5、is talking to? 正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(作賓語) 注意:(1)當定語從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時,who, that, which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時,只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如: This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印? Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請告訴我你從誰那借的這本英
6、文小說。 (2)含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來的位置上。例如: This is the person whom you are looking for. 這就是你要找的那個人。 (3)that 作介詞的賓語時,介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動詞的后面。例如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠。 (4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況:
7、160; a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時,只能用that,而不用which.例如: He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個通過考試的人。 b.被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時,只能用that,而不用which.例如: Is there anythin
8、g that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎? c.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時,只能用that,而不用which.例如: This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。 d. 先行詞里同時含有人或物時,只能用that, 而不用which.例如: I c
9、an remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。 e.以who或which引導的特殊疑問句,為避免重復,只能用that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰? f.主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which.例如: T
10、here is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書是湯姆的。 (5)關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況: a.先行詞為that, those時,用which, 而不用that.例如: Whats that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么? b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時,一般用which,而不用that.例如: &
11、#160; This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。 c.引導非限制性定語從句,用which, 而不用that.例如: Tom came back, which made us happy. 湯姆回來了,這使我們很高興。 五、關(guān)系副詞的用法 (1)when指時間,其先行詞表示時間,在句中作時間狀語。例如: This was the time when he
12、arrived.這是他到達的時間。 (2)where指地點,其先行詞表示地點,在句中作地點狀語。例如: This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點。 (3)why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語作用。例如: Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 沒人知道他為什么上學總遲到。 定語從句小結(jié)形容詞性從句(定語從句)l 若定語從句較長,可將
13、主句的謂語動詞提前,將定語從句置后例:The time is not far away when modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside.l 若先行詞同時被定語從句和被介詞短語或副詞修飾,可將主句的謂語動詞提前,將定語從句置后例:He was the only student in my class who was chosenl 若先行詞是代詞,可將主句的謂語動詞提前,將定語從句置后.例:It wasnt a real Nike sweater (that) he gave you.1 先
14、行詞為“人”:A. Who引導:在從句中作主語l 先行詞為those、one/ones/anyone時用who引出定語從句例:Anyone who wants to pass here must show his ID card.l Who在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞人稱數(shù)必須與先行詞一致例:Do you know the two girls who are dancing? B. Whom引導:在從句中作賓語,可省略例:This is the boy (whom) we were looking for yesterday.l 介詞+whom引導:ü 介詞與后面的定語從句的某個
15、短語動詞的固定搭配,=whom省略,介詞置于從句末尾 例:The man to whom you are talking is the manager of our company. =The man you are talking to is the manager of our company.ü 介詞由整個句子所表達的意思決定 例:There are ten cops over there of whom 3 are women.(其中)C. That引導:在從句中作主語/賓語,作賓語時可省略l That在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞人稱數(shù)必須與先行詞一致l 主句是以who開
16、頭的疑問句,用that引出定語從句例:Who is the man that is lecturing in Classroom No.1339?2 先行詞為“物”:A. That引導:在從句中作主語/賓語,作賓語時可省略l 先行詞為下列情況時,用that引出定語從句:ü 不定代詞/合成詞:all /one/some/little/few/any/much/no/anything/something/noting 例:All that can be done must be done.ü 有序數(shù)詞、最高級、only/very/last/next/same/every修飾的先
17、行詞 例:This is very film(that)I want to see.ü 有兩個或兩個以上分別表示人和物的先行詞 例:They talked of things and persons (that)they remembered in the school.l That在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞人稱數(shù)必須與先行詞一致例:The river that flows trough the village is very helpful to themB. Which引導:在從句中作主語/賓語,作賓語時可省略例:I will use the reference book
18、(which) you borrowed form library.l which在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞人稱數(shù)必須與先行詞一致例:Here are two cards which are small in size.l 介詞+which引導:ü 介詞與后面的定語從句的某個短語動詞的固定搭配,=which省略,介詞置于從句末尾 例:The world in which we live is made of matter. =The world we live in is made of matterü 介詞與前面的先行詞的固定搭配 例:Watch out the w
19、ay in which Tom dealt with the job.ü 介詞由整個句子所表達的意思決定 例:Air is a thing without which man cant live.3 先行詞表示“人或物”l Whose引導:在從句中作定語,表示“人或物的所有格”例:What is the name of the student whose father works in our lab.例:The building whose roof (=the roof of which)we can see from here is our department.l As引導:
20、 “the same/such/asas定語從句”, 表示“前面提到的人或物”例:I hope to get such a reference book as he borrowed from the library.4 先行詞表示“時間”的名詞l When/that引導:在從句中作狀語,表示“.的時間/時候”,=at +which,that可省略例:We dont know the exact time when/(that) (=on which) they will return.5 先行詞表示“地點”的名詞l Where/that引導:在從句中作狀語,表示“.的地方”,=in +whi
21、ch,that可省略例:This is a village where/(that) (=in which) he was born.6 先行詞表示“原因”的名詞:l Why引導:在從句中作狀語,表示“.的原因”,= for + which例:That is the reason why (=for which) he spoke.7 先行詞表示“方式”的名詞:在從句中作狀語,= 介詞+whichl How/that引導:在從句中作狀語,表示“.的方式”,= in + which,that可省略例:Watch out the way how/(that) (=in which) Tom dea
22、l with the job.8 非限制性定語從句:從句可去,用逗號分開,不能用that引導l 修飾先行詞例:Galileo, who made the first telecope, died in 1642.l 修飾整個句子時,用which(這.,置于后面)/as(正如.,置于句首)引導從句,從句的謂語動詞用“第三人稱單數(shù)”例:The sun heats the earth, which(這)makes it possible for plants to grow.例:As (正如)we all know, China has the largest population in the w
23、orld.l All/both/few/most/several/some + of which/whom/whose例:There are 9 planets in the solar system, some of which are much larger than our earth.例:The resident,all of whose house had been damaged by the flood, were given help by Red Cross.定語從句真題精選1. Do you know the scientist _ gave us a talk just
24、now? (天津市)A. who B. whom C. which D. whose 2. This is the dictionary _ Mum gave me for my birthday. (河北省)A. which B. what C. whose D. whom 3. Shaolin Temple _ lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors both at home and abroad. (河南省)A. where B. which C. who D. what 4. Do you know the girl _
25、is standing under the tree?She is my little sister. (福州市)A. who B. whom C. whose D. which 5. This is the question _ we are talking about now. (吉林省)A. that B. who C. where D. when 6. What are you looking for?I am looking for the book _ I bought yesterday. (長沙市)A. who B. which C. whose 7. Jack, there
26、is someone in the office _ would like to speak with you.A. who B. which C. whom 8. If a bag is filled with books and pens, it must belong to someone _ works hard. (臨沂市)A. which B. / C. whom D. who 9. Many young people prefer the songs _ have great lyrics. (泰安市)A. which B. who C. where D. whom 10. Even teachers cant understand some expressions
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