鄭州火車站改造分析

1、鐵路交通樞紐改造分析以鄭州市火車站為例 作者：王曉威摘要：隨著我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)入新時(shí)期，城市經(jīng)濟(jì)與產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變，綜合交通樞紐在各城市中扮演的角色越來(lái)越重要。我國(guó)陸續(xù)在各大城市新建或改建了一批綜合性大型鐵路客站，以滿足經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮發(fā)展和社會(huì)持續(xù)進(jìn)步的交通發(fā)展目標(biāo)。鄭州市作為全國(guó)性的綜合鐵路樞紐，鄭州火車站同樣占有具足輕重的地位。本文以鄭州市火車站交通樞紐為例，通過(guò)研究鐵路交通樞紐的改造，以及改造后的實(shí)際使用狀況。找出現(xiàn)階段鄭州市火車站的不足之處，結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外的經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析，提出優(yōu)化建議。希望能夠?yàn)槠渌鞘写蛟炝Ⅲw化、便捷化的綜合交通樞紐提供參考。關(guān)鍵字：交通樞紐；火車站廣場(chǎng)；鄭州；優(yōu)化策略目錄1.鄭州

2、概況41.1簡(jiǎn)介41.2城市規(guī)模41.3交通概況42.鄭州鐵路交通樞紐52.1交通樞紐及其功能52.2鄭州火車站樞紐53.西廣場(chǎng)及其存在的問(wèn)題63.1鄭州火車站西廣場(chǎng)63.2 修建西廣場(chǎng)原因73.3西廣場(chǎng)使用現(xiàn)狀73.4問(wèn)題原因分析84.改善辦法84.1國(guó)內(nèi)外案例84.2采取的措施95.結(jié)語(yǔ)10參考文獻(xiàn)111. 鄭州概況1.1簡(jiǎn)介鄭州市是河南省的省會(huì)，地處中原腹地，西南嵩山，北臨黃河，東部和南部均為廣袤的平原。鄭州是中國(guó)歷史文化名城之一，是中華人文始祖軒轅黃帝的故里，商朝開(kāi)國(guó)君主商湯所建的都城，與西安、洛陽(yáng)、南京、北京、開(kāi)封、杭州、安陽(yáng)、并稱為中國(guó)八大古都。擁有得天獨(dú)厚的自然資源、旅游資源。鄭

3、州已經(jīng)成為河南省經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、科技、文化、教育中心（圖1）。1.2城市規(guī)模鄭州市在2014年中國(guó)城市分級(jí)中屬于二線中等城市。都市區(qū)規(guī)劃面積有1700平方公里、鄭州市區(qū)總面積有1100平方公里，其中，中心城區(qū)規(guī)劃面積為980平方公里、城市建成區(qū)面積373平方公里。圖1 鄭州夜景 來(lái)源：網(wǎng)絡(luò)鄭州市2013年末常駐總?cè)丝?19.1萬(wàn)人，鄭州市區(qū)常住人口為517.1萬(wàn)人，根據(jù)國(guó)務(wù)院近日下發(fā)國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于調(diào)整城市規(guī)模劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的通知，鄭州市屬于特大城市。實(shí)際上，鄭州市區(qū)人口遠(yuǎn)大于這一數(shù)字，鄭州作為河南這一勞動(dòng)力人口大省的省會(huì)，市區(qū)流動(dòng)人口的數(shù)量以及城區(qū)人口密度僅次于廣州市，流動(dòng)人口數(shù)量達(dá)到300萬(wàn)以上，且每年以

4、百分之二十以上的速度遞增。1.3交通概況鄭州市是火車?yán)瓉?lái)的城市，交通是鄭州市從一個(gè)上世紀(jì)初的小縣城發(fā)展成為區(qū)域性的大城市的最重要因素?，F(xiàn)在，鄭州市同樣在中國(guó)交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)中占據(jù)著重要的位置。在中國(guó)交通網(wǎng)的十字交叉處，是中國(guó)重要的交通樞紐。對(duì)外交通方面：鄭州市擁有一個(gè)全國(guó)大型復(fù)合樞紐機(jī)場(chǎng)、兩個(gè)客運(yùn)鐵路樞紐以及一個(gè)二類公路口岸，歐洲進(jìn)口的藥品、肉類、汽車可以直通國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)。鄭州逐步成長(zhǎng)為國(guó)家級(jí)的公路、鐵路物流以及客貨運(yùn)中心，國(guó)際航運(yùn)樞紐。未來(lái)，鄭州將打造成為鐵路港、公路港、航空港“三位一體”的國(guó)際性陸港。市內(nèi)交通方面：（1）市區(qū)內(nèi)約有200余條公交線路，主要線路平均發(fā)車間隔3分鐘，站點(diǎn)覆蓋率按300米半徑

5、計(jì)算，能夠到達(dá)城區(qū)各處。（2）BRT運(yùn)營(yíng)線路39條，包括二環(huán)主線、二環(huán)西延線、三環(huán)主線和36條支線。（3）鄭州地鐵已開(kāi)通1條線路， 20座車站，線路總長(zhǎng)25.41公里，日均客流量達(dá)16.2萬(wàn)人次。另有2條線路在建，遠(yuǎn)景規(guī)劃20余條線路。規(guī)劃到2020年，鄭州地鐵網(wǎng)總規(guī)模將達(dá)到兩百千米以上。（4）“鄭州市有軌電車近景規(guī)劃至2020年，規(guī)劃線路10條，總長(zhǎng)約145.5公里；遠(yuǎn)期規(guī)劃至2030年，規(guī)劃線路31條，總長(zhǎng)約466.8公里；遠(yuǎn)景展望至2050年，規(guī)劃線路37條，總長(zhǎng)約544.2公里。” 2. 鄭州火車站交通樞紐2.1交通樞紐及其功能“交通樞紐又稱運(yùn)輸樞紐，是幾種運(yùn)輸方式或幾條運(yùn)輸干線交會(huì)并

6、能辦理客貨運(yùn)輸作業(yè)的各種技術(shù)設(shè)備的綜合體。由同種運(yùn)輸方式兩條以上干線組成的樞紐為單一交通樞紐，兩種以上運(yùn)輸方式的干線組成綜合交通樞紐1”。綜合交通樞紐分為許多類型，例如，鐵路公路河海樞紐：上海、天津、漢堡、紐約；鐵路公路航空樞紐：北京、鄭州、成都、巴黎、東京；鐵路公路內(nèi)河樞紐：廣州、武漢、莫斯科、法蘭克福。鄭州是火車站屬于鐵路交通樞紐，其功能主要是指鐵路與其他交通方式之間的換乘，并且能夠給車輛提供停車區(qū)域以及給乘客的停留休憩空間，實(shí)現(xiàn)人車分流等。其中，鐵路樞紐站前廣場(chǎng)的功能定位相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單明確，因?yàn)殍F路客運(yùn)載客量較大，通常一列車次的載客量約在幾千人以上，所以站前廣場(chǎng)旅客非常密集，尤其是像鄭州火車站

7、始發(fā)列車比較多，更容易造成大量乘客的聚集。交通樞紐及其站前廣場(chǎng)以完成樞紐的交通集散功能為目標(biāo)，人流、車流能夠快速利用站前廣場(chǎng)集散。 2.2鄭州火車站樞紐鄭州火車站是京廣、隴海兩大鐵路干線的交會(huì)點(diǎn)，居于全國(guó)路網(wǎng)中心的重要位置上，和鄭州高鐵站共同組成米字型的鐵路樞紐，九大國(guó)家綜合走廊將在鄭州交會(huì)，鄭州火車站在全國(guó)的地位越來(lái)越穩(wěn)固。鄭州火車站交通樞紐，總占地面積近2000公頃，其中廠站面積約為14公頃，有7座站臺(tái)，擁有十余條客車到發(fā)線，每日約300多列客車經(jīng)過(guò)鄭州站，日均過(guò)往集散人流近15萬(wàn)人，每天發(fā)送旅客5萬(wàn)多人次。圖2 60年代鄭州站 來(lái)源：站史鄭州火車站始建于1904年3月，是中國(guó)鐵路建設(shè)初期

8、盧溝橋至漢口鐵路中段的業(yè)務(wù)站，被定為甲等車站，當(dāng)時(shí)稱為鄭縣站。到了1914年隴海鐵路河南段正式投入使用，鄭縣站第一次成為鐵路的十字路口，奠定了成為鐵路路網(wǎng)中心的基礎(chǔ)。新中國(guó)成立以后，隨著客運(yùn)量的日益增長(zhǎng)和鐵路旅客運(yùn)輸?shù)男枰?953年鄭州火車站改擴(kuò)建工程動(dòng)工，1958年投入使用，并先后將貨運(yùn)東站、編組北站從市中心的客運(yùn)站分離出來(lái)（圖2）。改革開(kāi)放之后，我國(guó)進(jìn)入經(jīng)濟(jì)飛速前進(jìn)的時(shí)期，1988年鄭州火車站與時(shí)俱進(jìn)，再次進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)達(dá)12年的改擴(kuò)建。直到新世紀(jì)前夕，改擴(kuò)建工程落下帷幕，改建后車站面積是之前十倍，一座嶄新的、宏偉的現(xiàn)代化綜合客運(yùn)站，在新世紀(jì)到來(lái)之際，出新在鄭州這一蓬勃發(fā)展的沃土上。3. 西廣場(chǎng)

9、及其存在的問(wèn)題3.1鄭州火車站西廣場(chǎng)圖3 西廣場(chǎng)效果圖 來(lái)源：網(wǎng)絡(luò)鄭州火車站西廣場(chǎng)工程是部級(jí)以及省級(jí)重點(diǎn)工程，位于京沙快速路與中原路交叉口處，于2010年底完工?？偼顿Y近5億元，總建筑面積16萬(wàn)平方米。主體工程包括新建的第七、八高架候車室、旅客的進(jìn)出站地道、西站房主站樓等相關(guān)站場(chǎng)改造項(xiàng)目。其中，西廣場(chǎng)站房主體結(jié)構(gòu)采用輕鋼結(jié)構(gòu)玻璃屋面，玻璃高度21米，建筑總面積達(dá)到2萬(wàn)平方米。同時(shí)有50余個(gè)新增的自助售票機(jī)以及售票窗口，并且設(shè)有便捷的無(wú)障礙設(shè)施，新增的2個(gè)候車廳可容納5000名旅客候車。同時(shí)，西廣場(chǎng)設(shè)有大規(guī)模的地下停車場(chǎng)，很大程度上緩解了鄭州火車站地區(qū)停車難的問(wèn)題。集餐飲、休閑、金融于一體的火車

10、站西廣場(chǎng)，滿足著不同層次旅客的需求，并且以更具個(gè)性化的環(huán)境和服務(wù)，給旅客賓至如歸的感受。3.2 修建西廣場(chǎng)原因鄭州火車站原本只有一個(gè)東廣場(chǎng)，南、北兩個(gè)出站口。鄭州火車站東廣場(chǎng)地區(qū)一直以來(lái)是中部地區(qū)的小商品批發(fā)流通中心。比較著名的有銀基商貿(mào)城、中州商場(chǎng)、苑陵商場(chǎng)、等的服裝、電子、工藝品批發(fā)區(qū)域。并且火車站東廣場(chǎng)離鄭州市二七商區(qū)也只有不到1千米的距離。由于地處交通樞紐以及附近商業(yè)的發(fā)達(dá)，鄭州火車站東廣場(chǎng)地區(qū)一直有很多流動(dòng)人口，導(dǎo)致各類犯罪案件也經(jīng)常發(fā)生，是鄭州市治安的黑點(diǎn)。圖4 火車站東廣場(chǎng)區(qū)位圖 來(lái)源：百度地圖另外，2000年以來(lái)，隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，城鎮(zhèn)化也加速進(jìn)行。鄭州市人口以及機(jī)動(dòng)車保

11、有量不斷提高，單中心城市中心區(qū)道路交通負(fù)荷過(guò)大已然成為鄭州面臨的嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題，而位于城市核心區(qū)火車站東廣場(chǎng)的人流點(diǎn)式集散模式，更加造成了交通的擁堵、用地的混亂和城市結(jié)構(gòu)不協(xié)調(diào)等問(wèn)題。為此，為了優(yōu)化中心城區(qū)的環(huán)境，改善火車站東廣場(chǎng)地區(qū)的交通情況和土地使用亂象，使火車站地區(qū)真正成為服務(wù)于區(qū)域的綜合交通樞紐。于是，鄭州火車站西廣場(chǎng)再這樣的契機(jī)下的誕生了。3.3西廣場(chǎng)使用現(xiàn)狀鄭州市火車站西廣場(chǎng)，投入使用已經(jīng)有4年的時(shí)間，但始終沒(méi)有很好達(dá)到緩解東廣場(chǎng)壓力，分流旅客的預(yù)期。甚至在剛開(kāi)始的幾年鄭州火車站西廣場(chǎng)發(fā)揮的作用可能還不到東廣場(chǎng)的十分之一，東站平均每天流通旅客約20萬(wàn)人次，節(jié)假日翻倍，然而西出站口每天只有

12、1萬(wàn)人次。西出口廣場(chǎng)地下的40個(gè)公共廁所和688個(gè)私家車停車位，也沒(méi)有發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的作用，沒(méi)有給旅客帶來(lái)便利，停車難仍然是火車站地區(qū)一大難題。3.4問(wèn)題原因分析火車站西廣場(chǎng)沒(méi)有達(dá)到預(yù)期的使用情況。究其原因，（1）根據(jù)交通仿真軟件對(duì)鄭州火車站地區(qū)遠(yuǎn)景交通狀況進(jìn)行了模擬分析，得出換乘其他列車及換乘長(zhǎng)途客車、公交車、地鐵、出租車、社會(huì)車、其它方式的比例分別為20%、26%、20%、6%、8%、9%，長(zhǎng)途客車是鄭州站旅客的主要換乘工具。但是，鄭州長(zhǎng)途汽車中心站仍然與東廣場(chǎng)設(shè)置在一起，并且鄭州市是河南這一勞動(dòng)力人口大省的省會(huì)，大部分旅客為流動(dòng)人口，長(zhǎng)途汽車為換乘的第一選擇，導(dǎo)致大部分人流選擇東廣場(chǎng)。另外，

13、公交車也占有五分之一的換乘比例，但相對(duì)東廣場(chǎng)，西廣場(chǎng)公交線路少，并且大部分城市西區(qū)的線路仍然將東廣場(chǎng)設(shè)為站點(diǎn)，且大部分為起始終點(diǎn)站，無(wú)法分流不同區(qū)域的乘客。（2）. 東西廣場(chǎng)職能分工不明確，東廣場(chǎng)和西廣場(chǎng)之間無(wú)通道，無(wú)法很好地分流和聯(lián)系旅客。（3）慢行交通系統(tǒng)不完善，機(jī)非混行嚴(yán)重，給旅客的出行造成很大困擾。（4）因?yàn)榛疖囌疚鲝V場(chǎng)并沒(méi)有立體的高架車行落客平臺(tái)，所以社會(huì)車輛停靠不便。（5）西廣場(chǎng)周圍的商業(yè)設(shè)施幾乎為零，對(duì)部分旅客來(lái)說(shuō)，與東廣場(chǎng)相比吸引力幾乎為零。（6）交通管理混亂不堪，出站口黑車嚴(yán)重堵塞交通，并且地下停車場(chǎng)也存在著管理混亂、服務(wù)跟不上、工作效率低等問(wèn)題。4. 改善辦法4.1國(guó)內(nèi)外案

14、例首先是法國(guó)的拉德芳斯(La Defense)火車站，拉德芳斯位于塞納河畔，是大巴黎都會(huì)區(qū)的CBD。所以，拉德芳斯火車站是區(qū)域性的綜合交通樞紐，其中包含了歐洲之星高速鐵路、地鐵線路、城市道路以及高速公路，換成十分便捷。拉德芳斯火車站與鄭州相同，分為東廣場(chǎng)與西廣場(chǎng)，兩廣場(chǎng)功能結(jié)構(gòu)分工明確?；疖囌緰|廣場(chǎng)主要服務(wù)于公交車，大部分公交車站集中于東廣場(chǎng)，私家車停車場(chǎng)周圍分布著公交站點(diǎn)。廣場(chǎng)周邊道路標(biāo)志標(biāo)線清晰，能夠很好地渠化交通，使車輛快速安全通過(guò)，并且有充足的停車位供車輛停放；火車站西廣場(chǎng)設(shè)置的站點(diǎn)主要是聯(lián)系郊區(qū)的輕軌和有軌電車。旅客通過(guò)廣場(chǎng)上的出入口和場(chǎng)站大廳內(nèi)的換乘直梯，可以很便捷的進(jìn)行換乘。同時(shí)

15、，場(chǎng)站地下三、四層的地鐵，可以將巴黎市中心區(qū)與拉德芳斯這一CBD緊密的聯(lián)系起來(lái)2。國(guó)內(nèi)也有很好的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，例如武昌火車站東西廣場(chǎng)的職能分工，武昌火車站站區(qū)也分為東西兩個(gè)廣場(chǎng)，以西廣場(chǎng)為主、東廣場(chǎng)為輔，西廣場(chǎng)承擔(dān)著一部分交通職能，但主要是一座景觀性的廣場(chǎng)，供旅客以及市民休憩；而武昌站東廣場(chǎng)的職能比較單一，主要是分擔(dān)西廣場(chǎng)的交通壓力，為交通性廣場(chǎng)。4.2采取的措施圖5 鄭州西站 來(lái)源：3為了改善鄭州火車站西廣場(chǎng)以及整個(gè)火車站地區(qū)的交通、土地使用等狀況。鄭州市已需要采取一些優(yōu)化措施。（1）調(diào)整東西各出口地區(qū)的功能定位，著重加強(qiáng)西廣場(chǎng)周邊商業(yè)建設(shè)，以提高吸引力。目前火車站西廣場(chǎng)周邊的城中村正在拆遷改造，這

16、些區(qū)域?qū)⒊蔀樽≌蛏虡I(yè)中心。（2）加強(qiáng)地下停車設(shè)施以及廣場(chǎng)周邊交通的管理。同時(shí)應(yīng)為慢行交通提供良好的環(huán)境及設(shè)施。（3）優(yōu)化東西廣場(chǎng)的交通資源，軌道交通車站設(shè)置于西廣場(chǎng)，并且將城市西區(qū)的公交線路的站點(diǎn)向西廣場(chǎng)遷移，使兩個(gè)廣場(chǎng)的分工更加明確，有利于增加西廣場(chǎng)的吸引力，也利于西廣場(chǎng)周邊商業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)。同時(shí)，相對(duì)減輕東廣場(chǎng)交通壓力，協(xié)調(diào)用地的矛盾。鄭州市已經(jīng)采取了一些措施，例如將去年開(kāi)通的地鐵一號(hào)線的站點(diǎn)設(shè)在了西廣場(chǎng)。（4）東西出口地區(qū)之間建立便捷的通道，并合理的連接城市道路，并與地鐵、地面公交等實(shí)現(xiàn)乘客無(wú)縫換乘。目前連接兩廣場(chǎng)的下穿隧道正在施工當(dāng)中。（5）通過(guò)西出站口周邊路網(wǎng)的優(yōu)化，例如修建京廣快速路的立

17、體化工程，使得西廣場(chǎng)周邊道路的供給能力得到提高。改善后的鄭州火車站西廣場(chǎng)將形成集高鐵、公路客運(yùn)、地鐵、公交等多種運(yùn)輸方式為一體、客流換乘便捷的綜合交通樞紐，能夠提升鐵路運(yùn)輸旅客的效率，更能改善火車站周邊區(qū)域的交通狀況，提升城市的綜合實(shí)力。圖5 鄭州火車站改造前后對(duì)比圖 來(lái)源45. 結(jié)語(yǔ)凱文林奇曾在文章中寫(xiě)道“對(duì)于處于經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型期的內(nèi)陸城市而言，城市綜合交通樞紐地區(qū)特別是位于城市中心區(qū)的火車站地區(qū)的改建與新建，在快速城市化與區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的背景下，己經(jīng)不再是簡(jiǎn)單的展示城市形象等物質(zhì)與美學(xué)層面的規(guī)劃。5” 處于中部城市群核心的鄭州市已經(jīng)邁入中國(guó)大城市的行列，而鄭州火車站這一城市真正意義上的“客廳

18、”，將成為核心力量來(lái)帶動(dòng)鄭州乃至整個(gè)中原地區(qū)的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展，具有十分重要的意義。我們應(yīng)借鑒國(guó)內(nèi)外典型綜合交通樞紐的規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，不斷創(chuàng)新，將鄭州市火車站完善成為一個(gè)適應(yīng)城市社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與國(guó)家區(qū)域交通戰(zhàn)略相協(xié)調(diào)的高效率、多功能、立體化、便捷、舒適、環(huán)保的綜合交通樞紐。參考文獻(xiàn)1陳健,金琰. 交通仿真技術(shù)在綜合交通樞紐規(guī)劃方案中的應(yīng)用研究J. 交通企業(yè)管理,2010,05:48-49.2邱麗麗,顧保南. 國(guó)外典型綜合交通樞紐布局設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例剖析J. 城市軌道交通研究,2006,03:55-59.3李萬(wàn)臣. 鄭州鐵路樞紐布局變化及能力調(diào)整J. 中國(guó)鐵路,2013,04:34-36.4朱彥東,李旭宏,吳煉,

19、單晉. 城市核心區(qū)火車站改造及對(duì)地域再開(kāi)發(fā)的影響以鄭州火車站為例J. 現(xiàn)代城市研究,2007,10:45-51.5倪凱旋. 整合策略引導(dǎo)下的城市綜合交通樞紐地區(qū)更新改造研究D.同濟(jì)大學(xué),2008.6李保華. 低碳交通引導(dǎo)下的城市空間布局模式及優(yōu)化策略研究D.西安建筑科技大學(xué),2013.7丁金學(xué),金鳳君,王成金,王姣娥. 中國(guó)交通樞紐空間布局的評(píng)價(jià)、優(yōu)化與模擬J. 地理學(xué)報(bào),2011,04:504-514.8吳煉,王婧. 城市火車站綜合體交通設(shè)施布局優(yōu)化研究以鄭州火車站為例A. 武漢市人民政府、中國(guó)城市規(guī)劃學(xué)會(huì)城市交通規(guī)劃學(xué)術(shù)委員會(huì).城市交通發(fā)展模式轉(zhuǎn)型與創(chuàng)新中國(guó)城市交通規(guī)劃2011年年會(huì)暨第2

20、5次學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)論文集C.武漢市人民政府、中國(guó)城市規(guī)劃學(xué)會(huì)城市交通規(guī)劃學(xué)術(shù)委員會(huì):,2014:8.9 沈瑞光. 城市綜合交通樞紐客運(yùn)需求預(yù)測(cè)方法與模型研究D.哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué),2013.10李得偉. 城市軌道交通樞紐乘客集散模型及微觀仿真理論D.北京交通大學(xué),2007本文內(nèi)容完，以下內(nèi)容與本文無(wú)關(guān)。Lesson 1 A private conversation d not enjoy it.?A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I coul

21、d not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. 'I can't hear a word!' I said angrily.?' It's none of your business,' the young man said rudely. 'This

22、is a private conversation!'.Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch?h time.Last Sunday I got up very late. I looked out of the window. It was dark outside. 'What a day!' I thought. 'It's raining again.' Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy.' I've just arrived by tra

23、in,' she said. 'I'm coming to see you.' 'But I'm still having breakfast,' I said.'What are you doing ?' she asked. ' I'm having breakfast,' I repeated.'Dear me,' she said. 'Do you always get up so late ? It's one o'clock!Lesson 3 Pl

24、ease send me a card eums and sat in public gardens. A friendly waiter taught me a few words of?Italian. 'Then he lent me a book. I read a few lines, but I did not understand a word. Every day I thought about postcards. My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send any cards to my friends. On th

25、e last day les from Silbury, but Mr Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he has just bought twelve pigeons. Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury. The bird covered the distance in three minutes. Up to now, Mr Scott has sent a great many requests for sp

26、are parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other. In this way, he has begun his own private telephone service.Lesson 6 Percy Buttons I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street. Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door. He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer. In return for this, t

27、he beggar stood on his head and sang songs. I gave him a meal. He ate the food and drank the beer. Then he put a piece of cheese in his pocket and went away. Later a neighbour told me about him. Everybody knows him. His name is Percy Buttons. He calls at every house in the street once a month and al

28、ways asks for a meal and a glass of beer.Lesson 7 Too late The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning. They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamond from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. Whe

29、n the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield. Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House. While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened?the parcel. To their surpri

30、se, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!Lesson 8 The best and the worst Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town. Nearly everybody enters for 'The Nicest Garden Competition' each year, but Joe wins every time. Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's. Bill wo

31、rks harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joe's garden is more interesting. He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool. I like gardens too, but I do not like hard work. Every year I enter for the garden competition too, and I always win a little prize f

32、or the worst garden in the town!Lesson 9 A cold welcomeOn Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall. It was the last day of began to laugh and sing.Lesson 10 Not for jazzWe have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord(翼琴). It was made in Germany in 1681. Our clavichord is kept in the

33、living-room. It has belong to our family for a long time. The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago. Recently it was damaged by a visitor. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken. My father was shocked. Now we are not allowed to

34、touch it. It is being repaired by a friend of my father's.Lesson 11 One good turn deserves anotherI was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry Steele people in the town will be meeting them at the station. Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Workers' Club. The Greenwood Boys will

35、be staying for five days. During this time, they will give five performances. As usual, the police will have a difficult time. They will be trying to keep order. It is always the same on these occasions.Lesson 14 Do you speak EnglishI had an amusing experience last year.?After I had left a small vil

36、lage in the south of France, I drove on to the next town. On the way, a young man waved to me. I stopped and he asked me for a lift. As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him Lesson 17 Always young at least thirty-five years old. In spite of this, she often appears on the stage

37、as a young girl. Jennifer will have to take part in a new play soon. This time, she will be a girl of seventeen. In the play, she must appear in a bright red dress and long black stockings. Last year in another play, she had to wear short socks and a bright, orange-coloured dress. If anyone ever ask

38、ed her how old she is, she always answers, 'My dear, it must be terrible to be grown up!'lesson18 He often does this! had left it on a chair beside the door and now it wasn't there ! As I was looking for it, the inn-keeper came in. 'Did you have a good meal ?' he asked. 'Yes,

39、 thank you,' I answered, 'but I can't pay the bill. I haven't got my bag.' The inn-keeper smiled and immediately went out. In a few minutes he returned with my bag and gave it back to me. 'I'm very sorry,' he said ' My dog had taken it into the garden. He often do

40、es this.'Lesson19 Sold out 'It may have begun already,' Susan answered.'I hurried to the ticket-office. 'May I have two tickets please ?' I asked.'I'm sorry, we've sold out,' the girl said.'What a pity!' Susan exclaimed.Just then, a man hurried to the

41、ticket-office.'Can I return these two tickets?' he asked.'Certainly,' the girl said.lucky. I never catch anything-not even old boots. After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag. 'You must give up fishing!' my friends say.' It's

42、a waste of time.' But they don't realize one important thing. I'm not really interested in fishing. I am only one of the few people left. Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane. I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I am determined to stay

43、 here. Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.Lesson22 A glass envelopeng a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland. Last year, we were travelling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle. She threw the bottle into the sea.

44、 She never thought of it again, but ten months later, she received a letter from a girl in Holland. Both girls write to each other regularly now. However, they have decided to use the post-office. Letters will cost a litt1e more, but they will certainly travel faster. Lesson23 A new houserday. She l

45、ives in Nigeria. In her letter, she said that she would come to Lesson24 It could be worse . I had just lost &50 and I felt very upset.' I left the money in my room,' I said, 'and it's not there now.' The manager was sympathetic, but he could do nothing. 'Everyone's l

46、osing money these days,' he said. He started to complain about this wicked world but What we know of prenatal development makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold the character of her unborn child by studying poetry, art, or mathematics during pregnancy seem utterly impossible. How could

47、such extremely complex influences pass from the mother to the child? There is no connection between their nervous systems. Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly. An emotional shock to the mother will affect her child, because it changes the activity of her glands and so the

48、 chemistry her blood. Any chemical change in the mothers blood will affect the child for better or worse. But we can not see how a looking for mathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in blood and produce a similar liking or genius in the child. In our discussion of instincts we saw that there

49、was reason to believe that whatever we inherit must be of some very simple sort rather than any complicated or very definite kind of behavior. It is certain that no one inherits a knowledge of mathematics. It may be, however, that children inherit more or less of a rather general ability that we may

50、 call intelligence. If very intelligent children become deeply interested in mathematics, they will probably make a success of that study. As for musical ability, it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear, a peculiar structure of the hands or the vocal organs connections betwee

51、n nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to learn the movements a musician must execute, and particularly vigorous emotions. If these factors are all organized around music, the child may become a musician. The same factors, in other circumstance might be organized about some other cente

52、r of interest. The rich emotional equipment might find expression in poetry. The capable fingers might develop skill in surgery. It is not the knowledge of music that is inherited, then nor even the love of it, but a certain bodily structure that makes it comparatively easy to acquire musical knowle

53、dge and skill. Whether that ability shall be directed toward music or some other undertaking may be decided entirely by forces in the environment in which a child grows up.1. Which of the following statements is not true?A. Some mothers try to influence their unborn children by studying art and othe

54、r subjects during their pregnancy.B. It is utterly impossible for us to learn anything about prenatal development.C. The blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly.D. There are no connection between mothers nervous systems and her unborn childs.2. A mother will affect her unborn baby on

55、the condition that _.A. she is emotionally shockedB. she has a good knowledge of inheritanceC. she takes part in all kind of activitiesD. she sticks to studying3. According to the passage, a child may inherit_.A. everything from his motherB. a knowledge of mathematicsC. a rather general ability that

56、 we call intelligenceD. her mothers musical ability4. If a child inherits something from his mother, such as an especially sensitive ear, a peculiar structure of the hands or of the vocal organs, he will _.A. surely become musicianB. mostly become a poetC. possibly become a teacherD. become a musici

57、an on the condition that all these factors are organized around music5. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Role of Inheritance. B. An Unborn Child.C. Function of instincts. D. Inherited Talents. Computers monitor everything in Singapore from soil composition to location of m

58、anholes. At the airport, it took just 15 seconds for the computerized immigration system to scan and approve my passport. It takes only one minute to be checked into a public hospital. By 1998, almost every household will be wired for interactive cable TV and the Internet, the global computer networ

59、k. Shoppers will be able to view and pay for products electronically. A 24-hour community telecomputing network will allow users to communicate with elected representatives and retrieve information about government services. It is all part of the governments plan to transform the nation into what it calls the “Intelligent Island”. In so many w