2012年成人高考專升本英語(yǔ)同義詞辨析Word版

1、2012年成人高考專升本英語(yǔ)同義詞辨析forbid ban prohibit都含“禁止”的意思。forbid系常用詞， 指“命令某人不做某事”， 如：The doctor forbids him to smoke.醫(yī)生禁止他吸煙。ban 語(yǔ)氣較重， 指權(quán)威機(jī)關(guān)“正式禁止”， 含“嚴(yán)厲譴責(zé)”之意，只能用事物作其賓語(yǔ)， 如：Ban atomic and nuclear weapons! 禁止原子武器和核武器!prohibit指“通過(guò)法律或政府法令禁止”， 如：The soldiers were prohibited from leaving camp after dark.天黑后士兵不準(zhǔn)離開營(yíng)房。

2、permit allow let都含“準(zhǔn)許”的意思。permit 和 allow 在許多情況下可以通用， 但它較 allow 正式， 含有“積極地、從正面地允許”的意義， 如：They dont permit you to smoke.他們不允許你抽煙。allow 指“并不反對(duì)”或“不加阻止”， 偏重“默許”或“聽任”， 含義較消極， 如：The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.他所采取的行動(dòng)，根據(jù)怨言的性質(zhì)，而有所不同。modify 主要用來(lái)表示有局限性的“改變”，當(dāng)用于事物時(shí)，它所表示的“改變”

3、，在程度上要大于 alter， 在用于人的態(tài)度時(shí)，它僅僅表示略加修飾，并不含有很大的變化The industrial revolution modified the whole structure of English society.工業(yè)革命變革了英國(guó)的整個(gè)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)。change alter vary都含“改變”的意思 .change 指“使改變得與原物完全不同”或“使發(fā)生以新代舊的變化”，如：The appearance of the town is quite changed.這個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)的外觀變化頗大。alter 指“局部的、外表的變化， 但特點(diǎn)不變”， 如：This coat shoul

4、d be altered.這件外套應(yīng)該改改。vary 指“不規(guī)則或連續(xù)地改變”， 如：Customs vary with the times.習(xí)俗隨時(shí)代而異。keep retain withhold reserve都含“保持”、“保存”的意思。keep 系常用詞， 指“使繼續(xù)下去”“使較長(zhǎng)時(shí)期地置于不脫離控制、掌握、照料或變化之下”， 如：keep the room clean.保持室內(nèi)清潔。retain 較正式， 強(qiáng)調(diào)“繼續(xù)保持”， 特指“保持使不失去或被奪走”， 如：He has managed to retain most of his fortune.他設(shè)法保存了他的大部分財(cái)產(chǎn)。wit

5、hhold 強(qiáng)調(diào)“保留”、“隱匿”， 指“阻止其離去或泄漏”， 如：Fear made him withhold the truth.恐懼使他不敢說(shuō)實(shí)話。reserve 指“為一目的保持， 或保存一段時(shí)間”， 如：A great future is reserved for you.光明的前程在等待著你。remain stay都指“繼續(xù)停留”或“繼續(xù)保持某種狀態(tài)、關(guān)系或行動(dòng)?！眗emain ?？膳cstay 互換， 但它強(qiáng)調(diào)“繼續(xù)停留于一處或保持原狀態(tài)、情況性質(zhì)而不改變”， 如：This place remains cool all summer.這個(gè)地方整個(gè)夏天都涼爽。stay強(qiáng)調(diào)“某人物繼續(xù)

6、留在原地而不離開”， 如：He stayed to see the end of the game.他一直呆到比賽結(jié)束ability,capacity,faculty,talent,skill,competence,aptitudeThese nouns denote the qualities in a person that permit or facilitate achievement or accomplishment.這些名詞都表示某人具有取得進(jìn)步或成功的素質(zhì)。Ability is the power,mental or physical,to do something：Abili

7、ty 是指智力或體力上具有做某事的能力："To make a fortune some assistance from fate is essential. Ability alone is insufficient" (Ihara Saikaku)?！耙赂唬饪磕芰κ遣粔虻?，還得看機(jī)遇” (伊哈拉。塞科古)。Capacity refers to an innate potential for growth,development,or accomplishment：Capacity 指天賦的，如生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)展或成功的潛力："Not by age but by ca

8、pacity is wisdom acquired"(Plautus)?！爸腔鄣墨@得是依靠才能而不是年齡” (普洛提斯)。Faculty denotes an inherent power or ability：Faculty 指內(nèi)在的力量或能力：An unerring faculty for detecting hypocrisy is one of her most useful attributes.能無(wú)誤地看出偽善的能力是她身上最有用的特征之一。Talent emphasizes inborn ability,especially in the arts：Talent 強(qiáng)調(diào)天

9、生的才能，尤其是在藝術(shù)方面："There is no substitute for talent.Industry and all the virtues are of no avail" (Aldous Huxley)。“勤奮及其他的品質(zhì)都不能彌補(bǔ)天分的不足” (阿爾多斯。赫胥黎)。Skill stresses ability that is acquired or developed through experience：Skill 強(qiáng)調(diào)由經(jīng)驗(yàn)而獲得或發(fā)展的能力："The intellect,character and skill possessed by a

10、ny man are the product of certain original tendencies and the training which they have received"(Edward L. Thorndike).“任何人的知識(shí)、性格和能力都是由起初的興趣加上后來(lái)接受的訓(xùn)練而得到的?！?(愛德華L.桑戴克)。Competence suggests the ability to do something satisfactorily but not necessarily outstandingly well：Competence 指能做到使人滿意但并不一定特別出

11、眾的能力：The concerto was performed by a violinist of unquestioned competence but limited imagination.小提琴家所演奏的協(xié)奏曲毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是出色的，但是缺乏想像力。Aptitude implies inherent capacity for learning,understanding,or performing：Aptitude 暗指內(nèi)在的學(xué)習(xí)、理解和表演的才能：Even as a child he showed an unusual aptitude for mathematics.甚至孩童時(shí)他就顯露出

12、非同一般的數(shù)學(xué)才能形容詞 complete 和 perfect 雖然都有“完全的”含義，但并非同義詞，在許多情況下它們只是詞義相近而已。complete 的含義是“完整無(wú)缺的”、“圓滿的”He is a complete stranger to me.我一點(diǎn)也不認(rèn)識(shí)他。(可以和 perfect 換用)Before long,the noise dropped completely.不久，那轟鳴聲就完全消失了。perfect 不僅可表示“完整無(wú)缺”、“完全”或“純粹”，而且含有“完美無(wú)缺”、“勻稱”或“健全”的含義，總之它可以表示“盡善盡美”。由上可見， perfect 可以表示 complet

13、e 的含義，而 complete 只能表示 perfect 的一部分含義。 但是， a complete stranger 和 a perfect stranger 沒(méi)有什么差異，complete happiness 和 perfect happiness 都表示了“美滿的幸?！?。But as they soon discovered,disguises can sometimes be too per fect.正象他們不久就發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣，化裝效果有時(shí)可能太完美無(wú)缺了。It is a perfect alibi.這完全是在開脫罪責(zé)。It's a perfect stranger her

14、e.我在這里完全是個(gè)陌生人。(可以換用 complete)注：perfect 的同義詞有 whole,entire,complete 的同義詞有 full,plete,close,end,finish,conclude,terminateThese verbs mean to bring or to come to a natural or proper stopping point.這些動(dòng)詞都是指達(dá)到一個(gè)自然或適當(dāng)?shù)慕K點(diǎn)。Complete suggests the final stage in bringing an undertaking to fruition：Co

15、mplete 暗指取得成功的最后一步："Nothing worth doing is completed in our lifetime" (Reinhold Niebuhr).“我們這輩子連一件有意義的事也沒(méi)完成” (萊因霍爾德。尼泊赫)。Close applies to the ending of something ongoing or continuing：Close 指正在進(jìn)行的事件接近終點(diǎn)：The orchestra closed the concert with an encore.交響樂(lè)團(tuán)在再來(lái)一次的歡呼聲中結(jié)束了音樂(lè)會(huì)。If there is a furt

16、her falloff in ticket sales,the play will close.如果門票銷售進(jìn)一步下跌，這個(gè)劇目就會(huì)停演。End emphasizes finality：End 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果：We ended the meal with fruit and cheese.我們最后吃的是水果和奶酪。"Where laws end， tyranny begins" (William Pitt).“哪里沒(méi)有法制，暴政就從哪里開始” (威廉姆。皮特)。Finish is sometimes interchangeable with complete:Finish 有時(shí)可

17、與complete互換.close 比較普通，有時(shí)可以和shut互換使用，但它更強(qiáng)調(diào)“不讓某人或某物進(jìn)入或通過(guò)”的意思，有時(shí)有“不接納”的意思，但通常表示“關(guān)閉”這一動(dòng)作It's Sunday,so all the shops are closed.今天是星期天，所以這些店鋪都關(guān)門了。I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again.我肯定沒(méi)有辦法再把箱子關(guān)上了。shut 與 close 的含義差別在于，shut僅表示“關(guān)閉”之狀態(tài)，不包含“不讓進(jìn)入”或“不接納”的意思As soon as he opens the ga

18、te from the outside,he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts.它一旦從外面把門打開，便走進(jìn)園子里等著關(guān)門。在某些習(xí)語(yǔ)中，只有 shut 而不用close.Shut up!住口!He found every road to the accomplishment of his desire shut against him.他發(fā)現(xiàn)通向?qū)崿F(xiàn)自己愿望的所有道路都被堵死了。He shut his eyes to the severs reality.對(duì)于這嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)，他是閉著眼睛不肯看的。accompany att

19、end escort convoy意思都含“與人結(jié)伴同行”或“伴隨某物”。accompany 指“與人結(jié)伴， 做伴”， 常含有彼此之間關(guān)系平等之意， 如：He -nied her to the theater.他陪她去劇院。attend 意為“隨侍”、“隨從” 等解， 如：Some students attended Prof. Jones on a field trip.一些學(xué)生隨瓊斯教授去野外郊游。escort 和 convoy 意為“以警衛(wèi)等身份陪伴”， 如：This merchant ship was convoyed by a destroyer.這艘商船由一驅(qū)逐艦護(hù)航。escort

20、 還指禮節(jié)上的“尊重或獻(xiàn)殷勤”， 如：He escorted a lady to a party.他陪一位女士赴宴。accurate correct exact均含“正確的”意思。accurate 表示“準(zhǔn)確的”，精確的“，指”通過(guò)努力， 使事情達(dá)到正確“， 如：She gave an accurate account of the accident.她對(duì)事故做了準(zhǔn)確的描述。correct 為一般用語(yǔ)， 指“正確的”， 如：He gave correct answers to the questions.他對(duì)這些問(wèn)題提出了正確的答案。exact 表示“確切的”，“精確無(wú)誤的”，指“與事實(shí)完全相

21、符”， 如：His answer is quite exact.他的回答完全正確。enough,sufficient,adequate這三個(gè)詞都表示“足夠的”或“充分的”。其中只有enough可以用作副詞或名詞，含義仍為“足夠的”。enough和sufficient在含義上幾乎沒(méi)有差異，只是enough的用法較多，這兩個(gè)詞都表示“完全滿足需要，而且既不多余，也不缺少”。adequate雖然也表示“足夠的”、“充分的”，但是和另二詞之間有著比較明顯的細(xì)微差異，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)詞的內(nèi)涵是：對(duì)于必不可少的東西在數(shù)量上應(yīng)當(dāng)是合理的、公平的或不苛刻的。Five men will be quite enough

22、(or sufficient). 這句話說(shuō)的是：5個(gè)人就十分充足了， 再多給一個(gè)人就沒(méi)有必要了His wages are adequate to support three people. 這句話說(shuō)的是：他的工資夠養(yǎng)活3個(gè)人的。即這些錢養(yǎng)活3個(gè)人夠得上一般生活水平，并不苛刻?？梢娖洳町惙浅＜?xì)微。詞義差別越細(xì)微，表意越準(zhǔn)確。例如：“我為他干了3小時(shí)的活，他付給我20英鎊。我覺得那20英鎊的工錢是足夠了的”。這兩句話在英譯時(shí)，其中的“足夠的”必須用adequate，因?yàn)檫@里說(shuō)的“足夠”包含了“公平、合理”的意思。故這兩句可譯為：I worked for him three hours,and he

23、 paid me 20 pounds. I think the 20 pounds are adequate for my work. 此外， 應(yīng)注意下面例句中enough的各種用法I like to be a professional singer,but I don't think I have a good enough voice.我想當(dāng)個(gè)職業(yè)歌唱家，但是我覺得我的嗓子不夠好。A day may begin well enough,but suddenly everything seems to get out of control.一天的開端可能好得很，但突然一切似乎都失去了

24、控制。The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards,as well as in line of its course are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficent sustenance and progress.沿著船壁向上引導(dǎo)的以及與航行方向一致的氣流足以給這種長(zhǎng)有特大翅膀的大鳥以充分的支撐力和前進(jìn)力。Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another,but h

25、e has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.我們的牧師老是為這事或那事籌募款項(xiàng)，但是從來(lái)也沒(méi)能募集到足夠把教堂大鐘修復(fù)起來(lái)的錢。The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function,and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of

26、the customer,who must buy,not the thing he desires but the thingthe English Gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological development.向社會(huì)提出的問(wèn)題，與其說(shuō)是這號(hào)人的德行問(wèn)題，毋寧說(shuō)是他們是否能勝任其職責(zé)的問(wèn)題，于是便出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的困難。他們不肯充分考慮顧客的需要，顧客不得不買的不是自己想要買的東西，而是英國(guó)紳士所要賣的。他們對(duì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展并不給予充分的注意。The majority of the patients atte

27、nding the medical outpatients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine,abox of pills,or a small jar of ointment,在醫(yī)院門診部就醫(yī)的大多數(shù)病人認(rèn)為，如果他們不能帶一些實(shí)實(shí)在在的藥物，如一瓶藥水、一盒藥丸、

28、一小瓶藥膏回家的話，他們就沒(méi)得到充分的治療enough sufficient adequate意思都含“充分的”、“足夠的”。enough 系常用詞， ?？膳c sufficient 互換，它除表示“足以滿足需要的”外，還含有“數(shù)量很多使人感到心滿意足的”的意思，如：We have enough money to spend.我們有足夠的錢花。sufficient 用于正式文體中，指“分量或數(shù)量足以滿足需要的”， 如：The food is sufficient for a week.食物足夠一周用。adequate 指“足夠符合特定(有時(shí)可指最低)的資格、分量、才能等”著重“符合一個(gè)客觀要求或

29、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的”，如：To be healthy one must have an adequate diet.一個(gè)人想要健康，必須有足夠的規(guī)定飲食。advance promote progress proceed都含有“前進(jìn)”的意思。advance 指“向某一目標(biāo)或方向前進(jìn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)或效果，并常強(qiáng)調(diào)前進(jìn)的終點(diǎn)”，如：Our soldiers advanced bravely against the enemy.我們的士兵勇敢地向敵人挺進(jìn)。promote 作“提升”解時(shí)可與advance 通用;它強(qiáng)調(diào)“促使某種事業(yè)向前發(fā)展以達(dá)到預(yù)期的結(jié)果，并側(cè)重于對(duì)該人或事物(尤指公開性質(zhì))的贊助和鼓勵(lì)”，如：John

30、was promoted advanced from a clerk to a manager.約翰由職員晉升為經(jīng)理。A sound forest economy promotes the prosperity of agriculture and rural life.完善的森林經(jīng)濟(jì)可以促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村生活的興旺與繁榮。Each passenger is allowed twenty -five kilogrammes of luggage.每位旅客允許攜帶二十五公斤的行李。let 是三個(gè)詞中最不正式的， 較口語(yǔ)化， 而語(yǔ)意最弱， 指“給予可能或同意”， 有時(shí)含“難以阻止或限制”之意， 如：L

31、et him wait.讓他等一等。Let,allow,permit,grant這組動(dòng)詞都有“允許”或“讓”的意思。let 是個(gè)普通詞，常要求復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，在不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，總省去不定式符號(hào)to，有時(shí)在一定的上下文中可省去賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：let， allow這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞都有“讓”或“允許”的意思，仔細(xì)研究后可以看到許多情況下，這兩個(gè)詞并不能通用。let 所表示的“允許”含有“不阻止”(notto prevent)的意思Let's go into the garage and have a look at it.咱們到汽車修配廠去看看吧。She said her future husband

32、 would not let her make another film.她說(shuō)她的未婚夫不會(huì)讓她再拍電影了。(此句用would not let，意思是“阻止”)When the bull got close to him,he clumsily stepped aside to let it pass.當(dāng)公牛接近了他時(shí)，他笨拙地向一旁一閃，把公牛讓了過(guò)去。Then he sits and barks until someone lets him out.然后它坐著吠叫，直到有人把它放出去為止。The third baseman let the ball roll between his fee

33、t.第三名壘手讓球從他的兩只腳之間滾了過(guò)去。而allow所表示的“允許”含有“容忍”(forbearance of prohibition)的意思Please allow me to introduce Mr Brown to you.請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我把布朗先生向你介紹一下。Now we are not allowed to touch it.現(xiàn)在是不讓我們碰一碰它的。注：let somebody do something(讓某人做某事)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式省去to，而allow somebody to do something(讓某人做某事)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式帶to.allow與permit也可以

34、用于allow(permit)somebody to do something的句子結(jié)構(gòu)， 但也可以要求簡(jiǎn)單賓語(yǔ)或表示行為的名詞作賓語(yǔ)。這三個(gè)詞都能表示“沒(méi)能阻止”或“不去阻止”，但是let并不包含allow和permit所共有的這層含義：有能力、有權(quán)威不去禁止或不去防止某事，有時(shí)表示由于笨拙疏忽而放過(guò)去The teacher allows too much noise in the classroom那位老師聽任教室內(nèi)有過(guò)分的嘈雜聲。He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.他應(yīng)該知道，

35、警察是不會(huì)允許這種事情的。The dogs have greater freedom too,for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure.那些狗也有了較大的自由，因?yàn)樵试S它們?cè)跂艡谕饷娴教幣芘?。而permit又不包含allow的這樣一層含義：克制著自己不去禁止，而allow卻不包含permit的這樣的含義：同意或者默許We do not allow (or permit) gambling.我們不允許賭博;grant 所表示的“允許”包含這樣的意思：上級(jí)就下級(jí)的要求，把自認(rèn)為是一種恩惠或權(quán)利給予別人He requested th

36、at the premier grant him an internview.他要求那位總理接見他一次。Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a call-box.獲得了許可后，一名警察陪他來(lái)到公用電話亭。composed of men of the same nationality or who spoke a common language.法令指出連隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)當(dāng)盡可能地由同一民族的人或操同一語(yǔ)言的人組成lift raise elevate都含“舉起”的意思。lift 指“用體力或機(jī)械力把某物從地面舉到一定的高度”，

37、如：She can lift a pail of water from the ground.她能把一桶水提起來(lái)。raise 與Lift 可換用， 但著重“垂直高舉”或“將物件由較低處移至較高處的適宜位置， 以發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的作用”， 如：raise a flag.升旗。elevate 指“提高(嗓子、思想等)”， 如：Good reading elevates the mind.閱讀好書可使思想高尚。lift,raise,rear,elevate,hoist 這組動(dòng)詞的一般含義是“提起”，“舉起”。lift 強(qiáng)調(diào)“提升很重的或者抬起比較重的東西”，當(dāng)用于比喻時(shí)，可以指雄偉高大的建筑物或大山的“高聳入云”The dish now had to be lifted vertically because one edge was resting against the side of the canal.現(xiàn)在必須垂直著提升餡餅盤，因?yàn)楸P的一邊靠