（推薦）初中英語定語從句

1、定語從句一、定語從句的概念在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。二、定語從句的關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that，which，who（賓格whom，所有格whose）等，關(guān)系副詞包括where，when，why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作定語從句的重要成分。三、定語從句的分類根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開，從句不可省去，非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分

2、開，起補(bǔ)充說明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。四、關(guān)系代詞的用法1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語或賓語，作主語時(shí)不可省略，作賓語可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。（that作主語）The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。（that作賓語）2.which用于指物，在句中作主語或賓語，作主語不可省略，作賓語可省略。例如：The building which stands near the train station

3、is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。（作主語）The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。（作賓語）3.who，whom用于指人，who 用作主語，whom用作賓語。在口語中，有時(shí)可用who代替whom， 也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國(guó)人。（作主語）Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talkin

4、g to？正在與李明談話的老師是誰？（作賓語） 注意：（1）當(dāng)定語從句中含有介詞，介詞放在句末時(shí)，who，that，which可省略，但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)，只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔?。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。（2）含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中，介詞不可前置，只能放在原來的位置上。例如：This is the person whom you ar

5、e looking for. 這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。（3）that 作介詞的賓語時(shí)，介詞不能放它的前面，只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。（4）關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況：a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾，或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個(gè)通過考試的人。b.被修飾的先行詞為all， any， much， many， everything

6、， anything， none， the one等不定代詞時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎？c.先行詞被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等詞修飾時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。d. 先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí)，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：I can remember

7、well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見到的人和一些照片。e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句，為避免重復(fù)，只能用that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰？f.主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾主語的定語從句用that，而不用which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書是湯姆的。（5）關(guān)系詞只能用which，而不用that 的情況：a.先行詞為

8、that， those時(shí)，用which， 而不用that.例如：Whats that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么？b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)，一般用which，而不用that.例如：This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，用which， 而不用that.例如：Tom came back， which made us happy. 湯姆回來了，這使我們很高興。 五、關(guān)系副詞的用法（1）when指時(shí)間，其先行詞表示時(shí)間，在句中作時(shí)間狀語。例如：This was the time

9、 when he arrived.這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。（2）where指地點(diǎn)，其先行詞表示地點(diǎn)，在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。例如：This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。（3）why 指原因，其先行詞是原因，起原因狀語作用。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 沒人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。三判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：This is the mountain

10、 village where I stayed last year. 這是我去年呆過的山村。Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記與你共事的日子。判斷改錯(cuò)：（錯(cuò)） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（錯(cuò)） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（對(duì)） This is the mountain village （which） I visited l

11、ast year.（對(duì)） Ill never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition

12、 was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A。例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因 in

13、 the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對(duì)，所以選A。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞（who, whom,that, which, whose）； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 （ where 地點(diǎn)狀語，when 時(shí)間狀語，why 原因狀語）。四限制性和非限制性定語從句1）定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開。例如： This i

14、s the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買的。（非限制性）2）當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理?史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。 My house, which I bought last year,

15、has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動(dòng)人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。3）非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is

16、 called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。 說明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。五介詞+關(guān)系詞1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。2）that前不能有介詞。3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的“介詞+關(guān)系詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。例如： This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過的房子。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on wh

17、ich you joined our club? 還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎？ Do you remember the day when you joined our club?六as, which 非限定性定語從句由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。as一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。The sun heats the earth, which is very important

18、to us.太陽使地球暖起來，這對(duì)我們?nèi)祟惡苤匾５湫屠}1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he答案C。此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which。it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。況且選he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. i

19、t答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. that B. which C. as D. it答案B. as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn)：（1）as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。（2）as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從

20、句中作主語時(shí)，從句中的謂語必須是系動(dòng)詞；若為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.。在本題中，prevent由于是行為動(dòng)詞，所以正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為B。as 的用法例1 the sameas；suchas 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和一樣。例如：I have got into the same trouble as he （has）. 我碰到了跟他一樣的麻煩。例2 as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”。例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。As is known, smoking is harmful

21、to ones health.as是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中，它充當(dāng)從句的主語，謂語動(dòng)詞know要用被動(dòng)式。七先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代替）八what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever1）what = the

22、 thing which；whatever = anything。例如： What you want has been sent here. 你要的動(dòng)詞都送來了。 Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我沒什么關(guān)系。2）who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如： （錯(cuò)）Who breaks the law will be punished. （錯(cuò)）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear. （對(duì)）Whoever breaks the law will

23、 be punished. 王子犯法，與庶民同罪。 （對(duì)）Who robbed the bank is not clear. 誰搶了銀行還不清楚。3）that 和 what當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，通常用作關(guān)系代詞，而引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，是個(gè)不充當(dāng)任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that?？墒÷浴hat只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。例如： I think（that）you will like the stamps. 我想你會(huì)喜歡這些郵票的。 What we need is more practice. 我們需要的是更多的實(shí)踐。九關(guān)系代詞that 的用法

24、1）不用that的情況 a）引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。例如：（錯(cuò)）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b）介詞后不能用。例如：We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我們依賴土地獲得食物。We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2）只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況 a）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 b）在不定代詞，如：anything, no

25、thing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。 c）先行詞有the only, the very修飾時(shí)，只用that。 d）先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that。 e）先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。例如：All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。一、定語從句的概念在復(fù)合句中，修

26、飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。二、定語從句的關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that， which， who（賓格whom，所有格whose）等，關(guān)系副詞包括where， when， why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作定語從句的重要成分。三、定語從句的分類根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開，從句不可省去，非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開，起補(bǔ)充說明作用，如省去，意思

27、仍完整。四、關(guān)系代詞的用法1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語或賓語，作主語時(shí)不可省略，作賓語可省略。例如： Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。（that作主語） The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。（that作賓語）2. which用于指物，在句中作主語或賓語，作主語不可省略，作賓語可省略。例如： The building which stands near the train station is a superma

28、rket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。（作主語） The film（which）we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨晚看的那部電影很好看。（作賓語）3. who， whom用于指人，who 用作主語，whom用作賓語。在口語中，有時(shí)可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如： The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國(guó)人。（作主語） Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？正在與李明談話

29、的老師是誰？（作賓語） 注意：（1）當(dāng)定語從句中含有介詞，介詞放在句末時(shí)，who， that， which可省略，但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)，只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印lease tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. 請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。（2）含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中，介詞不可前置，只能放在原來的位置上。例如： This is the person whom you are lookin

30、g for. 這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。（3）that 作介詞的賓語時(shí)，介詞不能放它的前面，只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如： The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。（4）關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況： a.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾，或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如： He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個(gè)通過考試的人。 b.被修飾的先行詞為all， any， much， many， everything， any

31、thing， none， the one等不定代 詞時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如： Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎？c.先行詞被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等詞修飾時(shí)，只能用that，而不用 which.例如： This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。d.先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí)，只能用that， 而不用which.例如： I can remember we

32、ll the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見到的人和一些照片。e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句，為避免重復(fù)，只能用that.例如： Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰？f.主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾主語的定語從句用that，而不用which.例如： There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書是湯姆的。（5）關(guān)系詞只能用which，而不用that 的情況：a.先行詞為

33、that， those時(shí)，用which， 而不用that.例如： Whats that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么？b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)，一般用which，而不用that.例如： This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，用which， 而不用that.例如： Tom came back， which made us happy. 湯姆回來了，這使我們很高興。五、關(guān)系副詞的用法（1）when指時(shí)間，其先行詞表示時(shí)間，在句中作時(shí)間狀語。例如： This was the t

34、ime when he arrived.這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。（2）where指地點(diǎn)，其先行詞表示地點(diǎn)，在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。例如： This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。（3）why 指原因，其先行詞是原因，起原因狀語作用。例如： Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 沒人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。練習(xí)題I.單項(xiàng)填空1. -Do you know the man _is talking with your father？-Yes， hes our headmaster.A. he B. w

35、ho C. which D. whom2. Is this the river _I can swim？A. which B. in which C. that D. the one3. This is the best hotel in the city _I know.A. where B. which C. that D. it4. Can you lend me the dictionary _the other day？A. that you bought B. you bought itC. that you bought it D. which you bought it5. A

36、nyone _with what I said may put up you hands.A. which agrees B. who agreeC. who agrees D. which agree6. My watch is not the only thing _ is missing.A. that B. it C. which who7. The man _coat is black is waiting at the gateA. whos B. whose C. that of which.8. The girl _ is reading under the tree _my

37、sister.A. which； is B. whom； was C. who； is D. who； was9. I love places _the people are really friendly.A. that B. which C. where D. who10. The world _ is made up of matter.A. in that we live B. on which we liveC. where we live in D. we live in答案：I.1-5BBCAC 6-10 ABCCD1.The place _interested me most

38、was the Childrens Palace.A. Which B. where C. what D. in which2.Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3.This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayed B. at that they stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4.Do you know the year _the Chines

39、e Communist Party was founded?A. which B. that C. when D. on which5.That is the day _Ill never forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6.The factory _well visit next week is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _

40、we are working.A. where B. that C. which D. there8.This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that has been shown this year D. that you talked9.Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talkedC. about that you talked D. that you talked10.The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with which B. in which