高中化學(xué)方程式匯總（high school chemistry equation summary）

高中化學(xué)方程式匯總（HIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRYEQUATIONSUMMARY）METHANECOMBUSTIONCH42O2CO22H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGMETHANEISISOLATEDFROMAIRBYHIGHTEMPERATUREDECOMPOSITIONTHEDECOMPOSITIONOFMETHANEISVERYCOMPLEX,ANDTHEFOLLOWINGISTHEFINALDECOMPOSITIONCH4C2H2CONDITIONOFHIGHTEMPERATURE,HIGHPRESSURE,CATALYSTMETHANEANDCHLORINEUNDERGOSUBSTITUTIONREACTIONSCH4CL2TOCH3CLHCLCH3CLCL2TOCH2CL2HCLCH2CL2CL2TOCHCL3HCLCHCL3CL2CCL4HCLCONDITIONSARELIGHTLABORATORYMETHANEPRODUCTIONCH3COONANAOHNA2CO3CH4CONDITIONCAOHEATINGETHYLENECOMBUSTIONCH2CH23O22CO22H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGETHYLENEANDBROMINECH2CH2BR2TOCH2BRCH2BRETHYLENEANDWATERCH2CH2H20CH3CH2OHCONDITIONASCATALYSTETHYLENEANDHYDROGENCHLORIDECH2CH2HCLTOCH3CH2CLETHYLENEANDHYDROGENCH2CH2H2CH3CH3CONDITIONASCATALYSTETHYLENEPOLYMERIZATIONNCH2CH2CH2CH2NCONDITIONASCATALYSTVINYLCHLORIDEPOLYMERIZATIONNCH2CHCLCH2CHCLNCONDITIONASCATALYSTLABORATORYPRODUCTIONOFETHYLENECH3CH2OH,CH2CH2H2OCONDITIONSFORHEATING,CONCENTRATEDH2SO4ACETYLENECOMBUSTIONC2H23O22CO2H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGACETYLENEANDBROMINEC2H22BR2TOC2H2BR4ACETYLENEANDHYDROGENCHLORIDETWOSTEPREACTIONC2H2HCLC2H3CLC2H3CLHCLC2H4CL2ACETYLENEANDHYDROGENTWOSTEPREACTIONC2H2H2TOC2H4C2H22H2TOC2H6CONDITIONASCATALYST實驗室制乙炔CAC22H2OCAOH2C2H2以食鹽、水、石灰石、焦炭為原料合成聚乙烯的方程式CACO3CAOCO22CAO502CAC2CO2CAC22H2OC2H2CAOH2CH2OCOH2高溫C2H2H2C2H4乙炔加成生成乙烯C2H4可聚合苯燃燒2C6H615O212CO26H2O條件為點燃苯和液溴的取代C6H6BR2C6H5BRHBR苯和濃硫酸濃硝酸C6H6HNO3C6H5NO2H2O條件為濃硫酸苯和氫氣C6H63H2C6H12條件為催化劑乙醇完全燃燒的方程式C2H5OH3O22CO23H2O條件為點燃乙醇的催化氧化的方程式2CH3CH2OHO22CH3CHO2H2O條件為催化劑這是總方程式乙醇發(fā)生消去反應(yīng)的方程式CH3CH2OHCH2CH2H2O條件為濃硫酸170攝氏度兩分子乙醇發(fā)生分子間脫水2CH3CH2OHCH3CH2OCH2CH3H2O條件為催化劑濃硫酸140攝氏度乙醇和乙酸發(fā)生酯化反應(yīng)的方程式CH3COOHC2H5OHCH3COOC2H5H2O乙酸和鎂MG2CH3COOHCH3COO2MGH2乙酸和氧化鈣2CH3COOHCAOCH3CH22CHH2O乙酸和氫氧化鈉CH3COOCH2CH3NAOHCH3COONACH3CH2OH乙酸和碳酸鈉NA2CO32CH3COOHAND2CH3COONAH2OCO2INCREASEFORMALDEHYDEANDNEWCOPPERHYDROXIDEHCHO4CUOH2,2CU2OCO25H2OTHENEWSYSTEMOFACETALDEHYDEANDCOPPERHYDROXIDECH3CHO2CUTOCU2OPRECIPITATIONCH3COOH2H2OACETALDEHYDEISOXIDIZEDTOACETICACID2CH3CHOO22CH3COOHCONDITIONFORCATALYSTORHEATINGO2CO22H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGETHYLENECOMBUSTIONCH2CH23O22CO22H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGACETYLENECOMBUSTIONC2H23O22CO2H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGBENZENECOMBUSTION2C6H615O212CO26H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGEQUATIONFORCOMPLETECOMBUSTIONOFETHANOLC2H5OH3O22CO23H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGANEQUATIONFORTHECATALYTICOXIDATIONOFETHANOL2CH3CH2OHO22CH3CHO2H2OCONDITIONASCATALYSTCATALYTICOXIDATIONOFACETALDEHYDECH3CHOO22CH3COOHHEATINGWITHCATALYSTSUBSTITUTIONREACTIONTHESUBSTITUTIONOFSOMEATOMSORGROUPSOFATOMSINANORGANICMOLECULEBYOTHERATOMSORGROUPSOFATOMSMETHANEANDCHLORINEUNDERGOSUBSTITUTIONREACTIONSCH4CL2TOCH3CLHCLCH3CLCL2TOCH2CL2HCLCH2CL2CL2TOCHCL3HCLCHCL3CL2TOCCL4HCLALLCONDITIONSARELIGHTCONCENTRATEDNITRICACIDC6H6HNO3C6H5NO2H2OCONDITIONISCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDTHESUBSTITUTIONOFBENZENEANDBENZENEWITHHALOGENELEMENTS,CONCENTRATEDNITRICACIDANDSOONSUCHASTHECONCENTRATIONOFBROMINEANDSUBSTITUTEDPHENOLSSUCHASSUBSTITUTIONOFALKANESANDHALOGENELEMENTSINLIGHTSUCHASESTERIFICATIONREACTIONTHEREACTIONBETWEENANACIDANDANALCOHOLINTHEPRESENCEOFCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDTOPRODUCEESTERANDWATER,INESSENCE,ISTHEREACTIONOFCARBOXYLGROUPSWITHHYDROXYLGROUPSTOPRODUCEESTERGROUPSANDWATERSUCHASHYDROLYSISREACTIONTHESUBSTITUTIONOFOHORHINWATERMOLECULESFORTHEREACTIONOFATOMSORCLUSTERSINORGANICCOMPOUNDSISCALLEDHYDROLYSISHYDROLYSISOFHYDROGENHALIDESTOFORMALCOHOLSUCHASHYDROLYSISOFESTERSYIELDSCARBOXYLICACIDSCARBOXYLICACIDSANDALCOHOLSSUCHASHYDROLYSISOFETHYLACETATECH3COOC2H5H2OTOCH3COOHC2H5OHTHECONDITIONISINORGANICACIDBASEADDITIONREACTIONTHEREACTIONOFUNSATURATEDCARBONATOMSUNITEDWITHOTHERATOMSORATOMSINTOOTHERORGANICMATTERETHYLENEANDBROMINECH2CH2BR2TOCH2BRCH2BRETHYLENEANDWATERCH2CH2H20CH3CH2OHCONDITIONASCATALYSTETHYLENEANDHYDROGENCHLORIDECH2H2HCLTOCH3CH2CLETHYLENEANDHYDROGENCH2CH2H2CH3CH3CONDITIONASCATALYSTACETYLENEANDBROMINEC2H22BR2TOC2H2BR4ACETYLENEANDHYDROGENCHLORIDETWOSTEPREACTIONC2H2HCLC2H3CLC2H3CLHCLC2H4CL2ACETYLENEANDHYDROGENTWOSTEPREACTIONC2H2H2TOC2H4C2H22H2C2H6CONDITIONASCATALYSTBENZENEANDHYDROGENC6H63H2C6H12CONDITIONASCATALYSTELIMINATIONREACTIONORGANICMOLECULESOFFASMALLMOLECULEWATER,HYDROGENHALIDE,ETCANDPRODUCEUNSATURATEDDOUBLEBONDOFCARBONORCARBONCARBONTRIPLECOMPOUNDSANEQUATIONFORTHEELIMINATIONREACTIONOFETHANOLCH3CH2OHTOCH2CH2H2OCONDITIONISCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACID170DEGREESCELSIUSINTERMOLECULARDEHYDRATIONOFETHANOLOCCURSINTWOMOLECULES2CH3CH2OHCH3CH2OCH2CH3H2OCONDITIONISCATALYST,CONCENTRATEDSULFURICACID140DEGREESCELSIUSOLEFINSAREHYDROCARBONSCONTAININGCCBONDSUNSATURATEDHYDROCARBONSTHEMOLECULARFORMULAOFOLEFINSISCNH2N,NONPOLARMOLECULES,INSOLUBLEORSLIGHTLYSOLUBLEINWATERPRONETOADDITION,POLYMERIZATION,OXIDATION,ETCPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFETHYLENEUSUALLY,ACOLORLESSSLIGHTLYSMELLGAS,THEDENSITYISSMALLERTHANTHEAIR,INSOLUBLEINWATER,SOLUBLEINORGANICSOLVENTSSUCHASCARBONTETRACHLORIDE1OXIDATIONREACTIONITISEASYTOBEOXIDIZEDBYOXIDANTATROOMTEMPERATUREIFETHYLENEISPASSEDINTOTHEACIDICKMNO4SOLUTION,THEPURPLEOFTHESOLUTIONISREMOVED,THUSIDENTIFYINGTHEETHYLENEEASYTOBURNANDGIVEOFFHEATWHENBURNING,THEFLAMEISBRIGHTANDBLACKSMOKEISPRODUCED2ADDITIONREACTIONOFDOUBLEBONDINORGANICCOMPOUNDSORTRIPLEATBOTHENDSOFTHECARBONATOMSWITHOTHERATOMSORGROUPSOFATOMSTOFORMNEWCOMPOUNDSWITHDIRECTREACTION3POLYMERIZATIONLABORATORYMETHODFORTHEPRODUCTIONOFETHYLENE21CH3CH2OHCH2CH2H2OTHEPRINCIPLEOFREACTIONCONDITIONSFORHEATING,CONCENTRATEDH2SO42GENERATINGDEVICEAREACTIONDEVICEUSINGLIQUIDANDLIQUIDHEATINGTOPRODUCEGAS3COLLECTIONMETHODDRAINAGEGASCOLLECTIONMETHOD4MATTERSNEEDINGATTENTIONTHEVOLUMERATIOOFETHANOLANDCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDINREACTIONLIQUIDIS1TO3INTHEROUNDBOTTOMFLASKWITHASMALLAMOUNTOFBROKENTILES,THEPURPOSEISTOPREVENTBUMPINGWHENHEATEDINTHEREACTIONMIXTURETHETHERMOMETERMERCURYBULBSHOULDBEINSERTEDUNDERTHELIQUIDSURFACETOACCURATELYMEASURETHETEMPERATUREOFTHEREACTIONLIQUIDWHENHEATING,THETEMPERATURESHOULDBERAPIDLYINCREASEDTO170DEGREESTOREDUCETHECHANCEOFETHERFORMATIONINTHEPRODUCTIONOFETHYLENEINTHEREACTIONOFCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDCATALYST,BUTNOTWATERABSORBENTISOXIDANTINTHEREACTIONPROCESSTOETHANOLOXIDATION,CO2,CO,THELASTGENERATIONCSOTHETUBELIQUIDBLACK,WHILETHESULFATEITSELFISREDUCEDTOSO2SO2CANMAKEWATERORKMNO4SOLUTIONTHEREFORE,BEFORETHEEXPERIMENTONTHEPROPERTIESOFETHYLENE,SO2CANBEREMOVEDBYWASHINGTHEGASTHROUGHTHENAOHSOLUTIONTOOBTAINPUREETHYLENEACETYLENE,ALSOKNOWNASCALCIUMCARBIDEGASTHESTRUCTUREOFSIMPLETYPEHCCH,ISTHEMOSTSIMPLEALKYNESCHEMICALFORMULAC2H2MOLECULARSTRUCTURENONPOLARMOLECULESWITHLINEARMOLECULESCOLORLESS,ODORLESS,FLAMMABLEGAS,SLIGHTLYSOLUBLEINWATER,SOLUBLEINETHANOL,ACETONEANDOTHERORGANICSOLVENTSTHECHEMICALPROPERTYISVERYACTIVE,ITCANREACTWITHADDITION,OXIDATION,POLYMERIZATIONANDMETALSUBSTITUTIONTHEPOTASSIUMPERMANGANATESOLUTIONFADEDPURPLEMETHODCAC22H2OLABORATORYACETYLENECAOH2C2H2CHEMICALPROPERTY1OXIDATIONREACTIONAFLAMMABILITY2C2H25O2TO4CO22H2OPHENOMENONBRIGHTANDTHICKSMOKEBOXIDATIONBYKMNO4TOMAKEPOTASSIUMPERMANGANATEPURPLEACIDSOLUTION2ADDREACTIONITCANREACTWITHBR2,H2,HXANDMANYOTHERSUBSTANCESPHENOMENONCCL4SOLUTIONORBR2FADEFADEBROMINEPLUSH2CHCHH2,CH2CH2PLUSH2TWOSTEPREACTIONC2H2H2TOC2H4C2H22H2C2H6CONDITIONASCATALYSTVINYLCHLORIDEUSEDINMAKINGPOLYVINYLCHLORIDEC2H2HCLC2H3CLNCH2CHCLCH2CHCLN條件為催化劑3由于乙炔與乙烯都是不飽和烴,所以化學(xué)性質(zhì)基本相似金屬取代反應(yīng)將乙炔通入溶有金屬鈉的液氨里有氫氣放出乙炔與銀氨溶液反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生白色乙炔銀沉淀1、鹵化烴官能團(tuán),鹵原子在堿的溶液中發(fā)生“水解反應(yīng)“,生成醇在堿的醇溶液中發(fā)生“消去反應(yīng)“,得到不飽和烴2、醇官能團(tuán),醇羥基能與鈉反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生氫氣能發(fā)生消去得到不飽和烴與羥基相連的碳直接相連的碳原子上如果沒有氫原子,不能發(fā)生消去能與羧酸發(fā)生酯化反應(yīng)能被催化氧化成醛伯醇氧化成醛,仲醇氧化成酮,叔醇不能被催化氧化3、醛官能團(tuán),醛基能與銀氨溶液發(fā)生銀鏡反應(yīng)能與新制的氫氧化銅溶液反應(yīng)生成紅色沉淀能被氧化成羧酸能被加氫還原成醇4、酚,官能團(tuán),酚羥基具有酸性能鈉反應(yīng)得到氫氣酚羥基使苯環(huán)性質(zhì)更活潑,苯環(huán)上易發(fā)生取代,酚羥基在苯環(huán)上是鄰對位定位基能與羧酸發(fā)生酯化5、羧酸,官能團(tuán),羧基具有酸性一般酸性強(qiáng)于碳酸能與鈉反應(yīng)得到氫氣不能被還原成醛注意是“不能“能與醇發(fā)生酯化反應(yīng)6、酯,官能團(tuán),酯基HYDROLYSISOCCURSTOPRODUCEACIDSANDALCOHOLSMATERIALEXTRACTIONLABORATORYMETHANEPRODUCTIONCH3COONANAOHNA2CO3CH4CONDITIONCAOHEATINGLABORATORYPRODUCTIONOFETHYLENECH3CH2OH,CH2CH2H2OCONDITIONSFORHEATING,CONCENTRATEDH2SO4LABORATORYACETYLENECAC22H2O,CAOH2C2H2INDUSTRIALETHANOLPRODUCTIONC2H4H20CH3CH2OHCONDITIONASCATALYSTPREPARATIONOFACETALDEHYDEACETYLENEHYDRATIONPROCESSC2H2H2OTOC2H4OCONDITIONISCATALYST,HEATING,PRESSURIZINGETHYLENEOXIDATIONPROCESS2CH2CH2O2TO2CH3CHOHEATINGWITHCATALYSTETHANOLOXIDATIONMETHOD2CH3CH2OHO2TO2CH3CHO2H2OASCATALYST,HEATINGPREPARATIONOFACETICACIDACETALDEHYDEISOXIDIZEDTOACETICACID2CH3CHOO2TO2CH3COOHASCATALYSTANDHEATINGADDITIONPOLYMERIZATIONETHYLENEPOLYMERIZATIONNCH2CH2CH2CH2NCONDITIONASCATALYSTVINYLCHLORIDEPOLYMERIZATIONNCH2CHCLCH2CHCLNCONDITIONASCATALYSTOXIDATIONREACTIONMETHANECOMBUSTIONCH42O2CO22H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGETHYLENECOMBUSTIONCH2CH23O22CO22H2OCONDITIONFORLIGHTINGACETYLENEC