武漢理工材料概論重點(diǎn).doc

Definition 材料的定義：The materials making up the surrounding world consist of discrete particles, having a submicroscopic size.材料制作了周圍的世界由離散粒子,擁有一個(gè)亞微觀的大小。Atomic structure and the nature of bonds(原子結(jié)構(gòu)和化學(xué)鍵)metals and their alloys (metallic bonding 金屬鍵)organic polymers 有機(jī)聚合物(covalent bonding and secondary bonding 共價(jià)鍵和二次鍵)ceramics (ionic bonding and covalent bonding離子鍵和共價(jià)鍵)Mechanical properties：力學(xué)性能Which reflect the behavior of materials, deformed by a set of forces （概念）這反映材料的行為, 使.殘缺，使.變形Four basic types of stresses : tensile, compressive, shear ,torsion (拉力，壓力，剪切力，扭轉(zhuǎn)力)Physical properties:物理性能the behavior of materials subjected to the action of temperature, electric or magnetic fields, or light.材料的行為受到的動(dòng)作溫度、電場(chǎng)或磁場(chǎng),或者光。電性能Electric properties磁性能Magnetic properties熱性能Thermal properties光性能Optical propertiesChemical properties:化學(xué)性能Which characterize the behavior of material in a reactive environment. （概念）用材料的行為在一個(gè)無功的環(huán)境。The four basic aspects of materials science and technology are: manufacturing processing, structure, properties and performances這四個(gè)基本方面的材料科學(xué)和技術(shù):生產(chǎn)加工、結(jié)構(gòu)、性質(zhì)和性能First, the processing of a material affects the structure, second the original structure and properties determine how we can process the material to produce a desired shape首先,在處理材料影響結(jié)構(gòu),第二個(gè)原始的結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)決定我們?nèi)绾翁幚聿牧袭a(chǎn)生想要的形狀一、METAL:（金屬）1、金屬最顯著的特性：good conductors of heat and electricity (熱導(dǎo)性，電導(dǎo)性)2、性能:are opaque to visible light; are hard, rigid; can undergo plastic deformation; have a high melting temperature.是不透明的,可見光;是很難的,嚴(yán)格的,可以進(jìn)行塑性變形;有一個(gè)高熔點(diǎn)溫度嗎3、金屬的晶體點(diǎn)陣： crystal structure（晶體結(jié)構(gòu)） : body-centered cubic structure , face-centered cubic structure , hexagonal close-packed structure（體型、面型，六角形放射狀） 4、 properties of alloys（合金的性能） :(more carbon ,more brittle.) have relatively high thermal and electrical conductivities; good energy absorption characteristics ;nonmagnetic properties(更多的碳,更脆弱)。有相對(duì)較高的熱導(dǎo)率和電;良好的能量吸收特性;非磁性特性5、 鑄鐵概念：cast iron, essentially an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon, is composed of iron and from 2 to 6.67 percent carbon, plus manganese, sulfur, and phosphorus, and shaped by being cast in a mold. 鑄鐵,本質(zhì)上是一種合金的鐵、碳和硅,是由鐵和從2到6.67%的碳,加上錳、硫、磷、和形狀的被一個(gè)模子刻出來的。6、 The types and properties of cast iron ； white cast iron( hard , brittle ) , gray cast iron (brittle ,withstand large compressive loads but small tensile loads ), alloy cast iron , nodular or ductile cast iron (good castability ,toughness, good wear resistance ,low melting point ,and hardenability ), malleable cast iron (strength ,toughness, ductility ,and machinability)的類型和屬性的鑄鐵;白口鑄鐵(硬而脆),灰口鑄鐵(脆,承受大壓縮加載,但小拉伸加載),合金鑄鐵,結(jié)節(jié)或球墨鑄鐵(良好的鑄造性能、韌性好,耐磨損、低熔點(diǎn),和硬化性)、可鍛鑄鐵(強(qiáng)度、韌性、延性、可加工性)7、carbon steels（碳鋼）：low carbon steels（含碳0.050.32%）；medium carbon steels（含碳0.350.55%）；high carbon steels（含碳0.601.50%）8、不銹鋼：there are three types of stainless steels:-the martensitic types；the ferritic types ；the austenitic types 有三種類型的不銹鋼:馬氏體類型;鐵素體類型;奧氏體類型9、 advantages of using Al: one-third of the weight of steel ;good thermal and electrical conductivity ;high strength-to-weight ratio ;can be given a hard surface by anodizing and hard coating ;most alloys are weldable ;will not rust ;high reflectivity ;can be die cast ;easily machined ;good formability; nonmagnetic ;nontoxic and one third of the stiffness of steel.優(yōu)勢(shì)利用艾爾:三分之一的重量鋼鐵;良好的熱和導(dǎo)電性;高強(qiáng)度重量比,可以得到一個(gè)堅(jiān)硬的表面,陽極氧化和硬涂層;大多數(shù)合金焊;不會(huì)生銹;高反射率;可以壓鑄加工;良好的成型性能;很容易;無磁性,無毒,一個(gè)人的剛度的鋼。10、 copper is known for its high thermal (熱導(dǎo)性)and electrical conductivity.銅以其高熱導(dǎo)和電導(dǎo)被知道11、crystal structure : body-centered cubic structure (barium), face-centered cubic structure (copper), 晶體結(jié)構(gòu):以身體為中心的立方結(jié)構(gòu)(鋇),面心立方結(jié)構(gòu)(銅),hexagonal close-packed structure (zinc)六角擁擠不堪的結(jié)構(gòu)(鋅)二、CERAMIC（陶瓷）1、The property of ceramics （陶瓷的性質(zhì)） Extreme hardness（硬度高） Heat resistance 耐熱性 Corrosion resistance耐蝕性 Low electrical and thermal conductivity 低電和熱導(dǎo)率 Low ductility (brittleness)低韌性(脆性)2、Porosity（孔隙度）Open porosity: refers to the network of pores in a material that is open to the surface and into which a liquid such as water can penetrate if the part were submerged in it。開孔率:指網(wǎng)絡(luò)的孔隙中一個(gè)材料,是開放的,液體表面和諸如水可以穿透如果部分被淹沒在它。Closed porosity: refers to those pores that have become sealed within the grain structure 。封閉的孔隙度:指那些毛孔,已經(jīng)成為密封在粒結(jié)構(gòu)Pores affect the strength of ceramics in two ways：（影響強(qiáng)度的毛孔陶瓷兩種方式）、they produce stress concentrations. Once the stress reaches a critical level, a crack will form and propagate.他們產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力集中。一旦壓力達(dá)到臨界水平,裂紋形成和傳播。、pores reduce the cross-sectional areas over which a load can be applied and, consequently, lower the stress that these materials can support。毛孔減少截面的負(fù)載可以應(yīng)用,因此,降低壓力,這些材料能支持。Conventional ceramic processing（傳統(tǒng)陶瓷處理）；manufacture of the powder ,its calcinations ,milling ,grading and mixing ,incorporating additives ,shape forming , drying and densification. 制造的粉末,其煅燒、銑、分級(jí)和混合,包含添加劑、形狀形成、干燥和致密化。三、GLASS（玻璃）1、the measured mechanical strength of glass is much lower than the theoretical strength測(cè)量的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度的玻璃遠(yuǎn)低于理論強(qiáng)度causes of this loss of strength ：、the presence of surface defects, such as caused by chemical corrosion or mechanical abrasion。表面缺陷的出現(xiàn),例如由化學(xué)腐蝕或機(jī)械磨損。、If the glass is cooled too rapidly it does not have time to release stresses set up within it during cooling . these are frozen-in and can cause the glass to shatter when it becomes a solid.如果玻璃冷卻過快它沒有時(shí)間釋放強(qiáng)調(diào)建立在它在冷卻。這些都是“凍結(jié)”,可以使玻璃破碎時(shí),它變成了一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的。the transparency is explained by two properties :透明度是解釋為兩個(gè)屬性:first ,it has no surface of internal structure which gives reflection or scattering。second ,it has no free electrons which can interact with the electron magnetic nature of wave motion including visible light 首先,它沒有表面的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu),給反射或散射。第二,它沒有自由電子,可以與電子磁性質(zhì)的波動(dòng)包括可見光四、CEMENT CONCRETE（水泥混凝土）ConcreteThe properties of the flesh or plastic concrete:肉體的屬性或塑性混凝土:1. the wetness or dryness of the mix is referred to as the consistency or slump(濕潤或干燥的組合稱為一致性或衰退)2. uniformity indicates that the concrete is mixed thoroughly ,has a standard appearance ,and all ingredients are evenly distributed in the mix .一致性表明,混凝土和徹底,有一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的外觀,和所有的原料都是均勻分布的組合。3. Workability is the ease with which concrete is placed and consolidated.The properties of hardened concrete (硬化混凝土的性質(zhì))一致性表明,混凝土和徹底,有一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的外觀,和所有的原料都是均勻分布的組合。1. Hardened concrete should be durable, strong, watertight, and resistant to abrasion.硬化混凝土應(yīng)該耐用,強(qiáng)壯,水密和耐磨損。2. Concrete must be durable enough to withstand extreme exposure conditions and to give long service with a minimum of upkeep.混凝土必須是持久的,足以承受極端的曝光條件和給長期服務(wù),最低的保養(yǎng)。3. The most destructive weathering factor that can act on concrete is the freezing and thawing if concrete while it is wet or moist.最具破壞性的風(fēng)化因素,可以作用于混凝土凍融如果混凝土雖然濕或潮濕。4. Concrete must be strong enough to carry the heavy loads placed on it.混凝土必須足以攜帶重物放在它。(混凝土的硬化是水和水泥之間發(fā)生化學(xué)和物理作用的結(jié)果。按階段來分:產(chǎn)生快速放熱期(第一階段)大約15 min停止,隨后為潛伏期(第二階段)， 13 h出現(xiàn)初凝,此時(shí)潛伏期結(jié)束,進(jìn)入第三階段,再出現(xiàn)激烈反應(yīng),硅酸鹽繼續(xù)水化且速度加快,直到末期達(dá)到最大反應(yīng)速度,亦即達(dá)到最大放熱率,58 h產(chǎn)生終凝并開始早期硬化,以后反應(yīng)速度再慢下來(第四階段),在1214 h內(nèi)達(dá)到穩(wěn)定期。初凝相當(dāng)于第二階段結(jié)束,終凝相當(dāng)于第三階段結(jié)束而達(dá)到最大的化學(xué)反應(yīng)速度,相應(yīng)達(dá)到最大放熱率。)5、Properties of concrete (混凝土的性能)a) concrete hardens in the presence of water .混凝土硬化在水的存在。b) it does not corrode or decay它不受腐蝕或腐爛c) freshly mixed concrete can be formed into any shape新拌混凝土可以形成任何形狀d) concrete can be molded at normal temperatures混凝土塑造在正常溫度e) can withstand heat and fire 能夠承受加熱和火Variables that influence concrete quality：aggregate gradation；water-cement ratio；air entrainment骨料級(jí)配;水灰比; 夾雜空氣strength test used as hardened concrete :first strength of concrete, in compression, tension, shear, or a combination of these ,has, in most cases ,a direct influence on the load-carrying capacity of both plain and reinforced structures ;second the properties of hardened concrete ,those concerning strength can usually be determined most easily third by means of correlations wit h other more complicated tests ,the results of strength tests can be used as qualitative indications of other properties of hardened concrete 首先對(duì)混凝土強(qiáng)度、壓縮、緊張、剪切、或組合這些,已經(jīng),在大多數(shù)情況下,直接影響的承載力兩平原和鋼筋結(jié)構(gòu); 第二個(gè)屬性的硬化混凝土,那些關(guān)于強(qiáng)度通?？梢源_定最容易第三個(gè)通過其他更復(fù)雜的相關(guān)性機(jī)智h測(cè)試,測(cè)試結(jié)果的力量可以用作定性的跡象其他屬性的硬化混凝土硅酸鹽水泥的生產(chǎn):兩磨（磨原料，磨石膏）一燒（clinker熟料）；basic components of concrete :cement ,aggregate ,water ,additives五、POLYMER（聚合物）A Polymers is macromolecule (大分子）built up by the linking together of large numbers of much smaller molecules性能：low strength, low melting point flexible easily to be formed into different shapes Addition polymerization（加聚反應(yīng)）Here are three significant reactions that take place in addition polymerization: initiation, propagation, and termination.入門、遷移、記錄保管和終止。initiation (birth) 鏈引發(fā)propagation (growth) 鏈增長termination (death) 鏈終止Termination Reaction: Termination typically occurs in two ways:combination(偶合終止) and disproportionate(歧化終止)Combination occurs when the polymers growth is stopped by free electrons from two growing chains that join and form a single chain.結(jié)合發(fā)生在聚合物的增長是停在自由電子從兩個(gè)增長鏈,加入和形成一個(gè)鏈。反應(yīng)式Disproportionation halts the propagation reaction when a free radical strips a hydrogen atom from an active chain. A carbon-carbon double bond takes the place of the missing hydrogen.歧化中斷傳播反應(yīng)當(dāng)自由基帶一個(gè)氫原子從一個(gè)活躍的鏈。一個(gè)碳碳雙鍵取代失蹤的氫。反應(yīng)式Living polymerization: There exists a type of addition polymerization that does not undergo a termination reaction. This so-called “l(fā)iving polymerization” continues until the monomer supply has been exhausted Polymers vary in their mechanical behavior depending on the degree of crystallinity , degree of crosslinking, and the values of Tg and Tm.生活聚合:存在一個(gè)類型的加成聚合反應(yīng),不經(jīng)歷一個(gè)終止反應(yīng)。這個(gè)所謂的“生活聚合”將繼續(xù),直到單體供應(yīng)已經(jīng)筋疲力盡聚合物都有不同的力學(xué)行為取決于結(jié)晶度、交聯(lián)度、Tg和Tm的值。There are two types of plastics：flexible plastics（柔性塑料） and rigid plastics（剛性塑料）.The flexible plastics possess moderate to high degrees of crystallinity and a wide range of Tm and Tg values. They have moderate to high tensile strengths, and ultimate elongation.靈活的塑料具有中等到高程度的結(jié)晶度和廣泛的Tm和Tg值。他們有中等到高強(qiáng)度的優(yōu)勢(shì),和極限伸長。The rigid plastics have high moduli and moderate to high tensile strengths, they undergo very small elongations before rupturing.有很高的硬質(zhì)塑料模和中等到高強(qiáng)度的優(yōu)勢(shì),他們經(jīng)歷非常小的elongations斷開之前。Tm-polt of melt temperature Tg-glass transition temperature Tg/Tm=0.5-0.8A highly flexible chain has a low Tg and strong intermolecular forces tend to raise Tg and also increase crystallinity, the controlling factor in determining Tg is chain flexibility一個(gè)高度靈活的鏈有一個(gè)低Tg和強(qiáng)大的分子間力傾向于提高Tg和結(jié)晶度也增加,控制因素在決定Tg是鏈的靈活性六、COMPOSITE（復(fù)合材料）Definition of Composite（復(fù)合材料的定義） A composite is a combined material created by the synthetic assembly of two or more components a selected filler or reinforcing agent and a compatible matrix (基體) binder (e.g. a res