新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第三版第二冊(cè)課文語(yǔ)法講解-Unit8.doc

新視野三版 讀寫(xiě) B2 U8 Text AAnimals or children? A scientists choice1 I am the enemy! I am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involvedin animal research. These rumors sting, for I have never thought of myself asan evil person. I became a childrens doctor because of my love for childrenand my supreme desire to keep them healthy. During medical schooland residency, I saw many children die of cancer and bloodshed from injury circumstances against which medicine has made great progress but stil has along way to go. More importantly, I also saw children healthy thanks toadvances in medical science such as infant breathing support, powerful newmedicinesandsurgicaltechniquesandtheentirefieldof organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happychildren drew me to medical research.*2My accusers have twisted the truth into a fable and cast me asthe devil. They claim that I have no moral compass, that I torture innocentanimals for the sole purpose of career advancement, and that my experimentshave no relevance to medicine.Meanwhile, an uncaring public barely watches,convincedthattheissuehasnosignificance,andpublicity-conscious senators and politicians increasingly give way tothe lobbying of animal rights activists.3 We, in medical research, have also been unbelievably uncaring. We haveal owed the most extreme animal rights protesters to creep in and frame theissue as one of animal fraud and hatred. We have persisted in our belief thata knowledgeable public would consent to the importance of animal researchfor public health. Perhaps we have been mistaken in not responding to theemotional tone of the argument. Perhaps we should have responded to thosesad slogans and posters of animals by waving equal y sad posters of childrendying of cancer or external wounds.4 In the animal rights forum, much is made of the volume of pain these animalsexperience in the name of medical science.Activists deny that we are trying tohelp and say it is evidence of our evil and cruel nature. A more reasonableargument, however, can be advanced in our defense. Life is often cruel toanimals and human beings. Teenagers are flung from trucks and suffer severehead injuries. Young children barely able to walk find themselves at the bottomof swimming pools while a parent is occupied with something else. Fromeveryday germs to gang violence, no life is free of pain. Physicians hoping torelieve the eternal suffering of these tragedies have only three choices: 1)create an animal model of the problem to understand the process and test newtherapies; 2) experiment on human beings (some experiments wil succeed,most wil fail); or 3) leave medical knowledge static, hoping that accidentaldiscoveries wil lead us forward.5 Some animal rights activists would suggest an optional fourth choice,*claimingthatcomputermodelscancreateanimalexperiments,thus omitting actual experiments. Computers can imitate the effects ofwel -understood principles on complex systems, as in the application of thelaws of physics to airplane and automobile design. However, when theprinciples themselves are in question, as is the case with the complexbiological systems of human life under study, computer modeling alone is oflittle value.6 One of the terrifying effects of arresting the use of animals in medicalresearch is that the impact wil not be felt for years or even decades. Drugs tocure infection wil remain undiscovered, surgical and diagnostic techniques wilremain undeveloped, and fundamental biological processes that might havebeen understood wil remain mysteries. There is the danger that quickdecisions by wel -meaning politicians wil create resolution to diplomatical ysatisfy the smal minority of loud protesters while the consequences anddamaging impact of those decisions wil not be apparent until long after.7 Fortunately, most of us enjoy good health, and the agony of watching oneschild die has become a rare experience. Yet our good fortune should not makeus unappreciative. Protection from serious sickness and drugs to combat heart*disease, high blood pressure and stroke are albased on animalresearch. Most complex surgical procedures such as heart or hip surgery andorgantransplantationsurgerieswereinitial ydevelopedinanimals. Techniques to replace defective genes, the cause of so muchdisease, as wel as the development of synthetic organs are presentlyundergoing animal studies. These studies, and any subsequent advances, wileffectively end if animal research is severely restricted.8 In America today, death has become an event isolated from our dailyexistence. As a doctor who has watched many children die and seen theirparents infinite grief, I am particularly angered by any minute expression ofcaring for the suffering of creatures and so little for sick and dying humanbeings. People are too protected from the reality of human life and death andwhat it means.9 Make no mistake, however. I would never advocate needless cruel treatmentof animals. The animal rights movement has made a contribution in making usmore aware of animals needs and the need to search harder for suitablealternatives. But if the more radical members of this movement are successfulin threatening further research, their efforts wil bring about a tragedy that wilcost many lives. Hence the real question is whether an uncaring majority canbe aroused to protect its future against a loud, but misdirected, minority.Language Points：1 Animals or children? A scientists choice (Title)Meaning: A scientist is now facing two choices: in favor of animals or children.2 I am the enemy! I am one of those cursed, cruel physician scientists involved inanimal research. These rumors sting, for I have never thought of myself as an evilperson. (Para. 1)Meaning: I am the enemythe one who is condemned as a cold-hearted physicianscientist doing animal research. These rumors make me upset as Ive never consideredmyself as being evil.Meaning beyond words: The physicians ironic tone in the sentences well reflects hisindignation and anger at the animal rights activists.3 I became a childrens doctor because of my love for children and my supremedesire to keep them healthy. (Para. 1)Meaning: My love for children and strong desire to keep them healthy drove me to be achildrens doctor.Usage note: supreme, superior, super, superb*supreme, superior, super, superb都是形容詞，且詞形相近。它們都沒(méi)有比較級(jí)，也沒(méi)有最高級(jí)， 但它們的詞義和用法稍有差別。1 supreme 基本詞義表示“（程度）最大的，最高的，極度的”，一般用在名詞前作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞，其副詞是 supremely，表示“極度地；極其”，常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)不好的品質(zhì)。例如：The Supreme Commander was in bad temper as the task for him had changed abruptly*and fundamental y.最高指揮官很生氣，因?yàn)樗娜蝿?wù)突然徹底地改變了。2 superior 表示“更好的；更強(qiáng)的；更有效的”，明顯含有“好 ”的意思。例如：*A few years ago it was virtually impossible to find superior quality coffee in local shops.幾年前, 幾乎不可能在當(dāng)?shù)氐目Х鹊暾业狡焚|(zhì)上乘的咖啡。*superior后可以接介詞 to，表示 “比更好的/更強(qiáng)的/更有效的”，在句中一般用作表語(yǔ)或后置定語(yǔ)。例如：*For all babies, breastfeeding is far superior to bottlefeeding.對(duì)于所有的嬰兒，母乳喂養(yǎng)都遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)于奶瓶喂養(yǎng)。*We have a relationship infinitely superior to those of many of our friends.我們之間的關(guān)系比我們?cè)S多朋友之間的關(guān)系好太多了。*superior也可以用作名詞，指“上級(jí)；上司；長(zhǎng)官”，其反義詞為 inferior。superior不能用作副詞。3 super 表示“極好的；了不起的”，能兼用作副詞表示“極其；非?！?。例如：*They have gained market leadership by sel ing products that were of super quality.通過(guò)銷(xiāo)售高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品，他們已獲得了市場(chǎng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位。Lee is very straightforward, super honest and he always knows what he is talking about.李非常直爽，且超級(jí)誠(chéng)實(shí)，他總是知道自己在說(shuō)什么。（super 用作副詞）“Did you enjoy the film?” “Yes, I thought it was super.” “你喜歡這個(gè)電影嗎？” “我喜歡，我認(rèn)為它超棒的?！?4 superb 的詞義與 super 相同，表示“極好的；出色的；卓越的”，superb在句中不僅可以作定語(yǔ)，也可以作表語(yǔ)，其副詞是 superbly。例如：*The fact is that the telephone service is superb here, as is compared to postal service.事實(shí)是，與郵政服務(wù)相比，這兒的電話服務(wù)是一流的。*I am highly aware of the superb reputation of your school.我非常了解你們學(xué)校極佳的聲譽(yù)。4 During medical school and residency, I saw many children die of cancer andbloodshed from injurycircumstances against which medicine has made greatprogress but still has a long way to go. More importantly, I also saw childrenhealthy thanks to advances in medical science such as infant breathing support,powerful new medicines and surgical techniques and the entire field of organtransplantation. (Para. 1)Meaning: When I was studying at a medical school and being trained at a hospital, I sawmany children die of cancer and shed blood from injury situations that modernmedicine, though has advanced a lot, is notable to completely handle. On the other hand,I saw children healthy because of the medical achievements such as infant breathingsupport and so forth.Meaning beyond words: The comparison and contrast between the cases of children hewitnessed effectively il ustrates the importance and necessity of animal research.5 My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medicalresearch. (Para.1)Meaning: My doing medical research was driven by my priority to keep children healthyand happy.6 My accusers have twisted the truth into a fable and cast me as the devil. Theyclaim that I have no moral compass, that I torture innocent animals for the solepurpose of career advancement, and that my experiments have no relevance tomedicine. (Para. 2)Meaning: Those who accuse me of having no moral standards distorted the truth into alegendary story where I am depicted as a monster that tortures innocent animals only formy career advancement and my experiments have nothing to do with medicine.Meaning beyond words: The paral el structure of “that” clause evidently strengthens theangry tone of the physician and it obviously is a plus when arguing for ones viewpoint.7 Meanwhile, an uncaring public barely watches, convinced that the issue has nosignificance, and publicity-conscious senators and politicians increasingly giveway to the lobbying of animal rights activists. (Para. 2)Meaning: At the same time, the general public act like bystanders, believing that the issueis no big deal. The senators and politicians, who are familiar with the public issues, keepmaking concessions to activists advocating animal rights.Meaning beyond words: The physician is unhappy and dissatisfied with the indifferentpublic and condemns those politicians who acted too softly to the animal rights activists.8 We, in medical research, have also been unbelievably uncaring. We have allowedthe most extreme animal rights protesters to creep in and frame the issue as one of“animal fraud” and hatred. (Para.3)Meaning: It is incredible that we who are doing medical research have also been ignoringthe issue. We even gave permission to the most radical animal rights protesters togradual y impact on our research practice and accuse it of animal deception and hatredfor animals.Meaning beyond words: The medical researchers have been too soft to the animalrights protesters that they got themselves into trouble.frame vt. deliberately make sb. seem guilty of a crime when theyre not guilty, by lying to*the police or in a court of law陷害；誣告Jack would never cheat at a exam, but his classmate framed him as a cheat who had*used iPhone connected to the Internet.杰克絕不會(huì)在考試中作弊，但他同學(xué)誣陷他是個(gè)作弊者，說(shuō)他使用連上了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的 iPhone。9 We have persisted in our belief that acknowledgeable public would consent to theimportance of animal research for public health. Perhaps we have been mistaken innot responding to the emotional tone of the argument. (Para. 3)Meaning: We have believed firmly that knowledgeable people would agree how importantanimal research is for public health. Maybe, we have been wrong in not reacting to theanimal rights activists emotional expressions.Meaning beyond words: The implied meaning is that they, the animal researchers, havemade mistakes in believing the public and dealing with animal rights activists.Usage note: consent, approve, agreeconsent, approve, agree 是一組近義詞， 這些詞均含“同意；贊同”之意， 但在含義和用法上有區(qū)別。1 consent 是不及物動(dòng)詞，表示“同意、允許別人的請(qǐng)求、建議或者滿足他人的愿望”，著重意愿或感情，且是帶有一定阻力或困難的贊同，而且常有居高臨下的允諾之意。常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)有consent to sth., consent to sb.s doing sth., consent to do sth.。例如：My father must have made some inquiries and been satisfied, for he consented to my*choice.我的父親肯定去打聽(tīng)了一些事情并感到滿意，因?yàn)樗饬宋业倪x擇。The owner wouldnt consent to our making any structural changes in the flat while we live*in it.在我們居住期間，房主不會(huì)同意我們對(duì)公寓作任何結(jié)構(gòu)上的變動(dòng)。The Queen has graciously consented to open her London palace to the public for two*months every summer.女王已欣然同意她在倫敦的宮殿每個(gè)夏天可向公眾開(kāi)放兩個(gè)月。*2 approve在表示“對(duì)所呈報(bào)的建議、計(jì)劃或做法作正式或者官方的批準(zhǔn)、認(rèn)可”時(shí)，用作及物動(dòng)詞, 后直接接賓語(yǔ)。例如：*The White House approved the new deal.白宮批準(zhǔn)了這項(xiàng)新協(xié)議。*approve在表示“贊成；同意；贊許”時(shí), 用作不及物動(dòng)詞，常與 of 連用。例如：*Catherines parents now approved of her marriage.凱瑟琳的父母現(xiàn)在同意了她的婚姻。*I dont approve of cosmetic surgery.我不贊同整容手術(shù)。3 agree 在表示“同意；贊成”時(shí)，指對(duì)某事與他人有相同的見(jiàn)解和看法, 可用作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。用作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，agree 后接 that 引導(dǎo)的從句，表示接受或趨同對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn)、計(jì)劃、建議、方案等。例如：*I agree that your plan is better.我同意，你的計(jì)劃更好。用作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，agree 后常接 to 引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)詞不定式，或介詞 to, with, on, about。*agree to意為“同意”，接名詞或接不定式表示“同意（去做）某事”。例如：*I thought it was a reasonable proposal, but he didnt agree to it / to accept it.我覺(jué)得這是個(gè)合理的建議，可是他不同意（接受）它。*agree with意為“與一致；同意；對(duì)贊同”。例如：*We cannot agree with the alternations and amendments to the contract.我們不能同意對(duì)合同的變動(dòng)及更改。*agree on/upon/about意為“就達(dá)成協(xié)議；在上意見(jiàn)一致”，賓語(yǔ)常為共同支持或取得一致意見(jiàn)的事物。例如：*Since we have agreed upon the details, lets put the program into practice.既然我們?cè)诩?xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題上已取得一致意見(jiàn)，咱們就把計(jì)劃付諸實(shí)施吧。10 Perhaps we should have responded to those sad slogans and posters of animalsby waving equally sad posters of children dying of cancer or external wounds.(Para. 3)Meaning: Perhaps we should have responded to those sad slogans and posters ofanimals in a tit-for-tat way: showing the posters of children dying of cancer or externalwounds.11 In the animal rights forum, much is made of the volume of pain these animalsexperience in the name of medical science. Activists deny that we are trying to helpand say it is evidence of our evil and cruel nature. (Para. 4)Meaning: By way of the animal rights forum, activists have said far more than enoughabout the pain these animals suffer from medical research. They use it as an excuse todeny the efforts we are making and accuse us of evil and cruel nature.Meaning beyond words: Here the physician is criticizing the animal rights activists forbeing dishonest to the public.12 A more reasonable argument, however, can be advanced in our defense. Life isoften cruel to animals and human beings. Teenagers are flung from trucks andsuffer severe head injuries. Young children barely able to walk find themselves atthe bottom of swimming pools while a parent is occupied with something else.From everyday germs to gang violence, no life is free of pain. (Para. 4)Meaning: To defend our argument, we can provide more reasonable evidence. Life iscruel to both animals and human beings. We often see teenagers thrown out from trucks,suffering severe head injuries; little children, yet unable to walk, are found dead inswimming pools while their parents are busy and distracted. We are surrounded bypotential il ness from common germs and viruses and by potential dangers from caraccidents to gang violence; no life is free from pain.13 Physicians hoping to relieve the eternal suffering of these tragedies have onlythree choices:1) create an animal model of the problem to understand the processand test new therapies; 2)experiment on human beings (some experiments willsucceed, most will fail); or 3) leave medical knowledge static, hoping thataccidental discoveries will lead us forward. (Para. 4)Meaning: According to the author, to reduce the never-ending suffering from thesemisfortunes, physicians can only have three options: create an animal model, test onhuman beings, or stop doing medical research with the hope that one day some miraclewill happen.Meaning beyond words: The authors position is indirectly stated that physicians canonly choose the first choice among these three to save the lives of human beings create an animal model of the medical problem to imitate and understand the process ofthe medical treatment and to test new treatments.14 Some animal rights activists would suggest an optional fourth choice, claimingthat computer models can create animal experiments, thus omitting actualexperiments. (Para. 5)Meaning: Some animal rights activists might suggest a fourth choice to solve the problem:use computers to model animal experiments so that animal experiments can beeliminated.15 Computers can imitate the effects of well-understood principles on complexsystems, as in the application of the laws of physics to airplane and automobiledesign. (Para. 5)Meaning: Computers can model the effects of complex systems if the principles arewell-understood, just as we apply the laws of physics to the design of airplanes andautomobiles.16 However, when the principles themselves are in question, as is the case with thecomplex biological systems of human life under study, computer modeling alone isof little value. (Para. 5)Meaning: However, computer modeling wont be of great value when the principlesthemselves are questionable such as the complex biological systems of human life whichare stil under study.Meaning beyond words: The fourth suggestion is obviously not practical since it doesntwork with complex systems.*Sentence structure note “as is the case with ”句型*“as is (often) the case with ”句型中，as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可以放在主句之前或之后, 表示“跟的情