小學(xué)英語(yǔ)-現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).doc

朗博教育您值得信賴的培訓(xùn)學(xué)校！ 新概念英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法串講現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)指的是過(guò)去發(fā)生并且已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果，過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且有可能還會(huì)持續(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法1. 過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作到目前為止這個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。如：1）I have finished my homework. 我做完家庭作業(yè)了。（過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始做，到現(xiàn)在已完成）2）He has already come 他已經(jīng)來(lái)了。（過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始離開(kāi)某地到這來(lái)，現(xiàn)在已在這。）2. 表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去并延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。如：1）I have studied English for six years. 我已經(jīng)學(xué)了六年英語(yǔ)了。 （六年前開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)，一直學(xué)到現(xiàn)在, 也可能繼續(xù)學(xué)也可能就此不學(xué)了。）2）I have lived in Shenyang since 1990. 我從1990年就在沈陽(yáng)住。（從1990年開(kāi)始住在沈陽(yáng)一直住到現(xiàn)在，也可能繼續(xù)住也可能就此為止。）二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu) 1）肯定式：主語(yǔ) + have / has + 過(guò)去分詞 2）否定式: 主語(yǔ) + have / has + not + 過(guò)去分詞 3）一般疑問(wèn)式 Have / Has + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞 4）特殊疑問(wèn)式 特殊疑問(wèn)詞+have/has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)包括 “already, yet,ever, etc”。例如：We have learned about 3000 English words by the end of this term.到上學(xué)期末我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了3000個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。注意：1) 當(dāng)表示一段時(shí)間，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用for 或since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)。例如：Ive known Li Li for 4 years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)麗麗已經(jīng)4年了。I have worked here since 8 years ago. 自從8年前我就在這工作。2) 當(dāng)在肯定陳述句中含有already或just 時(shí)，在轉(zhuǎn)換成否定句時(shí)，要把句中的already 或just 去掉，在句末加上yet.。例如：I have already seen the film. - I havent seen the film yet.He has just come. -He hasnt come yet. 注意：for和since的用法。for+時(shí)段 為時(shí)間 since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（譯為：自從以來(lái)） since+時(shí)段+ago since+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)） It is+時(shí)段+since+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)） 四、過(guò)去分詞變化規(guī)則如下： 1 、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則： （1)一般動(dòng)詞，在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived , (3)以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，將 y 變?yōu)?i ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，先雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 2 、 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化需參看不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表逐一熟記。例如; cut- cut- cut,hit- hit- hit. 五、使用時(shí)注意事項(xiàng)1.“have/ has got ” 形式上是一種完成時(shí)，但和have/ has 為同一意思“有”。 例如：Have you got pen-friends? Yes, I have. 你有筆友嗎？是的，我有。 Has he got a lot of work to do? No, he hasnt. 他有許多工作要做嗎？不，他沒(méi)有。2. have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的區(qū)別。have/ has gone to 去了，在去某地的路上或在某地，人還未回來(lái)have/ has been to 曾經(jīng)去過(guò)，人已經(jīng)回來(lái)了have/ has been in 已經(jīng)在，常與一段時(shí)間連用He has been to Shenyang before. 他以前曾去過(guò)沈陽(yáng)。He has been in Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈陽(yáng)10年了。Has he gone to Shenyang? 他去沈陽(yáng)了嗎？3. have/ has been to常和once, twice, never, ever連用；have/ has gone to則不可。例如: Has Tom ever been to Paris? 湯姆去過(guò)巴黎嗎？ Yes, hes been there many times. 是的，他去過(guò)好幾次了。 Where have they gone? 他們?nèi)ツ睦锪耍?Theyve gone to Shenyang. 他們?nèi)ド蜿?yáng)了。4非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(或稱(chēng)作終止性動(dòng)詞)不能用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) + 表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)”的句型中。 這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它們能夠用表示持續(xù)狀態(tài)的相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞替換句中的終止性動(dòng)詞。arrive, come be here, be in buy havebegin, start be on die be dead get up be up leave, move be away； go out be out borrowkeepfinish/end be over open be openclose be closed join be a member of六、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑問(wèn)）, just, before, recently,still, lately,never等.例如: He has already finished the work. 典型例題1：His father_the party since 1978 A.joind B.has joined C.was in D.has been in 解析：本題考查學(xué)生對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的熟練掌握。 since 1978表達(dá)“自從1978年一直到現(xiàn)在”， 表示這件事情從過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而且動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，AB均為瞬間動(dòng)詞，不能與時(shí)間段連用，故排除；C為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，也不行。 答案；D. 要牢記： 一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與just ,already ,ever ,never 等副詞和 these days ,this week ,since ., for . 等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系，只是說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過(guò)去。 典型例題2： _ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _ it a moment ago .A.Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished C.Have ; done ; have finished 解析：本題考查一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法區(qū)別。問(wèn)句中的yet表明應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而回答中的a moment ago 是一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 答案： B附表： 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞1、 AAA型（原形、過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞同形）：cost cost cost cut cut cut let let let put put put read read read 2、ABB型（過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞同形）：bring brought brought build built built buy bought bought catch caught caught dig dug dug feel felt feltfind found found get got got have had had hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kept learn learnt learnt leave left left lend lent lent make made made meet met met pay paid paid say said said sell sold sold send sent sent shine shone shone sit sat sat sleep slept slept smell smelt smelt spend spent spentstand stood stood teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought understand understood understood3、ABC型（原形、過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞各異）：be was/were been begin began begun blow blew blown break broke brokendo did done draw drew drawndrink drank drunk drive drove driveneat ate eaten fall fell fallenfly flew flown forget forgot forgottengive gave given go went gone grow grew grown know knew knownlie lay lain ride rode riddenring rang rung see saw seenshow showed shown sing sang sungspeak spoke spoken swim swam swumtake took taken throw threw thrownwake woke woken wear wore wornwrite wrote written4、ABA型（原形與過(guò)去分詞同形）：become became become come came come 5、AAB型（原形與過(guò)去式同形）：beat beat beaten 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)練習(xí)一、選擇填空1. Kates never seen Chinese films，_ ?A. hasnt she B. has she C. isnt she D. is she2. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball?-_you_ your homework yet?A. Do；finish B. Are；finishing C. Did；finish D. Have；finished3. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice_he came to Yunnan.A. after B. before C. since D. for4. Tom_the CD player for two weeks.A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had5. I_a letter from him since he left.A. didnt receive B. havent got C. didnt have D. havent heard6. -Have you ever_Beijing ? -Yes, I have.A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to7. My parents _ Shandong for ten years.A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been8. I wont go to the concert because I _my ticket.A. lost B. dont lose C. have lost D. is coming9. Where is Mr Liu? - He_ the library. A. has been to B. has gone to C. has been in D.has went10. We came to Shanghai three years ago, so we_here for two years. A. have been to B. have been in C. have been D. have gone11.- How long_you _your exam paper? - About three months. A. did；buy B. have；get C. have；had D. have；bought12. He tells me he _China for over eight years. A. has been B. has been in C. has been to D. has gone to13. His parents_ for more than 3 years. A. have come here B. have started to workC. have lived there D. have left the university14I_ a letter from him since he leftAdidnt receive Bhavent got Cdidnt have Dhavent heard15Where have you _ these days？I have _to Dalian with my friendsAbeen；gone Bbeen；been Cgone；been Dgone；gone16How long have you _ this book？Abought Bborrowed Chad Dlent17Wheres Peter？ He _ to NanjingAis going Bhas been Chas gone Dwent18We have lived here _ five years agoAwhen Bsince Cbefore Dafter19I have watched the game When _you _ it？Ahave；watched Bdo；watch Cdid；watch Dwill；watch20. Miss Brown _ to the Great Wall twiceAhave been Bhas been Chave gone Dhas gone二用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. I_ already _(see) the film. I_(see) it last week.2. _he_(finish) his work yet? Not yet.3. _you_(be) to Hong Kong? Yes, I_(be) there twice.4. _you ever_(eat ) chocolate? No, never.5.My father_ just_(come) back from work. He is tired now.6. Wheres Li Ming? He_(go) to the teachers office.7.I_(work) here since I_(move) here in 1999.8. How long_ the Wangs _(stay) here ? For two weeks.三. 句型轉(zhuǎn)換 (每空一詞)1. I have been to Macau before. (改為否定句)I_ _been to Macau before.2. He hasnt come to school because hes ill. (就劃線部分提問(wèn))_ _ he come to school?3. He has learned English for 5 years. (就劃線部分提問(wèn))_ _ _ _learned English?4. I bought a new bike just now. (用just改寫(xiě))I_ just _a new bike.5. We began to learn English three years ago. (改為同義句)We_ _English _three years.四填入has / hav