形容詞、副詞、連詞和介詞的用法(高中二年級(jí)英語(yǔ)).docVIP

形容詞和副詞，連詞和介詞的用法 一. 語(yǔ)法小結(jié)：形容詞的用法：（一）形容詞在句中的用法： 1. 定語(yǔ)：I have to look after the sick boy. 2. 表語(yǔ)：Dont feel bad . Everything will be all right. 以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞asleep , alone , alive , awake , afraid , alike , ashamed , aware ，以及content , unable , sure , sorry 等常用作表語(yǔ)，ill , well 等表示身體健康狀況時(shí)，只作表語(yǔ)。作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要用sick 和healthy. 3. 賓補(bǔ)：Who left the door open ? I found him asleep. 4. 狀語(yǔ)：He spent seven days in the wind and snow , cold and hungry. （表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的情況或方式） Crusoe stared at the footprint , full of fear. （表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的原因） 5. 作獨(dú)立成分：Strange to say , he did pass the exam after all. 說(shuō)也奇怪，他到底還是通過(guò)考試了。（二）形容詞修飾名詞的順序： 1. 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序： 當(dāng)幾個(gè)表示不同種類(lèi)的形容詞同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，它的順序是： 表示限定的詞： （1）放在冠詞前的形容詞有：all , both , such （2）冠詞、指示代詞、物主代詞、不定代詞有：a , the , this , that , my , his , some , every , each , etc. （3）序數(shù)詞放在基數(shù)詞的前面：the first one（第一），the second half（下半場(chǎng)） 表示類(lèi)別的詞： 表示內(nèi)在性質(zhì)的詞要放在表示狀態(tài)的詞前。 （1）性質(zhì)（描繪性形容詞）：nice , clever , fine , beautiful , interesting （2）狀態(tài)（大小、新舊等形容詞）：large , big , old , hot , red , new , young , little （3）專(zhuān)用的形容詞（國(guó)籍等）：Chinese , English （4）生產(chǎn)原料：wooden , plastic , cotton 例：It is a useless , old , big , yellow English car. 這是一輛沒(méi)有用的、舊的、黃色的英國(guó)大轎車(chē)。 She was a hungry , tired , sleepy little match girl. 她是一個(gè)又餓又累又想睡的賣(mài)火柴的小女孩。 All of the first five gifted American scientists were greatly honoured. 前五位杰出的美國(guó)科學(xué)家全都受到了表彰。 2. 形容詞作后置定語(yǔ)的兩種情況： （1）由all- , some- , no- , any - 和every-+thing 等構(gòu)成的不定代詞（象something , everything , nothing 等），被形容詞所修飾時(shí)，形容詞后置。 Is there anything interesting in todays newspaper ? He found theres nothing new in what she said at the meeting. （2）下列形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，也要后置。 present（出席的），available （可利用的），responsible（負(fù)責(zé)的），alive（活著的） Do all the people present agree with him ? He is regarded as the greatest man alive in the world. 3. 形容詞與定冠詞the連用： 有些形容詞與定冠詞the連用，表示一類(lèi)人或事物，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，這些形容詞可以說(shuō)是名詞化了的形容詞。 The young are fond of pop music. Take care of the dead and the dying. 在某些習(xí)語(yǔ)或詞組中，這種用法也不少： from bad to worse , at large , at the best , at the most , for good , at the latest , do ones best , in general , etc（三）形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的用法： 1. 同級(jí)比較的句型 （1）as+原級(jí)as被比較的對(duì)象 例：He is as diligent as the monitor. 他和班長(zhǎng)一樣勤奮用功。 （2）主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)no形容詞的比較級(jí)than+被比較的對(duì)象 例：He is no more careful than you are. 他不比你更仔細(xì)。 2. 比較級(jí)的句型 （1）主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)形容詞比較級(jí)than被比較的對(duì)象 例：Do you know why winter is colder than summer ? 你知道冬天為什么比夏天冷嗎？ This room is less beautiful than that one. 這間房不如那間漂亮。 （2）主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)not so （as）+形容詞原級(jí)as + 被比較的對(duì)象 例：Tom is not so busy as Dick. 湯姆不如狄克忙。 （3）主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)the形容詞比較級(jí)of（兩者比較） 例：He is the taller of the two brothers. 他是兩兄弟中個(gè)頭較高的那個(gè)。 （4）no more than （only , not any more than）僅僅，只有 例：His entire school education added up to no more than one year. 他全部接受教育的時(shí)間加起來(lái)也只有一年。 （5）not more than （at most）至多，不超過(guò) 例：He has not more than twenty yuan in his pocket. 他口袋里的錢(qián)不超過(guò)20元。 形容詞的比較級(jí)還可用在某些句型中： （1）the more the more越是就越 The busier he is , the happier he is. （2）more and more 越來(lái)越 Its becoming more and more difficult to find a job. （3）all the more 因而更加 As a result , the rich became all the richer. That will make the work all the more difficult. （4）more or less 大體上，或多或少 The question is more or less settled. （5）more （less）than不止，不到 She cant be more than 40. He is more than a friend to me. The lightest weighs less than 50 kilograms. （6）so much the better （worse）就更好，就更糟 If hell help us , so mush the better . If he doesnt work , so much the worse for him. 此外，還有any more , not any longer , no longer , had better 等句型。 3. 最高級(jí)的句型 （1）形容詞最高級(jí)（名詞）表示范圍的狀語(yǔ) 例：She is the most active student in our class. 她是我們班最活躍的學(xué)生。 （2）one of + 形容詞最高級(jí) 例：Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country. 上海是我國(guó)最大城市之一。 （3）序數(shù)詞最高級(jí) 例：Africa is the second largest continent in the world. 非洲是世界第二大大陸。 （4）否定詞形容詞比較級(jí) 例：No one can be more careful than he is. 沒(méi)有人比他更加仔細(xì)。 （5）形容詞比較級(jí)than any other +名詞 例：He is busier than any other worker in his workshop. 他比車(chē)間里任何一個(gè)工人都忙。 注意：“most +形容詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示非常高的程度，沒(méi)有比較的意思，這種結(jié)構(gòu)用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以不用冠詞或用不定冠詞。 例：What you have said is most interesting. 你說(shuō)的很有趣。 He wrote me a most interesting letter. 他給我寫(xiě)了一封很有趣的信。 4. 注意表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)的幾種句式 （1）倍數(shù)（或份數(shù)）as + 形容詞as被比較的對(duì)象 例：This room is about two thirds as large as that one. 這個(gè)房間大約是那個(gè)房間的三分之二。 Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亞洲面積有歐洲4倍之大。 （2）倍數(shù)（或分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)）形容詞比較級(jí)than +被比較的對(duì)象 例：Our school is three times bigger than yours. 我們學(xué)校比你們學(xué)校大3倍。 （3）倍數(shù)（或分?jǐn)?shù)）the size of +被比較的對(duì)象 例：The new factory is five times the size of the old one. 新廠的規(guī)模是舊廠的5倍。 注意：除了以上一些比較句型外，還有其它一些表示比較的方法。 例：He is twice my age. 他的年齡比我大一倍。 There is only one year between us. 我們之間只差一歲。 5. 易錯(cuò)形容詞與名詞的搭配 注意：對(duì)于這類(lèi)名詞常用what提問(wèn)。 例：Whats the population of Beijing ? 北京的人口是多少？副詞的用法：（一）副詞在句中的作用： 副詞在句中主要用作狀語(yǔ)，它可以用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞（a），形容詞（b），副詞（c），有時(shí)用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子（d）. a. Dont drive too fast . The visitors were warmly welcomed by the hosts. b. You dont know how grateful we are to you. Her eyes were wide open. c. I cant speak so fluently as he does. d. Frankly I dont agree with him. （二）副詞在句中的位置： 1. 大多數(shù)副詞可以放在動(dòng)詞后面， Everything goes smoothly. I remember having seen him somewhere. 2. 頻率副詞通常放在動(dòng)詞前面或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞，be動(dòng)詞后面。 She often does this. You must always remember this. She is seldom ill. He has never been late. 還有一些副詞也放在這個(gè)位置上，如：already , yet , once , nearly , almost , just , really , suddenly , certainly , still , soon , surely , etc I almost forgot about the whole thing. You must really be careful. 上面所談副詞中也有少數(shù)可以放在動(dòng)詞后面。 I remember having seen him once. Such things do happen sometimes. 3. 一些形容整個(gè)句子的副詞通常放在句子的開(kāi)頭。 Actually , obviously , generally speaking , fortunately , unfortunately , strangely , hopefully , first of all , at first , perhaps , certainly , originally , basically Luckily Peter was there. 4. 程度副詞一般都放在它所修飾的詞前面。 Im terribly sorry about it. We meet fairly often. This book is definitely more suitable for children to read than that one. I dont quite agree with you. （三）副詞的修飾作用： 表示程度的修飾語(yǔ)在運(yùn)用中應(yīng)注意習(xí)慣，還應(yīng)注意程度的比較。 1. 表示“輕微”程度（a little , a bit , a little bit ） 例：I felt a little tired. 我覺(jué)得有一點(diǎn)累。 The clock is a bit slow. 這個(gè)鬧鐘慢了一點(diǎn)。 2. 表示“一定”程度（quite , fairly ） 例：The book is quite good . 這本書(shū)相當(dāng)好。 3. 表示“強(qiáng)調(diào)”程度（very , very much , so that , too to , much）。 例：The novel is very interesting. 那部小說(shuō)很有趣。 George was very （much , very much）delighted to see his aunt. 4. much too + 形容詞是一種表示“強(qiáng)調(diào)”程度的結(jié)構(gòu)。 例：You are here much too late. 你來(lái)這里太遲了。 下面的過(guò)去分詞是形容詞，可用much來(lái)修飾： frightened , excited , disappointed , pleased , satisfied , interested , surprised等。 5. 在英語(yǔ)中能用來(lái)修飾比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的詞有：a bit , a little , rather , much , many , far , by far , a lot , a great deal , any , still , even 等。 例：The film was far better than I had expected. 這部電影比我預(yù)料的要好得多。 Houses are much （far , a lot）more expensive these days. 最近房?jī)r(jià)比以前要貴得多。 用many和much來(lái)修飾比較級(jí)時(shí)，要注意后面是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞；名詞是可數(shù)名詞，要用many more ；名詞是不可數(shù)名詞要用much more。 比較：I spend much more time on English than I did. 我現(xiàn)在花比以前更多的時(shí)間學(xué)英語(yǔ)。 I spend many more hours a day on English than I did. 與以前相比，每天我多花了幾個(gè)小時(shí)學(xué)英語(yǔ)。 此外，倍數(shù)詞、數(shù)量詞短語(yǔ)，也可作比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的修飾語(yǔ)，any修飾比較級(jí)形容詞時(shí)，多用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中。下列詞語(yǔ)可用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞的最高級(jí)。 far , by far , much , nearly , almost 常用的修飾最高級(jí)的程度副詞 一般常用的有almost , altogether , by far , far , nearly , practically , quite , the very 等。 區(qū)別：far總是放在比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)之前。 by far可以放在比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)前或后。 例：This is far the best of all. 這是所有當(dāng)中最好的。 In our class he is the tallest by far. 在我們班他是個(gè)子最高的。 He is by far the taller of the two brothers. 他是兩兄弟當(dāng)中個(gè)子高的那個(gè)。（四）兩種形式相似，但意義不同的副詞辨析： hard（艱苦地），hardly（幾乎不），fair（公正），fairly（相當(dāng)），high（高），highly（高度的），firm（穩(wěn)定），firmly（完全地），most（非常），mostly（主要地），clear（清晰地），clearly（顯然），near（接近），nearly（幾乎） 例： （五）常用副詞辨析： 1. a bit , a little 辨析：a little 與a bit都有“一點(diǎn)兒，有點(diǎn)兒”的意思，可以修飾形容詞、副詞等，意思相近。 在修飾名詞時(shí)，a little 后面可直接接不可數(shù)名詞，而a bit 后面須加上of，再接不可數(shù)名詞。 另外，not a little 相當(dāng)于much ，而not a bit 則相當(dāng)于not at all （一點(diǎn)也不）。 例：Its a little / a bit cold here . 這兒有點(diǎn)冷。 Thats a bit / a little much to pay. 那筆要付的錢(qián)多了一些。 There is a little milk in the glass. 或There is a bit of milk in the glass. 玻璃杯里有點(diǎn)兒牛奶。 Im not a little tired. 我很累。 Im not a bit tired. 我一點(diǎn)不累。 2. almost , nearly 辨析：almost 與nearly作“幾乎，差一點(diǎn)，差不多，將近”解。只是nearly 表示的程度和差距比almost 大。 （1）兩者都可以修飾all , every , always 等詞，都可用于否定句中。 （2）在very , pretty , not 后面用nearly , 不用almost。 （3）在any , no , never 前用almost，不用nearly。 （4）與not連用，多用nearly。not nearly表示“遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有”之義。 例：We are almost home. 我們就要到家了。 （比較：We are nearly home. 我們快要到家了。） Almost no one （= Hardly anyone ）believed the stranger. 幾乎沒(méi)有一個(gè)人相信這位陌生人。 It isnt nearly so easy as you think. 這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如你所想像的那么容易。 fairly , 辨析：fairly 意思為“相當(dāng)?shù)?，適度地，說(shuō)得過(guò)去地”，一般用來(lái)表示積極的含義，主要用于“好”的一方面。fairly 與普通副詞相同，即冠詞a / an 不能置其后，必須置其前。 rather一般用來(lái)表示消極的含意。 （1）可與too連用。 （2）可與形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)連用。 （3）可與動(dòng)詞連用。 quite 通常側(cè)重主觀看法，意為“完全地，幾乎”，用于某些動(dòng)詞之前。 This test is rather too difficult for me and rather too easy for you. 這次考試對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)相當(dāng)難，而對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)相當(dāng)容易。 The weather was rather worse than I had expected. 天氣比我所預(yù)料的更糟糕。 I rather want to see this film. 我很想去看電影。 I dont quite agree with you. 我并不完全同意你的意見(jiàn)。 對(duì)比：This is a fairly easy book. 這是一本相當(dāng)淺顯的書(shū)。（指容易而適當(dāng)。） This is a rather easy book. 這本書(shū)過(guò)于淺顯。（指過(guò)分容易而不適當(dāng)。） 前者表示肯定或贊許，后者表示否定或不以為然。 習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)：would rather than（寧愿而不），would rather not（寧愿不）連詞的用法：（一）連詞的分類(lèi)： 連詞主要分為兩類(lèi)：并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞用來(lái)連接平行的詞，詞組，或分句。從屬連詞是用來(lái)引起從句的。（二）連詞的用法： 并列連詞： 1. 表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的： but , yet , however , nevertheless , It was raining hard . However , he went on with his work . She had failed many times , nevertheless she didnt give up. 2. 表示因果關(guān)系的：for , therefore, He broke the law ; therefore he was put in prison. 3. 其他的并列連詞：and , or , either or , neither nor , not only but also , both and , as well as 從屬連詞 1. 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間，原因，條件，讓步，比較，目的，結(jié)果等狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞 when , while , as , after , before , since , until , as soon as , once , / because , as , since , now that , seeing that / if , even if , unless , in case , as long as , on condition that / though , although , / than , as as , not as （so） as / so that , in order that / so that , such that / 2. 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞 that , whether , if 介詞的用法： 介詞是英語(yǔ)中搭配最強(qiáng)，也是最活躍的詞類(lèi)之一，應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握。完形填空、短文改錯(cuò)均有考查。（一）常用介詞的基本用法及搭配： 常用介詞有at , in , for , of , from , with , by , behind , outside , above , before , after , below , over , under , between , among 等。 at daybreak （在破曉），at this time （moment）（此刻），at one time（同時(shí)，過(guò)去有個(gè)時(shí)期），at the beginning （of）（在之初），at the end of （在之末），at noon （在正午），at night （在夜晚），at first （起先），at last （最后）， at once （馬上） at the post office , at the airport , at dawn , at home , at the weekend , at the age of 25 , at the end of , at sunset , at Christmas , at sea , at once , at first , at last , at least , at work , at all , at the same time , at birth , at present , at sight of , at any time , at the most , at the bottom , at the head of , at a time , at times , at the base , at the time of , at the speed of , at a height of , at the top , at college , at breakfast , at the latest in the world , in China , in the evening , in （the）future , in the snow （rain , storm）, in 1997 , in March , in ink , in English , in the newspaper （book , magazine）, in those days , in the past , in all , in fact , in a hurry , in short , in public , in return , in turn , in a word , in detail , in time , in the end , in order to , in danger , in this way , in that case , in a short while , in search of , in place of , in the air , in case , in common , in the hope of , in need of , in other words , in praise of , in silence , in space , in the past , in ones opinion , in modern times , in surprise , in a minute , in the centre of , in the heart of , in the open air , in bed on Monday , on Sundays , on the phone , on foot , on the blackboard , on （in ）the street , on paper , on the head （shoulder , door）, on your right （left）, on business , on Tuesday evening , on my birthday , on the other hand , on fire , on business , on duty , on time , on sale , on TV , on top of , on holiday , on the radio , on show , on earth , on the earth , on board , on the air , on fire , on average , on ones own , and so on by ship （sea , water）, by plane （air）, by bus（bike）, by himself, by chance , by hand , by heart , by mail , by mistake , by phone , by lorry , by law , by accident , by force , by road , year by year , side by side , stone by stone , by now（then） for that reason , for example , for two years , for ever , for the time being , for sale , for free , for one thing , for oneself , for nothing , for a while , for long （be）of much use , die of , be made of , a map of China , a cup of tea（coffee）, a piece of bread , rob sb. of sth ., be fond of , make fun of , be tired of , of ones own , of course , because of , instead of , run out of to the door , to ones surprise （joy , astonishment , satisfaction）, to the east（north） of , key （answer , entrance）to , come up to , add up to , speak to , talk to , be open to the public , to the point , thanks to. （二）容易錯(cuò)、常考的介詞及搭配 1. be made of （物理變化）由而制成），be made from （化學(xué)變化）由而制成），make A into B（把A制成B），be made in （由某地）生產(chǎn)） 2. call on = visit （拜訪），call for sb. （邀約某人）go and pick sb. up / call at a place（拜訪某地） 3. on business（出差）/strike （罷工）/duty（值日）/ holiday（度假）/ fire（失火）/vacation （度假）/watch（警戒）/sale（出售）/leave（請(qǐng)假）/guard（警戒） 4. have some trouble / difficulty （in）doing sth. （在做方面有困難），have a habit（習(xí)慣）/idea（想法）/plan（計(jì)劃）of doing sth. 5. A is pleased to B , B is pleased with A （對(duì)感到高興） 6. get tired of （感到厭煩） 7. with the help of , under the leadership of （在的幫助領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下） 8. by means of （通過(guò)），by way of （經(jīng)由），by heart（記?。?，by the way（順便說(shuō)一下） 9. out of question（毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)），out of the question（毫無(wú)可能） 10. prevent / stop / keep sb. from doing sth . （阻止某人做某事） 11. be thankful to sb. for sth. （為某事感激某人） 12. steal sth . from sb. rob sb. of sth. 13. insist on doing sth . （堅(jiān)持做），persist in doing sth. （堅(jiān)持做），stick to （堅(jiān)持），go on doing sth. （堅(jiān)持做） 14. set about doing sth ., set out to do sth. （著手開(kāi)始做） 15. 注意表身體部位的某些名詞前要加定冠詞。look sb. in the face , hit sb. on the face , lead the cow by the nose 16. do a favour for sb. = do sb. a favour （幫某人一個(gè)忙） 17. reply / depend on sb. （依靠某人），live on （以為主食） 18. tell A form B （區(qū)分A與B）（三）介詞慣用型 1. above all （首先），after all （畢竟），at all （全然） 2. day after day （日復(fù)一日），year after year（年復(fù)一年），one after one（一個(gè)接著一個(gè)），one after another（一個(gè)接著另一個(gè)） 3. at peace（和平），at home（在家），at war（戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)），at times（時(shí)常），at dinner（吃飯） 4. by oneself （獨(dú)自），by all means（盡一切辦法；務(wù)必），by chance（偶然），by accident（碰巧），by no means（決不），by means of（用；依靠），by the way（順便） 5. in her teens （在她十幾歲時(shí)），in pain（在疼痛），in danger（在危險(xiǎn)之中），in need（在需要之中） 6. to ones joy （sorrow , surprise）（使某人高興（悲傷、驚奇）的是） 7. under these conditions（在這些狀況之中） 8. with care（仔細(xì)地），with joy / pleasure（高興地），with ones help （在幫助下），with the best wishes （致以最好的祝愿），without difficulty（毫無(wú)困難地），without exception （毫無(wú)例外），without delay（立即，馬上） 9. according to （依據(jù)），along with（和一起），as to （至于），because of（因?yàn)椋?，except for（除之外），instead of （代替） 10. out of order （不正常），out of date（舊了），out of trouble （脫離困境），out of question（毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)），out of the question（不可能的），out of sight（看不見(jiàn)），out of debt（還清債務(wù)），out of touch（沒(méi)有聯(lián)系） 11. at the bottom of （在底部），at the center of （在中心），at the end of （在末），at the top of （在頂部），at the cost of （以為代價(jià)），at the sight of （看見(jiàn)），at the thought of （想起），at a speed of （以速度） 12. in memory of （為紀(jì)念），in favour of （同意），in front of （在前），in the middle of （在中間），in search of （搜索），on the eve of （在前夕） 13. from time to time （不時(shí)地），from day to day（天天），from hand to hand（一個(gè)傳一個(gè)），from side to side（左右地），from car to car（一個(gè)車(chē)廂一個(gè)車(chē)廂地），from beginning to end（從頭到尾），from bad to worse（越來(lái)越差），from hand to mouth（僅能糊口），from head to foot（從頭到腳），from start to finish（自始至終），from one to another（挨個(gè)地）二. 典型例題分析： 1. Wait till you are _ . Its better to be sure than sorry. A. inspiredB. satisfiedC. calmD. certain 2. How can I get to the island ? You cant get there _ by swimming. A. more thanB. other thanC. rather thanD. less than 3. Now that you like car so much , why not drive it back ? Well , I cant afford _ car. A. that big aB. a that bigC. that a bigD. a big that 4. Oh , boy , why are you killing your time this way ? Cant you find something _ doing at all ? A. usefulB. valuableC. worthD. good 5. When we arrived , we found the meeting room crowded with _ students. A. quite a fewB. only a fewC. a fewD. few 6. The big earthquake is still on . _ clothing is _ needed in the mountain village. A. Many ; muchB. Much ; badly C. A good many ; ratherD. A great deal of ; very 7. Among them I like this kind of food _ , for it is _ sugar and water. A. best ; mostlyB. best ; most C. most ; bestD. most ; mostly 8. If I have to choose between Jane and Rose ,