（江蘇專用）高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)需要“變形”的名詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞和副詞第1講名詞和數(shù)詞教學(xué)案牛津譯林版.docx

第1講名詞和數(shù)詞全國(guó)卷考情分析題型典題試做命題解讀語(yǔ)法填空1.(2018全國(guó)卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause)2(2018全國(guó)卷)This switch has decreased pollution(pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.3(2018全國(guó)卷)Im a scientist (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.1.給出名詞提示詞，考查名詞的數(shù)；2不同詞性和詞形之間的相互變化?？键c(diǎn)一 名詞的數(shù)單句語(yǔ)法填空1(2019福州四校聯(lián)考)I have noticed how the music can change ones view, and I am thankful for the way musicians work to the best of their _(able) to provide this music for their audience.abilities考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)空前的their可知，空處應(yīng)用名詞形式，且ability作“能力”講時(shí)為可數(shù)名詞，結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知，應(yīng)用其復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填abilities。to the best of ones ability “竭盡全力”。2(2019沈陽(yáng)質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)一)China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “four great new _(invent)”highspeed rail, electronic payment, shared bicycle, and online shopping.inventions考查名詞和名詞的數(shù)。前面有four great new修飾，故用其對(duì)應(yīng)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，故填inventions。3(2019陜西質(zhì)量檢測(cè)一)Like many other _(university) at that time, the Harvard at the early stage often ran into financial crisis. The school board often had to go to Europe to raise _(donate), but as you can predict, they often came back with their hands empty.universities考查名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。句意：和當(dāng)時(shí)的其他許多大學(xué)一樣，早期的哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)常遭遇金融危機(jī)。university為可數(shù)名詞，此處表示“其他許多大學(xué)”，故用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。donation(s)考查名詞。句意：學(xué)校董事會(huì)經(jīng)常不得不去歐洲籌集捐款，但正如你所能預(yù)測(cè)的，他們經(jīng)?？帐侄鴼w。根據(jù)該句中的及物動(dòng)詞raise可知，空處作此及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，故用名詞形式。名詞按其詞匯意義可分為專有名詞和普通名詞。普通名詞包括可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分， 不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。一、可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)可數(shù)名詞都有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分。 (一)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化變化規(guī)則例詞一般情況加smapmaps；girlgirls；househouses；mouthmouths以s，x，sh，ch結(jié)尾的加esclassclasses；boxboxes；brushbrushes；matchmatches，但是stomach(胃)的復(fù)數(shù)是stomachs；ox(公牛)的復(fù)數(shù)是oxen“輔音字母y”結(jié)尾的變y為i加escitycities；countrycountries；partyparties；factoryfactories，注意：以元音字母y結(jié)尾的則直接加s，如boyboys；toytoys以o結(jié)尾的名詞許多加estomatotomatoes；potatopotatoes；heroheroes；NegroNegroes；mangomangoes；volcanovolcanoes；zerozeroes/zeros但是，以下這些以o結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)直接加s：radioradios；zoozoos；bamboobamboos；pianopianos；kilokilos；photophotos以f，fe結(jié)尾的名詞，通常變f或fe為v再加eshalfhalves；leafleaves；shelfshelves；thiefthieves；wolfwolves；wifewives；lifelives；knifeknives。但是也有的直接加s，如roofroofs；chiefchiefs；handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves合成名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，通常只將里面所含的主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)，如果沒(méi)有主體名詞，則將最后一部分變成復(fù)數(shù)sonsinlaw女婿；passersby過(guò)路人；storytellers講故事的人；gobetweens中介人；grownups成年人(二)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化變化情況例詞特殊變化childchildren；footfeet；toothteeth；mousemice；manmen；womanwomen注意：由man或woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是men和women，如an Englishmantwo Englishmen；但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans單復(fù)數(shù)同形deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese，means集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)people，police，cattle有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)有不同的拼寫(xiě)方法細(xì)菌bacterium(單數(shù))bacteria(復(fù)數(shù))；資料、數(shù)據(jù)datum(單數(shù))data(復(fù)數(shù))；現(xiàn)象phenomenon(單數(shù))phenomena(復(fù)數(shù))二、不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞包括專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞，一般沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。1?？嫉牟豢蓴?shù)名詞advice建議equipment裝備experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)(注：作“經(jīng)歷”講時(shí)可數(shù))exercise鍛煉(注：作“練習(xí)；體操”講時(shí)可數(shù))fun開(kāi)心、快樂(lè)的事furniture家具news/information/word消息，新聞baggage/luggage行李progress進(jìn)步practice練習(xí)wealth財(cái)富，富裕knowledge知識(shí)jewelry珠寶change零錢(注：作“變化”講時(shí)為可數(shù)名詞)2.抽象名詞具體化抽象名詞在表示具體的概念時(shí)，可以與不定冠詞連用，常見(jiàn)的和常考的有：?jiǎn)卧~抽象名詞意義具體化名詞意義beauty美；美麗美麗的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物success成功成功的人或事failure失敗失敗的人或事honor榮幸令人榮幸的事情pride驕傲令人驕傲的事情shock震驚令人震驚的事情delight高興令人高興的事情surprise驚奇令人驚奇的事情pleasure樂(lè)趣令人高興的事情3.物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)現(xiàn)象(1)有些物質(zhì)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示與原來(lái)不同的事物。paper(紙)papers(證件，論文) custom(風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣)customs(海關(guān))arm(胳膊)arms(武器，裝備)air(空氣)airs(擺架子，裝腔作勢(shì))(2)有一些物質(zhì)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示由大量該物質(zhì)組成的事物。sand(沙子)sands(沙灘，沙漠)water(水)waters(水域，水體)time(時(shí)間)times(時(shí)代)wood(木頭，木材)woods(樹(shù)林)(3)有些物質(zhì)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示不同的種類，如food, wine, metal, fish, vegetable等。The wines of France are among the best in the world.法國(guó)的酒在世界上是最好的。三、與名詞有關(guān)的詞形轉(zhuǎn)化1名詞后綴(t)ion表行為或狀態(tài)；ment表行為或結(jié)果；er/or表人物；ist/ian表專家或從事的人；ice表性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)；dom表集體，領(lǐng)域或狀態(tài)。2名詞與形容詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)化“名詞y”構(gòu)成形容詞。例如：rainrainy；cloudcloudy等?！懊~ly”構(gòu)成形容詞。例如：friendfriendly；mothermotherly等。 “名詞ish”構(gòu)成形容詞。例如：foolfoolish；childchildish等?！懊~en”構(gòu)成形容詞。例如：goldgolden；woodwooden等。考點(diǎn)二 名詞的固定搭配和所有格單句語(yǔ)法填空1(2019江西五校第一次聯(lián)考)In addition, the _(hostess) cooking will guarantee you a wonderful chance of tasting delicious Chinese food.hostess考查名詞所有格。這里指女主人的廚藝，應(yīng)用名詞所有格。2(2019河北石家莊二中聯(lián)考)I would appreciate it if you could take me into _ (consider). Looking forward to receiving your reply.consideration句意：如果你能考慮我， 我將不勝感激。盼望收到你的回復(fù)。介詞into后需加名詞形式。此處o consideration(考慮到)為固定短語(yǔ)。3(2019陜西檢測(cè)一)What _(happy) should we find in reviewing the past，and what regrets?happiness考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。What修飾名詞，所以happy應(yīng)該變成名詞形式。另外，根據(jù)“what regrets”也可以判斷此處應(yīng)用名詞形式，故用名詞happiness。一、固定搭配名詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配主要有兩類：“介詞名詞”和“動(dòng)詞名詞介詞”。?？嫉母哳l短語(yǔ)：1介詞名詞with patience耐心地by chance/accident偶然at a loss不知所措 in advance提前on purpose故意地beyond recognition無(wú)法辨認(rèn)2動(dòng)詞名詞介詞have/gain access to可以獲得take advantage of利用， 趁之機(jī)make use of利用find fault with挑的錯(cuò)keep pace with與同步put an end to結(jié)束take notice of注意到catch sight of看見(jiàn)do damage to損害attach importance to重視take the place of取代， 代替take pride in以自豪take possession of占有make preparations for為做準(zhǔn)備make contributions to對(duì)做出貢獻(xiàn)二、名詞的所有格1有生命的名詞，其所有格一般在名詞后加s。his fathers boss 他爸爸的老板2表示時(shí)間、城市、地域、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等非生命的事物后也可加s表示其所有格。todays paper 今天的報(bào)紙Englands shore 英國(guó)的海岸the cars design 這輛車的設(shè)計(jì)We accepted the invitation without a moments hesitation. 我們毫不猶豫的接受了邀請(qǐng)。3在某些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中，也需要加s所有格。for friendships sake 為了友情at a stones throw 一箭之遠(yuǎn)at arms length 保持距離；在伸手可及處at ones wits end 黔驢技窮4無(wú)生命的名詞，借用of表示所屬關(guān)系。the window of the room 這個(gè)房間的窗戶5如果一樣?xùn)|西為兩個(gè)人共有，則只在后一個(gè)名詞后加s，如果不是共有的則兩個(gè)名詞后都要加s。Jane and Marys mother 簡(jiǎn)和瑪麗的媽媽(共有，暗示簡(jiǎn)和瑪麗是姐妹關(guān)系)Janes and Marys mothers 簡(jiǎn)的媽媽和瑪麗的媽媽(不是共有，分別指兩位媽媽)6雙重所有格：“a/two/some .名詞of名詞s/名詞性物主代詞”構(gòu)成雙重所有格，“of名詞所有格”中的名詞必須表示人，不能表示事物。a friend of her mothers 她媽媽的一個(gè)朋友two photos of hers 她的兩張照片考點(diǎn)三 數(shù)詞單句語(yǔ)法填空1(2019濱州二模)40% of the students in our school _ (be) from the other parts of Hunan, which _ (be) a relatively large number.are; is句意：我們學(xué)校百分之四十的學(xué)生來(lái)自湖南的其他地方，這是一個(gè)相對(duì)較大的數(shù)量。分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)依據(jù)分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)所指代的名詞而定，本句第一空40%指代的是the students，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)；第二空which指代的是先行詞40%本身，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)，且句子描述一般事實(shí)，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2(2019運(yùn)城月考)A survey shows that four hours of exercise every week _ (be) good for our health.is“four hours of exercise”被看成一個(gè)整體，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。1數(shù)詞的定義數(shù)詞是表示數(shù)目多少或先后順序的詞，有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩種。表數(shù)量的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞，如one, two, three，.表順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞，如first, second, third, fourth, fifth，. 2基數(shù)詞構(gòu)成112單獨(dú)記 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve1319詞尾為teen：thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen2090逢整十詞尾為ty：twenty, thirty, forty, fifty，.2199在十位數(shù)和個(gè)位數(shù)之間加連字符構(gòu)成，如：73 seventythree, 88 eightyeight3序數(shù)詞(1)基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞，記憶口訣一二三要單獨(dú)記：onefirst, two second, three thirdth要從四加起：four fourth, five fifth，.eight少個(gè)t：eight eighthnine去掉e：nine ninthve用f來(lái)代替：five fifth, twelve twelfthty變成tie：twenty twentieth表第“幾十幾”，基數(shù)加序數(shù)記心里：twentyonetwentyfirst(2)序數(shù)詞的使用序數(shù)詞在句中主要作定語(yǔ)，一般情況下序數(shù)詞前要加定冠詞。Monday is the second day of a week. 星期一是一周的第二天。序數(shù)詞前有時(shí)加不定冠詞，表示“又一、再一”，相當(dāng)于another。Would you like a second cup of tea? 你還想再來(lái)一杯茶嗎？I had a fourth apple.我(吃了三個(gè)蘋(píng)果后)又吃了一個(gè)蘋(píng)果。first, second等有時(shí)可表示一批人或物。The first milu deer came from China in the 1860s.最早的麋鹿是在十九世紀(jì)六十年代來(lái)自中國(guó)的。有時(shí)序數(shù)詞作狀語(yǔ)，不加冠詞。He came out first in the contest.他在比賽中獲得第一名。first, second等在用來(lái)指“冠軍、亞軍”等獲勝名次時(shí)也常不加冠詞。He is first.他是冠軍。 4百分?jǐn)?shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)、小數(shù)的構(gòu)成及用法(1)百分?jǐn)?shù)：基數(shù)詞加百分號(hào)%(percent): 89%eightynine percent(2)分?jǐn)?shù)：分子基數(shù)詞，分母序數(shù)詞。分子大于1，分母用復(fù)數(shù)。1/3: one third,2/5: two fifths易錯(cuò)提醒(1)one and a half后的名詞用復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)，不過(guò)事實(shí)上也可用復(fù)數(shù)。(2)當(dāng)hundred，thousand，million，billion前面有基數(shù)詞時(shí)，用單數(shù)形式，詞尾不加s；前面有many, several，a few修飾時(shí)，仍用單數(shù)形式：several billion years 表示概數(shù)時(shí)，用ten, hundred, thousand, billion的復(fù)數(shù)形式加of，后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞