比較結(jié)構(gòu)小結(jié)(歷年重點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)).doc

使用 than 的常見語法難點(diǎn)一、后接人稱代詞用主格還是賓格由于than既可用作連詞也可用作介詞，所以當(dāng)后接人稱代詞時(shí)，可用主格也可用賓格。通常認(rèn)為在正式文體中多用主格，在口語或非正式文體中多用賓語。如：Everyone here is taller than I me. 這兒的每一個(gè)人都比我高。Her sister swims faster than she her. 她姐姐游泳比她快。但是，若人稱代詞之后跟有動(dòng)詞，則只能用主格。如：Everyone here is taller than I am. 這兒的每一個(gè)人都比我高。Her sister swims faster than she does. 她姐姐游泳比她快。注意：有時(shí)用主格或賓格會(huì)導(dǎo)致意思的變化。比較：I love you more than he (likes you). 我比他更愛你。I love you more than (he likes) him. 我愛你勝過愛他。二、后接動(dòng)詞用不定式還是動(dòng)名詞1. 當(dāng)連接兩個(gè)非謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，通常應(yīng)使用一樣的形式。如：It is much easier to get into debt than to get out of it. 借債容易還債難。He likes playing chess more than watching TV. 與看電視相比，他更喜歡下棋。比較：He thinks it is safer to drive himself than (to) let me drive. =He thinks that driving himself is safer than letting me drive. 他認(rèn)為他自己開車比讓我開車要更安全些。2. 若不是連接兩個(gè)非謂語動(dòng)詞，則其后出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞通常用動(dòng)名詞形式(雖然也可用不定式，但不如用動(dòng)名詞普通)。如：There are worse calamities than failing your driving test. 比起你駕駛考試不合格來說，更大的災(zāi)難還多著呢。Nothing gives me more pleasure than listening to Mozart. 再?zèng)]有比聽莫扎特的樂曲更讓我高興的事了。 Nothing is more unpleasant than finding to find insects in your bath. 最使人不快的是在浴室里發(fā)現(xiàn)有蟲子。 三、引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的時(shí)態(tài)問題若than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句與主句動(dòng)作不一致，可以根據(jù)情況使用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)形式。如：He drives faster than he did a year ago. 他開車比一年以前快了。 The house is rather bigger than we thought. 這所房子比我們想的大得多。 若主句為將來時(shí)，than引導(dǎo)的從句可用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示將來，也可直接使用將來時(shí)態(tài)。如：Well probably drive faster than you do will. 我們開車可能會(huì)比你們快。 四、引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的倒裝問題than引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句時(shí)，從句語序通常不需倒裝，但在正式文體中，有時(shí)也可倒裝。如：City dweller have a higher death rate than country people do. =City dweller have a higher death rate than do country people. 城市居民死亡率比農(nóng)村居民高。 五、引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句且在從句中充當(dāng)成分有時(shí)可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從句并在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分(主語、賓語、表語)，為便于理解，有時(shí)可視為than后省略了what：We dont want to do more than is necessary. 我們不想做不必要的事情。The pain was almost more than he could bear. 這樣的痛苦幾乎使他受不了。Shes not a very good manager she always spends more money than she earns. 她不大會(huì)理財(cái)總是入不敷出。 Life here is much easier than it used to be. 如今在此地生活比起從前可舒服多了。比較下面一句，than后的expected為省略結(jié)構(gòu)：He returned three days earlier than (he was) expected. 他回來得比預(yù)料的要早三天。六、后接時(shí)間或條件狀語從句若語義需要，有時(shí)其后可接when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句以及if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。如：You are a little fatter than when I saw you last. 你比我上次見你時(shí)胖點(diǎn)了。 Joe carries only nine pounds more than when he was twenty. 喬比他20歲時(shí)只重了九磅。 They work better together than if they are alone. 他們一起干比他們單干效果要好。七、同質(zhì)比較還是異質(zhì)比較than 通常用于兩個(gè)不同的人或物在同一方面進(jìn)行比較，但有時(shí)指的可能是同一個(gè)人或物在兩個(gè)不同的方面進(jìn)行比較，此時(shí)只用于morethan結(jié)構(gòu)，而不能用 erthan的形式(即使是單音節(jié)也是如此)，這類結(jié)構(gòu)通?？勺g為“與其不如”“有無”。如：Hes more fat than short. 與其說他矮不如說他胖。They are more brave than wise. 他們有勇無謀。If we tell him about it, it may do more harm than good. 倘若我們把情況告訴他，那可能弊多利少。八、與never (a) 連用時(shí)如何理解有時(shí)than與帶有never (a) 的比較級結(jié)構(gòu)連用，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，通常表示最高級的含義。如：Ive never had a worse morning than today. 我哪一天早上也不像今天早上這樣倒霉。 若意思明確，有時(shí)可省略than結(jié)構(gòu)。如：He is fine, never better. 他很好，比以往任何時(shí)候都好。Ive never seen a finer bird. 我從未見過比這更美的鳥。Ive never found a better job. 這是我找到的最好的工作。九、than any other后接名詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)than any other后接名詞時(shí)通常用單數(shù)形式，很少用復(fù)數(shù)。如：He swims faster than any other student in his class. 他比班上的其他任何學(xué)生都游得快。More heat is lost through the head than any other part of the body. 從頭部散發(fā)的熱量比身體的其他任何部位都多。十、幾組容易理解出錯(cuò)的than習(xí)語1.“no +比較級+than”與“not +比較級+than”(1) “no +比較級+than”用于否定兩者，表示“與一樣不”，其義大致相當(dāng)于其中形容詞或副詞的反義詞用于asas結(jié)構(gòu)。如：He is no richer than a beggar.=He is as poor as a beggar. 他窮如乞丐。This one is no better than that one.=This one is as bad as that one. 這個(gè)與那個(gè)一樣不好。(2) “not +比較級+than”的意思是“不比更”“不如”。如：He is not richer than you. 他不如你富有。This one is not better than that one. 這個(gè)不如那個(gè)好。2. no less than, no less.than 與 not less than(1) no less than 有兩個(gè)意思：一是表示“多達(dá)”“有之多”，強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量之多；二是表示“簡直”“與沒有差別”。如：We walked no less than three miles. 我們走了三英里之遠(yuǎn)。We won no less than 500 in a competition. 我們在一次比賽中就贏了500英鎊。It is no less than robbery to ask for so much. 要這么多，簡直跟搶劫?zèng)]什么兩樣。(2) no less.than 意為“與一樣”“不比差”，強(qiáng)調(diào)兩者具有同等性。如：He is no less wise than you. 他跟你一樣聰明(他并不比你笨)。A dolphin is no less a clever animal than a dog is. 海豚與狗同樣都是聰明的動(dòng)物。(3) not less than 意為“不下于”“至少”。比較：He has no less than seven daughters. 他有七個(gè)女兒之多。He has not less than seven daughters. 他至少有七個(gè)女兒。3. no more than, no morethan與not more than(1) no more than表示“僅僅”“只有”“只不過”，強(qiáng)調(diào)程度低或數(shù)量少。如：He is no more than an ordinary English teacher. 他只不過是個(gè)普通的英文老師。He has no more than three shirts. 他只有3件襯衫。(2) not more than 表示“至多”，與at most同義。如：He has not more than three shirts. 他最多只有3件襯衫(含有或許還不到3件之意)。(3) no more.than 表示對兩者都否定, 意為“既不也不”“同一樣不”。如：He is no more a writer than a painter. 他既不是畫家，也不是作家。A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. 如同馬不是魚一樣，鯨也不是魚。more than 1. 表示“比多”“比更”。如：It was more expensive than I thought. 這比我預(yù)料的昂貴多了。Tim violin is more difficult than the piano. 拉小提琴比彈鋼琴更為困難。John drove much more carefully than Tim did. 約翰開車比吉姆小心得多。注：more有時(shí)不用于構(gòu)成比較級，而是本身就是比較級，此時(shí)其后可能接可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如：His car cost much more money than mine. 他的小汽車所花的錢比我的多得多。There are many more people than we expected. 比我們想象的人要多得多。2. 表示“與其不如”。如：He is more lucky than clever. 與其說他聰明，不如說他幸運(yùn)。It is even more a poem than a picture. 與其說它是一幅畫，倒不如說它是一首詩。注：該句型主要用于同一個(gè)人或物在兩個(gè)不同性質(zhì)或特征等方面的比較(比較級必須 more, 不能用加詞尾 -er 的形式)。asas結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)習(xí)要點(diǎn)一、asas 結(jié)構(gòu)的基本用法其基本意思為“與一樣”，其中的第一個(gè)as副詞，其后通常接形容詞或副詞(用原級)，第二個(gè)as可用作介詞(后接名詞或代詞)或連詞(后接從句)。使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1. 在否定句中，第一個(gè) as 也可換成 so：He doesnt study as so hard as his brother. 他學(xué)習(xí)不如他弟弟努力。2. 在該結(jié)構(gòu)的兩個(gè)as之間通常接形容詞或副詞的原級，但若涉及數(shù)量或程度，可用“as much+不可數(shù)名詞+as”和“as many+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)+as”：Youve made as many mistakes as I have. 你犯的錯(cuò)誤和我犯的一樣多。I havent got as much money as I thought. 我不像原來想像的有那么多錢。(R2/92)其間接形容詞時(shí)，有時(shí)該形容詞還可修飾另一名詞，但這個(gè)名詞應(yīng)帶有不定冠詞(注意詞序)：She is as good a cook as her mother. 她和她媽媽一樣是位好廚師。也可說：She is a cook as good as her mother. 但不說：She is as a good cook as her mother. 或They are as good cooks as us.二、關(guān)于第二個(gè)as的詞性第二個(gè)as后接從句時(shí)，該as通常為連詞，但有時(shí)這個(gè)as還充當(dāng)其后從句的主語或賓語，此時(shí)該as實(shí)為關(guān)系代詞。如：I gave him as much as he could eat. 他能吃多少，我就給了他多少。Weve got food for as many people as want it. 我們的食物，無論多少人吃都夠了。注：若第二個(gè)as用作連詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表示將來意義的從句，則該從句可用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來，也可直接使用將來時(shí)態(tài)。如：Well get there as soon as you do will. 你一到，我們就到。三、asas結(jié)構(gòu)的修飾語該結(jié)構(gòu)根據(jù)情況可用使用以下修飾語：(not) nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twice, three times, 30 per cent等，并且這些修飾語必須置于第一個(gè)as之前，而不能置于其后。如：He doesnt play half as well as his sister. 他演奏的水平不及他姐姐的一半。This dress is twice as expensive as that. 這件連衣裙比那件貴一倍。四、asas結(jié)構(gòu)的省略在非正式場合(尤其是美國英語中)，有時(shí)可以省略第一個(gè)as。如：When over forty, he married a woman poor as himself. 他在40多歲時(shí)娶了一個(gè)像他本人一樣窮的女人。另外，若意思明確，有時(shí)可省略第二個(gè)as及其后的相關(guān)詞語。如：The pianos in that shop will be cheaper, but not as good. 那家商店的收音機(jī)會(huì)便宜些，但質(zhì)量沒那么好。常見比較結(jié)構(gòu)的用法區(qū)別1. more and more與 the more, the more：前者表示“越來越”，后者表示“越，越”。如：Our country is getting more and more powerful. 我們國家越來越強(qiáng)大。The more we get together, the happier we will be. 人聚得越多，我們越快活。2. more than 與less than：前者“(指數(shù)量)多于”、“不只是”、“非?！钡龋笳弑硎尽吧儆凇?、“比少”。如：Ive known him for more than 10 years. 我已認(rèn)識(shí)他10多年了。He is more than a father to her. 他待她勝過父親。She was more than kind to us. 她對我們很友好。It cost me less than 10 pounds. 我買它沒要上10英鎊。She eats less than she should. 她吃得比她應(yīng)該吃的少。3. more than 與 lessthan：前者表示“比多，比更”，后者表示“比少，不如”。如：He has more books than me. 他的書比我多。He is more careful than the others. 他比其他人更仔細(xì)。I got less money than the others did. 我比別人得到的錢少。注：兩者均可表示“與其不如”，但詞序不同。如：(from )He is less a teacher than an expert. / He is more an expert than a teacher. / He is not so much a teacher as an expert. 與其說他是老師，不如說他是專家。4. “no+比較級+than”結(jié)構(gòu)：這類結(jié)構(gòu)的實(shí)際意思是對待比較的兩個(gè)對象進(jìn)行否定，相當(dāng)于該原級形容詞或副詞使用asas結(jié)構(gòu)的意思。如no better than = as bad as，意為“與一樣不好”，no faster than = as slow as，意為“與一樣不快”，no taller than = as short as，意為“與一樣不高”等。5. no more than與not more than：兩者均可表示數(shù)量，前者表示“僅僅”、“只有”(= only)，強(qiáng)調(diào)少；而后者表示“不多于”、“至多”(= at most)。如：It is no more than five miles to the station. 去車站只有5英里。It is not more than five miles to the station. 去車站最多5英里。(from )6. no morethan與not morethan：前者用于否定兩者，意為“同一樣不”(=neither . nor)；而后者只強(qiáng)調(diào)兩者的程度不同，意為“不如”、“不及”(= not so . as)。如：Hes no more able to read Spanish than I am. 他和我都讀不懂西班牙語。（=Neither he nor I am not read Spanish.）She is not more clever than he is. 她不如他聰明。（= She is not so clever as he is.）This film is not more interesting than that one. 這部電影不比那部電影更有趣。（This film is not so interesting as that one.）比較等級的特殊句型歸納(1) less/least +原級：表示降級的比較級或最高級。如：I am even less lucky. 我甚至更不走運(yùn)。This is the least useful of the four books.四本書中這一本最無用處。(2) the+比較級, the+比較級：表示后者隨著前者的變化而變化，意為“越就越”，前者相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件句，因此，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。如(from )：The harder you work, the better result youll get.你學(xué)習(xí)越努力，成績就越好。(3) the+比較級(+of the two)：表示“兩者中較的那個(gè)人或物”。如：Tom is the taller of the two brothers.湯姆是兩兄弟中個(gè)子較高的那個(gè)。(4) 比較級+and+比較級：表示“越來越”，單音節(jié)形容詞或副詞用“-er+and +-er”，如warmer and warmer越來越曖和；多音節(jié)形容詞或副詞用“more and more”如more and more beautiful越來越美。(5) 比較級+than any other+單數(shù)名詞：表示最高級意義。如：Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class.(=Mike is the most intelligent in his class.)馬克比他班上任何一個(gè)人都聰明。(6) 否定詞語+比較級：表示最高級含義。如： Nothing is easier than this.(=This is the easiest thing.)沒有比這更簡單的了。(7) 否定詞語+ soas：表示最高級含義。如(from )：Nothing is so easy as this.沒有比這更簡單的了。(8) more+形容詞或副詞+than：表示對同一人或物在不同方面進(jìn)行取舍，意為“與其說倒不如”，不論形容詞或副詞的長短，一律用morethan。如：He is more hungry than tired.與其說他累了，倒不如說他餓了。(9) no +比較級+ than：表示對兩者的否定，意為“和一樣不”，與neithernor或“as+相反意義的形容詞或副詞+as”相當(dāng)。如Tom is no taller than Mike. =Neither Tom nor Mike is tall. =Tom is as short as Mike.湯姆和邁克都不高(或一樣矮)。比較：“not+比較級前+than”表示前者不如后者。Tom is not taller than Mike.湯姆不比邁克高。比較等級的常見句型歸納(1)兩者相比，甲=乙，用“as +形容詞或副詞原級+ as”。如：He is as tall as I/me.他和我一樣高。He got up as early as I did.他和我起得一樣早。 注：當(dāng)asas中間有名詞時(shí)，名詞要放在形容詞之后。如：This is as good an example as the other is.這個(gè)例子和另外一個(gè)一樣好。I can carry as much paper as you can.你能搬多少紙，我也能。(2)兩者相比，甲乙，用“as/so+形容詞或副詞原級+as”。如：He cannot run so/as fast as you.他沒你跑得快。Corn doesnt need as/so much water as rice.玉米不需要稻谷那么多水。(3)兩者相比，甲乙，用“比較級形容詞或副詞+ than”。如：You are taller than I. 你比我高(from www.yygrammar)。He reads more careful than I.他比我看書更認(rèn)真。(4)多者比較，用“the+最高級+比較范圍”。如：Tom is the tallest in his class.湯姆是他班里個(gè)子最高。Kate wrote (the) most carefully of all.凱特是所有人中寫得最認(rèn)真的。摘自與比較級相關(guān)的習(xí)語(1) no more than =only只有，僅僅，只不過There are no more than a hundred people in the hall.大廳里只有100人。(2) not more than=at the most不超過，至多There are not more than a hundred people in the hall.大廳里至多100人。(3) no less than多達(dá)，不少于He made no less than500. 他賺了多達(dá)五百英鎊的錢。He walks no less than five miles to school. 他上學(xué)至少要走五英里。(4) less than不到，不太，極不I wont take less than $5000 for my car.我的汽車低于5000美元不賣。The boys were less than happy about having a party. 開晚會(huì)男孩子并不很高興。Doctors have been less than successful in treating this condition.醫(yī)生在治療這種病時(shí)極不成功。(5) more than多于，超過(=over, 后接數(shù)詞)；不只是(=not only, 后接名詞、動(dòng)詞或副詞)；非常，十分(=very, 后接形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞或分詞)；難以，完全不能(用于more thancan)“。He was more than seventy years of age. 他有七十多歲了。He more than smiled, but laughed.他不只是微笑而是大笑。They were more than glad to help.他們非常樂于幫忙。That is more than I can tell.那我就不知道了(from )。(6) more or less(=almost, nearly, about)基本上，差不多，大約The work is more or less finished.工作基本上完成了。The repairs will cost $30, more or less.修理費(fèi)大約要30美元。(7) sooner or later遲早，早晚，總有一天(from )You should tell her because shell find out sooner or later.你還是告訴她吧，因?yàn)樗缤頃?huì)發(fā)覺的。(8) whats more而且，此外，還有，更有甚者I missed the bus and had to walk home. Whats more, it was raining and I got all wet. 我趕不上巴士，不得不走回家，而且那時(shí)正在下雨，我全身都濕透了。(9) no soonerthan一就He had no sooner arrived than he was asked to leave again.他剛到就被支走了。關(guān)于“never+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)否定副詞never與比較級連用有時(shí)可表示最高級的意義。如：I have never drunk better beer. 我從來沒喝過這么好的啤酒。（相當(dāng)于說：這是我喝過的最好的啤酒。）I have never met a kinder man. 我從來沒遇見過這么仁厚的人。（相當(dāng)于：這是我遇見過的最仁厚的人。）He had never spent a more worrying day. 他從來沒有度過這樣煩惱的日子。（相當(dāng)于說：這是我度過的最煩惱的日子。）注：有時(shí)也可不用never而用其他否定詞。如：No news could be more delightful to me. 這消息最令我高興。如何理解nevera better的意思在英語學(xué)習(xí)中，經(jīng)常會(huì)見到 nevera better 之類的用法，你知道它是什么意思嗎？請看下面一題：How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _ voice.A. a betterB. a bestC. the betterD. the best 【陷阱】容易誤選D，認(rèn)為最高級前要用定冠詞。【分析】其實(shí)此題最佳答案為A，該句可視為I have never heard a better voice than her voice 之省略，全句句意為“她唱得多好啊！我從未聽過她這么好的聲音”。請?jiān)倏匆韵骂愃频膶?shí)例：He is fine, never better. 他很好，比以往任何時(shí)候都好。This bird is really lovely. Ive never seen a finer one. 這只鳥真可愛，我從未見過這樣好看的鳥。比較以下試題，情形也大致相同：(1) “Ive never found a better job.” “_.”A. I dont think soB. Too badC. CongratulationsD. Dont worry答案選C，Ive never found a better job可視為 Ive never found a better job than this job 之省略，句意為：我從來沒有找到比這份工作更好的工作，即這是我所找到的最好的工作。(2) “What do you think of the service here?” “Oh, _. We couldnt have found a better place.”A. too bad B. sorryC. wonderful D. impossible答案選 C。We couldnt have found a better place 可視為We couldnt have found a better place than this place，其意為“我們不可能找到一個(gè)