(旅游英語(yǔ))環(huán)球之旅-美國(guó)必備學(xué)習(xí).doc

美式論文、報(bào)告寫(xiě)作技巧 編者按：美式教育的特點(diǎn)即是課程內(nèi)容強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生參與及創(chuàng)新運(yùn)用，因此，報(bào)告便成了常見(jiàn)的考核學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)成果的方式，比如實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、學(xué)期報(bào)告、專題報(bào)告、研究報(bào)告及論文（含畢業(yè)論文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的機(jī)會(huì)更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占學(xué)期成績(jī)很大比例。如何完成報(bào)告、論文同時(shí)得到良好的成績(jī)，是本文提供給有志留學(xué)的有心人參考的目的。 美國(guó)大學(xué)生由於自小已養(yǎng)成自動(dòng)尋找答案習(xí)慣，在啟發(fā)式的教育環(huán)境下，寫(xiě)報(bào)告、論文對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)比較不陌生，雖然專業(yè)知識(shí)上美國(guó)學(xué)生不見(jiàn)得比外籍學(xué)生強(qiáng)，但是表達(dá)能力由於自小培養(yǎng)，加上英語(yǔ)能力的優(yōu)勢(shì)，常比外籍學(xué)生在報(bào)告、論文方面有較隹的利基。反之中國(guó)學(xué)生比較缺乏報(bào)告寫(xiě)作的訓(xùn)練，因此如果在留學(xué)過(guò)程中無(wú)法適應(yīng)美式教育會(huì)比較辛苦，其實(shí)論文、報(bào)告的寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)其實(shí)不難，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常論文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及參考資料(References)三部分構(gòu)成；而這三大部分各自內(nèi)容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 謝詞(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目錄(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主體，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、節(jié)(Section) 、以及注釋 (Footnotes) (三)參考資料： 參考書(shū)目(References or Bibliography) 附錄資料(Appendix)。 進(jìn)行論文或報(bào)告寫(xiě)作之前，先要確定想要表達(dá)的主題，主題確定后，將其具體表達(dá)，即為題目。題目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范圍 三.資料搜集的范圍 四.預(yù)期研究成果 通常在確定題目之後就開(kāi)始找資料從事研究，建議在找資料之前最好去問(wèn)教授有哪些參考資料來(lái)源可供參考引用。構(gòu)思為確定寫(xiě)作大綱或 Proposal 的先前步驟， 大綱是論文、報(bào)告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架構(gòu)、流程及范圍的說(shuō)明書(shū)。如何構(gòu)思大綱或Proposal為論文、報(bào)告寫(xiě)作前的必要準(zhǔn)備工作。好的論文或研究報(bào)告，要基于在完整、詳實(shí)的資料上，而參考資料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的來(lái)源就是圖書(shū)館了，一般參考資料來(lái)源可分成教科書(shū)或手冊(cè)、政府機(jī)構(gòu)的報(bào)告、科技或商業(yè)方面的雜志，及會(huì)議性質(zhì)的資料。此外現(xiàn)代的電腦資料庫(kù)也可幫助收集資料，在國(guó)外可利用學(xué)校的電腦連線資料庫(kù)尋找自己需要的資料。當(dāng)一切準(zhǔn)備就緒，即可開(kāi)始著手寫(xiě)報(bào)告，一般報(bào)告還分大報(bào)告如期末、專題等報(bào)告，及小報(bào)告如 Seminar 式的報(bào)告。 就算是小報(bào)告，也至少應(yīng)含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主題名稱、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的結(jié)論 (三)Introduction：包括理論背景及內(nèi)容 (四)Technical Sections：是論文的主體，為最重要的部份應(yīng)再細(xì)分為 幾個(gè)片斷。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的結(jié)論 (六)Appendixes：復(fù)雜公式的導(dǎo)引及叁考資料和電腦程式的報(bào)表可附加在 此項(xiàng) 美式報(bào)告的撰寫(xiě)通常要打字，兩行式，行間若有未拼完的字要以音節(jié)來(lái)連接。寫(xiě)報(bào)告通常需要用到電腦，如有計(jì)算數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì)圖表的需求，也常會(huì)用到程式軟體如PASCAL、LOTUS，統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟體如SAS，也是不可或缺的，電腦繪圖在今日已成為工商界及學(xué)術(shù)界的重要工具，文書(shū)處理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了頗受歡迎的工具。此外在英文語(yǔ)法、文法上的潤(rùn)飾與修改，如能請(qǐng)老美幫忙會(huì)比較好。 論文、報(bào)告完成后有時(shí)會(huì)需要做解說(shuō)(Presentation)，用英文來(lái)講演對(duì)中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)算是一大挑戰(zhàn)，通常課堂講演時(shí)間為十五分鐘到三十分鐘，若是論文囗試則至少一小時(shí)。投影機(jī)及麥克風(fēng)的使用對(duì)講演的效果有很大幫助，正式講演前多預(yù)習(xí)幾次，時(shí)間宜控制適中，上臺(tái)時(shí)忌諱低頭拿著報(bào)告照念，需留意聽(tīng)眾的反應(yīng)，切中主題，避免太多數(shù)字的導(dǎo)引。（旅游英語(yǔ)）環(huán)球之旅-美國(guó)Washington D.C.(美國(guó)首都華盛頓):Washington DC is situated close to Virginia(弗吉尼亞州) and Maryland(馬里蘭州) and is one of Americas most beautiful cities, full of monuments(紀(jì)念碑), memorials, impressive architecture(建筑), large public parks and is the home of the president of U.S. Throughout the year, Washington DC has many exciting festivals, parades and sporting events, and one of Washingtons most famous sports team are the Washington Redskins(華盛頓印第安人隊(duì)), who play American football(美式足球，即橄欖球) and have won the prestigious(享有聲望的, 聲望很高的) Superbowl(“超級(jí)碗”，美國(guó)橄欖球冠軍賽) three times.Washington DC is predominantly(主要地) a business city and therefore(因此) hotel rates(酒店房間收費(fèi)) are usually highest during the business week and lower at the weekends and in the summer. The main tourist season in Washington DC runs roughly from April to September and the business season tends to start slightly earlier and finish in the fall(秋天), virtually disappearing during the height of summer.Washington DC has many world-famous tourist attractions and major landmarks and these include the White House - completed in 1800 and home to every US president except George Washington, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI(美國(guó))聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局) offices - situated(位于) in Downtown Washington(華盛頓市中心),using state-of-the-art(藝術(shù)級(jí)的) crime-solving technology.The Washington Library of Congress(美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)圖書(shū)館) - the national library of America, which is actually the worlds largest library, with more than 100 million items, the National Zoological Park(美國(guó)國(guó)家動(dòng)物園) - most famous for its two giant pandas(大熊貓), Mei Xiang and Tian Tian, and the MCI Center (華盛頓體育中心)- a huge arena(舞臺(tái)) hosting many concerts(音樂(lè)會(huì)) and sporting events, which opened in 1997 at a cost of around USD 200 million.Downtown Washington, the largest area of the city, is located to the north and east of the White House, with numerous shops, department stores, theaters, tourist attractions, museums(博物館), restaurants, office blocks(辦公大樓) and many of Washingtons landmark buildings.Washington DC has a fairly mild climate(溫和氣候) and the weather in Washington is often extremely sunny and hot, particularly at the height of summer. This is one of Americas most important cities and is always worth visiting, whatever the time of year.Chicago(芝加哥):Chicago is one of the most important cities in America and is a top tourist destination(目的地). With so many interesting attractions, historic landmarks, entertainment, sports, beaches and a number of vast parks and gardens, Chicago is located next to the beautiful Lake Michigan(密歇根湖). Chicago is full of interesting and appealing tourist attractions and historical landmarks.Some of the top tourist attractions in Chicago include Chicagos famous Magnificent Mile(華麗一英里，芝加哥市最高級(jí)的一個(gè)地段)- part of Michigan Avenue(密歇根大道) which has become a Mecca(圣地) for shopping in Chicago with literally(真實(shí)地；確切地) hundreds of shops, the Harold Washington Library(哈羅德華盛頓圖書(shū)中心) - one of the largest libraries in the world, Chicagos Hancock Observatory(漢考克了望臺(tái)) - with stunning views of the stars at night and spectacular panoramic(全景的, 全貌的) views of downtown Chicago.Chicagos North Avenue Beach - where many tourists in Chicago go to swim, sunbathe(曬太陽(yáng)；日光浴) and relax, the Chicago Sears Tower(希爾斯摩天大樓), the Chicago Tribune Tower(論壇大廈) - one of the earliest skyscrapers(摩天大樓), and the Chicago Navy Pier(海軍碼頭) - an enormous pier for Chicagos shipping industry and now full of an enormous range of entertainment and attractions, covering over 50 acres.Chicago has many sporting facilities, including numerous spectator sports(吸引觀眾的體育比賽). Home to several world-class sports teams, the most famous of which is the Chicago Bears, who regularly play American football at Chicagos Soldier Field. Many World Cup football sports matches are played in Chicago and American football in Chicago attracts a large following, with the season running from September to December.The city has one of the worlds best collections of modern architecture, from Frank Lloyd Wright(弗蘭克勞埃德萊特(1869-1959)美國(guó)建筑師，他基于自然形式的特殊建筑風(fēng)格極大地影響了現(xiàn)代建筑業(yè)。) houses to the 110-storey(110層的) Sears Tower. For visitors, Chicago offers the Art Institute of Chicago, and a wide range of excellent museums (many of which have one day of free admission(免費(fèi)進(jìn)入) per week), restaurants, sports and highbrow cultural activities(高雅文化活動(dòng)).New York(紐約): The City Never Sleeps.Most people associate(聯(lián)想) America with New York. It is the biggest city in the U.S. with plenty of attractions such as The Statue of Liberty(自由女神), viewing the Rockefeller Center(洛克斐勒中心), Trump Towers(川普大樓), The Times Square(時(shí)代廣場(chǎng)), and the Atlantic city(大西洋城).New York, New York, so good they named it twice, is one of the major cities in the world and also one of the top tourist destinations in America. Also known affectionately as the Big Apple, the lively and bustling(忙忙碌碌的, 熙熙攘攘的; 活躍的) metropolis(大都會(huì)) of New York City is full of interesting sights and major landmarks.Many of New Yorks major landmarks and tourist attractions are known and loved throughout the world. Some of the top tourist attractions are the Empire State Building(帝國(guó)大廈)- - one of the most famous of all New York landmarks and the definitive skyscraper, the Chrysler Building (克萊斯勒大廈)- opened in 1930, when it was declared the worlds tallest building until the completion of the Empire State Building, Central Park(中央公園) - located in the Manhattan district(曼哈頓區(qū)) of New York and covering an enormous area of almost 850 acres.Times Square - situated in the heart of New Yorks Theater District(劇 院區(qū)) and filled with colorful neon signs(霓虹燈), Brooklyn Bridge (布魯克林大橋)- New Yorks famous bridge that is widely regarded as one of the most beautiful bridges in the world, and of course the impressive and enormous Statue of Liberty -symbolizing the American dream of freedom. The sheer size of New Yorks Statue of Liberty is quite breathtaking.New York is a strong city and this is apparent after New York city suffered one of the worst terrorist attacks in the world on September 11th, 2001, when the Twin Towers(雙子塔) of the World Trade Center(世界貿(mào)易中心) were destroyed. New Yorkers have rebuilt their lives and showed the world that this is a resilient(恢復(fù)活力的) city and that the Big Apple will always be one of the greatest and most important cities in the world.Los Angeles(洛杉磯):Many tourists come here to experience the city that has come to epitomize(使成.的縮影; 集中體現(xiàn)) the American Dream - most obviously in the fantasy worlds of Disneyland (迪斯尼樂(lè)園)and Hollywood(好萊塢), but also in the half-flaunted(半招搖的), half-concealed(半隱蔽的) opulence(富裕) of Beverly Hills(貝弗利山莊) and Malibu(馬里布) where you can try to get a glimpse of movie stars and assorted(各色俱全的) celebrities(名人). St. Louis(圣路易斯):Main attractions include the revitalized riverfront including the magnificent Gateway Arch (大拱門(mén)，圣路易斯的地標(biāo))and the restored warehouses of Lacledes Landing(萊克里德碼頭，在大拱門(mén)附近). Orlando(奧蘭多):A quiet farming town twenty years ago, has more people passing through its environs than any other place in the state. The reason, of course, is Walt Disney World(迪斯尼世界), which, along with Universal Studios(環(huán)球影城), Sea World (海洋世界)and a host of themed attractions(主題樂(lè)園), pulls more than 25 million people a year to a previously(先前, 以前) featureless(無(wú)特色的, 平凡的) plot of scrubland(灌木叢林). Grand Canyons (n.大峽谷): The most famous natural feature in the USA, where the great Colorado River (n. 科羅拉多河) has cut a more than one mile deep 10 mile wide chasm (n. 深坑) in the desert rock. The Grand Canyon National Park covers the two thirds eastern of the canyon but it is the southern rim (n. 邊緣) which sees most tourist activity. You could try the north rim for less accessibility and more solitude (n. 荒僻). Situated in the state of Arizona (n. 亞利桑那州), Grand Canyons is the single most awe-inspiring (adj. 令人敬畏的) spectacle (n. 奇觀) in a land of unforgettable geology (n. 地質(zhì)概況), and one of the few places in the world that you absolutely have to see at least once in your life time. Las Vegas (n. 拉斯維加斯): Viva (n. 歡呼聲) Las Vegas! This famous Nevada (內(nèi)華達(dá)州) city is home to bright neon lights (n. 霓虹燈), busy casinos (n. 娛樂(lè)場(chǎng),賭博的地方), the famous Las Vegas Strip, enormous (adj. 巨大的) hotels, numerous (adj. 眾多的) wedding chapels (n. 禮堂), lively nightlife, an average of 315 days of sunshine each year and many impressive (n. 令人難忘的) tourist attractions (旅游景點(diǎn)). Where else can you get married in the world without even leaving your car, or by a priest (n. 牧師) dressed as Elvis Presley (貓王艾爾維斯普萊斯利，美國(guó)著名的搖滾樂(lè)歌手)?! There are landmarks, restaurants (n. 餐館), Las Vegas sightseeing (n. 觀光). The Las Vegas Strip is a wide avenue that runs through the center of Las Vegas and is lined with most of the citys largest hotel casinos and tourist attractions. Some of the top tourist attractions in Las Vegas include the Secret Garden and Dolphin (n. 海豚) Habitat (n. 棲息地)- a tropical (adj. 熱帶的) paradise (n. 天堂) with white tigers, elephants and dolphins, the Speed Roller Coaster (n. 過(guò)山車) at the Las Vegas Cyber Speedway (n. 電腦化高速公路) - with speeds of up to 70 miles-per-hour. The Las Vegas Motor Speedway is located in north Las Vegas and features a major racing circuit, and the Paris / Las Vegas Eiffel Tower (n. 艾菲爾鐵塔)- a half size replica (n. 復(fù)制品) of the famous Eiffel Tower at the themed Paris-Las Vegas casino, where it is possible to get married at the top, surrounded by spectacular (adj. 壯觀的) views across Las Vegas. The incredible (adj. 令人難以置信的) Hoover Dam (胡佛水壩) is also located close to Las Vegas and is often described (v. 描述) as one of the seven wonders of the world. Everything in America is big, but in Las Vegas, everything is huge, including hotels, resorts (n. 景點(diǎn)), shopping malls (n. 購(gòu)物商場(chǎng)) and the legendary (adj. 傳奇的) Las Vegas casinos, which are simply vast (adj. 巨大的). Some of the Las Vegas casinos have literally (adv. 差不多) thousands of slot machines (n. 投幣機(jī)) and many hundreds of card tables. Several of the buildings in Las Vegas hold world records, such as the Stratosphere (n. 最高的) Tower at Las Vegas Boulevard South, which is home to the words highest roller coaster and also Americas fastest elevator (n. 電梯), and the Castaways Hotel and Bowling (n. 保齡球) Center, which is the largest tenpin bowling (n. 保齡球) alley (n. 球道) in the world, boasting 106 bowling alleys. There are few cities in the world that compare (v. 比較) to the truly outstanding Las Vegas restaurants and top cuisine (n. 菜肴), Las Vegas shopping facilities (n. 設(shè)備) and the simply awesome Las Vegas entertainment (n. 娛樂(lè)表演). Las Vegas has probably produced more instant millionaires (n. 暴發(fā)戶) than any other city and is worth visiting, whatever the time of year. If you are a gambling (n.賭博) fan or got lots of money to spend but dont know where to spend, Las Vegas is the place for you! Besides being famous for casinos, the hotels are truly spectacular! You must visit hotels apart from the hotel where you are staying like MGM grand, Caesars Palace, Excaliber, Luxor (拉斯維加斯著名酒店) etc. Mt. Rushmore (拉什莫爾山): This epic (adj. 壯麗的) sculpture (n. 雕刻) links the faces of four exalted (adj. 尊貴的) American presidents (n. 總統(tǒng)): George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. South Dakotas (南達(dá)科塔州) Black Hills (n. 黑山) provide the back-drop for Mount Rushmore, the worlds greatest mountain carving (n. 雕刻品). These 60-foot high faces, 500-feet up, look out over a setting of pine (n. 松樹(shù)), spruce (n. 云杉), birch (n. 樺樹(shù)), and aspen (n. 白楊) in the clear western air. 英語(yǔ)作文常用諺語(yǔ)、俗語(yǔ)1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 說(shuō)謊者即使講真話也沒(méi)人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea. 海納百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome. 條條大路通羅馬。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只會(huì)用功不玩耍，聰明孩子也變傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善終。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事實(shí)勝于雄辯。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音難覓。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患難見(jiàn)真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友難，失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的開(kāi)端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善終。 13、A good book is a good friend. 好書(shū)如摯友。 14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良藥苦口。 15、A mothers love never changes. 母愛(ài)永恒。 16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一蘋(píng)果，不用請(qǐng)醫(yī)生。 17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花獨(dú)放不是春，百花齊放春滿園。 18、A years plan starts with spring. 一年之計(jì)在于春。 19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。 20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，單怕站。 21、By reading we enrich the mind.讀書(shū)使人充實(shí)，22、Care and diligence bring luck. 謹(jǐn)慎和勤奮才能抓住機(jī)遇。 23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。 24、Custom is a second nature. 習(xí)慣是后天養(yǎng)成的。 25、Custom makes all things easy. 有個(gè)好習(xí)慣，事事皆不難。 26、Doing is better than saying. 與其掛在嘴上，不如落實(shí)在行動(dòng)上。 27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而廢。 28、Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日畢。 29、Dont trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻煩。 30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身體好。 31、Easier said than done. 說(shuō)得容易，做得難。32、Easy come, easy go. 來(lái)也匆匆，去也匆匆。 33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃飯是為了活著，但活著不是為了吃飯。 34、Every man has his faults. 金無(wú)足赤，人無(wú)完人。 35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命運(yùn)自己掌握。 36、Every minute counts. 分秒必爭(zhēng)。37、Each coin has two sides. 38、Fact speak louder than words. 事實(shí)勝于雄辯。 39、Failure is the mother of success. 失敗是成功之母。 40、God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。41、Health is better than wealth. 健康勝過(guò)財(cái)富。 42、Honesty is the best policy. 做人誠(chéng)信為本。 43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最壞的打算。 44、It is never too old to learn. 活到老，學(xué)到老。 45、Knowledge is power. 知識(shí)就是力量46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。 47、No pain， no gain.（不勞無(wú)獲。）48、You never know till you have tried. 不嘗試，不知曉。49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奮是成功之母。51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起，使人健康、富裕和聰穎。52、Experience is the best teacher.經(jīng)驗(yàn)是最好的教師。53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it. 世上無(wú)難事，只怕有心人。54、Where theres a will, theres a way. 有志者事竟成。55、Practice makes perfect （熟能生巧。）56、Pride goes before a fall（驕傲必?cái)?。）Superstar and IIts common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors. However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart. He is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianistChopin. When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around. Whats more, I can feel his strong love for music. Rome wasnt built in one day. He achieved the great success through huge effort. I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.Superstar and IHer name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder. She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart. Although shes not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me. The song I dreamed a dream that she sang touched everyones heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it. She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up. She is like a sunshine that gives me hope. Where there is a will, there is a way.英語(yǔ)作文常用諺語(yǔ)、俗語(yǔ)1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 說(shuō)謊者即使講真話也沒(méi)人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea. 海納百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome. 條條大路通羅馬。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只會(huì)用功不玩耍，聰明孩子也變傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善終。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事實(shí)勝于雄辯。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音難覓。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患難見(jiàn)真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友難，失朋友易。 11、A go