非謂語動詞的各種形式.doc

不定式不定式有六種形式： 主動 被動 一般式 to do to be done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing不定式一般式的主動和被動，在句中除了謂語動詞，能做其他一切成分。主動表示不定式與邏輯主語間是邏輯主動關(guān)系；被動表示不定式與邏輯主語間是邏輯被動關(guān)系。1. 一般被動式：不定式的語態(tài)是由邏輯主語與不定式的關(guān)系決定的，被動關(guān)系就要用被動式。在句中作與主動式一樣的成分。作定語時與所修飾的名詞有邏輯主謂和邏輯解釋這兩種關(guān)系，主要是邏輯主謂關(guān)系He likes to be flattered（賓） 他喜歡被人奉承。You are lucky to be guided by Professor White （狀）你們由懷特教授教授作指導(dǎo)，真幸運(yùn)。She asked to be sent to work in Tibet（賓） 她要求去西藏工作He ordered the work to be started at once（賓補(bǔ)） 他下令馬上開始工作。It might not be a bad idea for this word to be deleted（主） 刪去這個字，倒是一個不錯的主意。The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room（主補(bǔ)） 這些書不許帶到室外。Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next session（定）請告訴我下次會議要討論的題目。He seems to be taken to America（表語）他好像要被帶去美國。He had no chance to be sent aboard（定） 他沒機(jī)會被派往海外。2. 進(jìn)行式：表示動作正在發(fā)生，與所在句子的謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生。 在句中可以做主、賓、表、補(bǔ)、狀（原狀），不能作定語 It is nice to be sitting here with you (做主語) 在這里陪你坐著是非常愉快的。 He pretended to be sleeping soundly（做賓語） 他假裝睡得很甜。 He seems to be recovering（做表語） 看來他正在復(fù)原。 I didnt expect her to be crying bitterly（做賓補(bǔ)） 我沒想到她竟會哭得如此傷心。 He supposed she was glad to be having her holiday now（做原因狀語）他猜想她現(xiàn)在很高興在度假。 He is believed to be coming（做主補(bǔ)）據(jù)說他正要來。 She is said to be writing a novel（做主補(bǔ)）據(jù)說她正在寫一部小說。 注：1. 不定式的進(jìn)行式做補(bǔ)語時，必須是該動詞后面只跟不定式做補(bǔ)語，不能跟分詞做補(bǔ)語，這時如果表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生就用不定式的進(jìn)行式。I saw him sleeping 不能說I saw him be sleeping因為see 后面可以跟分詞作補(bǔ)語。2. 不定式的進(jìn)行式作狀語時，只能做原因狀語，此時，可以和現(xiàn)在分詞互換。3. 完成式（主動與被動）：表示動作發(fā)生在所在句子的謂語動詞之前。 在句中可以做主、表、賓、狀（原狀）、補(bǔ)，不能做定語 It is nice to have sat here with you（主語）跟你坐在一起是非常愉快的。 He intended to have told you earlier （賓語） 他曾試圖早一些告訴你。 He pretended to have finished his homework（賓語）他假裝已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè)。 They reported a star to have appeared in the east（賓補(bǔ)）他們報告一顆星已在東方出現(xiàn)He appears to have made a small mistake(表語) 他看起來象是犯了一個小錯誤。He is said to have broken the window yesterday（主補(bǔ)）據(jù)說昨天他把窗子打破了。I am so happy to have received your letter（狀語） 已收到你的信，我很高興。He was reported to have been awarded the Noble Prize（主補(bǔ)）據(jù)報道他已獲得諾貝爾獎。We believed the task to have been finished（賓補(bǔ)） 我們相信任務(wù)已經(jīng)完成了。He hoped to have been invited to the party（賓語） 他希望自己已經(jīng)被邀請參加晚會了。We know him to have once been arrested by the enemy（賓補(bǔ)）我們知道他被敵人逮捕過。It is a great honor for him to have been elected as a model worker for three years（主語）他連續(xù)三年被評為勞模，非常光榮。The manuscript seems to have been written by Shakespeare（表語）這份手稿好像是莎士比亞寫的。注：1、在seem appear后面所跟的不定式可看做表語 2、在be said be reported等后面可看作主補(bǔ) 3、intended to have done 本打算 was/were to have done 原計劃 The plane was to have taken off at six，but owing to the fog the flight was cancelled 飛機(jī)預(yù)定在六點(diǎn)起飛，但是因為有霧，航班取消了。4. 完成進(jìn)行式：表示在所在句子的謂語動詞之前一直在進(jìn)行的事。在句中作主、表、賓、狀（原狀）、補(bǔ)It is unimaginable to have been living here for three years （主） 三年來一直在這里住著，太不可思議了。They suspected us to have been quarrelling （賓補(bǔ)） 他們疑心我們一直在吵架。He looked too young to have been publishing for five years（狀語） 他看起來太年輕了，不像是五年中一直在發(fā)表著作。He appeared to have been waiting a long time（表語）他看來已經(jīng)等了很長時間了。They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan （主補(bǔ)）據(jù)說他們一直在云南收集民歌。Im sorry to have been troubling you all the time （狀語） 很抱歉總不斷給你添麻煩。He pretended to have been sleeping（賓語）他假裝一直在睡覺。注：wish to have been doing真希望曾一直做某事 Wish to have done 真希望曾做某事了She wished to have been working in the movie studio with her friends（賓） 她真希望過去一直能和她的朋友們一起在電影制片廠工作。I know him to have been studying how to play the piano（賓補(bǔ)）我知道他一直在學(xué)彈鋼琴。注：不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式（主動與被動）、完成進(jìn)行式在句中作狀語時，做原因狀語，但是完成主動式與完成進(jìn)行式也常用于tooto結(jié)構(gòu)中作結(jié)果狀語動名詞動名詞有四種形式 主動 被動 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 一般被動式：動名詞的被動式表示動名詞與邏輯主語是被動關(guān)系。完成被動式表示發(fā)生在所在句子謂語動詞之前的被動行為?？勺鲋鳌⒈?、賓 I dont mind being laughed at （賓） 我不怕別人笑話。 No one likes being thought a fool （賓） 誰也不愿被人看做傻瓜。 He came without being asked （賓） 他不請自來。 Being seen is being believed （主、表） Being fooled annoyed her （主） 被騙惹怒了她。He resented having been criticized by the manager（賓） 他對經(jīng)理的批評感到不滿。He felt so ashamed for having been made fool of（賓） 他因為被愚弄而感到不好意思。完成主動式：表示動作發(fā)生在所在句子的謂語動詞之前的主動行為。做主表賓。He didnt mention having met her（賓） 他沒有提到曾遇到過他。After having finished the written work，I went on to read the text（賓） 做完書面作業(yè)以后，我接著讀課文。Having finished the task surprised me （主）現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞有四種形式 主動 被動 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done一般式的被動式與主動式能做定、狀、補(bǔ)The building being repaired is our dining hall（定） 正在被修繕的是我們的食堂。As we approached the village we saw new houses being built（賓補(bǔ)） 走近村子時，我們看到正在蓋新房。Being caught in the rain，he was wet to the skin（狀） 由于讓雨淋著，他渾身都濕透了。完成式主要作狀語Having drunk the coffee，he washed the cup and put it away 喝完咖啡，他把杯子洗凈，放了起來。Having been asked to stay，I couldnt very well leave 人家請我留下，我