外文翻譯-機(jī)械化礦井導(dǎo)水裂隙帶高度的檢測

英譯漢Height and detection of water flowing fractured zone in fully mechanized mining areaBaishan Xu1, Qi Li1, Zhihong Li2, Zhijian Haol, Guojun Gao3 1.School of Resource and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004,China2.Institute of Geophysical Prospecting, Nanjing 130026, China3.Tiefa Coal lndustry(Group)Limited Liability Company Shenyang 110500, Chin AbstractAbstract: Coal mining like mining underneath buildings, roads, or waters changes the distribution of stress in rock mass, resulting in deformations between the roof and the surface, as well as crisscrossing fractures in the mining rock mass. These fractures and deformations affect the mechanic behaviors of the rock mass, and to some extent control its stability. As mining continues, stress balance will be lost, which may lead to collapsing of the rock mass around stope. Therefore, the monitoring of water flowing fracture zone of overlying strata is a vital problem. This paper studies the relationship between the water flowing fracture zone and mining by taking the fully mechanized mining underneath waters as an example. It concludes that the variations and distribution of fractures in the mining rock mass can be revealed by P- and S-wave seismic survey, which ensures miming of coal seam safely. S-wave reflection survey can be used to detect the formations with water flowing fractures and characterize the development degree of the fractures. The validity of the proposed method was verified by drilling. The proposed method provides support for mining of coal seam of over 10m at onetime under water reservoir.Key words: SV wave Exploration, mined-out areas,coal seam, water flowing fracture zone, geophysical methodsIntroductionFor coal mining under buildings, roads, and waters, the carving zone formed from mining leads to the relocation of stress. The deformations and fractures from stope roof to the earth surface result in a complicated fracture network internal the rock mass. This impacts the mechanic behaviors of the rock mass, or even controls the stability of the cover rock to some extent (Wu et al., 1994). Therefore, the knowledge about the distribution of fractures in the cover rock above coal mine is very important for studying the collapse of the mining rock mass, determining the mechanic parameters for stability prediction of building foundation over mine goaf, and assessing the strength and stability of restructured mining rock mass.Fractures grow upwards from the bottom as the work face advances. These fractures form different network corresponding to different work face. The foregoing network expands, closes or opens along with the work face advancing, which complicates the fracture distribution of mining rock mass. On completion of mining and the rock displacement tends to stabilize, bed separation will basically close in the middle of the goaf. The height of the water flowing fractured zone under certain mining method and scale is the vital information as to determine whether coal mining under waters will give rise to seepage around the reservoir. Traditionally, this height is determined from the washing fluid used during borehole survey and numerical simulation. These methods are ones that infer the global from the local and may fail to reflect the real situation. For the coal seam and overburden bed with weak rock strata and heterogeneous hard rock strata, the overburden bed tends to deform seriously or non-uniformly. In such case, numerical simulation usually fail to yield desired results, and borehole survey also cannot keep track of the progressive destruction and instability, as well as the opening and closing of faults and joints. Seismic exploration with P- and S-waves is able to reflect the changes of fracture network in the mining rock mass. Thus it can beused to safeguard coal mining.1 Characteristics of the overburden bed deformation over the mining areaRocks around the mining goaf undergo complicated displacement and deformation after coal excavation. On its completion the overburden bed can be roughly divided into three zones: carving zone, fractured zone, and bending deformation zone (Yan, 1995). Carving zone is the area where the overburden bed is completely collapsed. The rocks in the carving zone are characterized by irregularity, expansion on breaking, and poor compactness, which hampers roof regeneration and water barrier formation with the carving ground (China Coal Research Institute Beijing Mining Research Institute, 1981). Above the carving zone is the fractured zone. Fractured zone is the area where rocks still keep their original layering structure though they are fractured, separated, and faulted. The distribution of the fractures in the fractured zone possesses a certain zonation. The carving zone and fractured zone are referred as water flowing fractured zone. This zone plays an important role in analyzing the feasibility of coal mining under waters. Only if the height of the overburden bed is no less than that of the water flowing fractured zone, one may sure that the waters will not leak into the mining area. Bending deformation zone is also called bulk moving zone, it is referred to the whole rock body between the top of the fractured zone and the earth surface. The integrity of the rock mass in the bending deformation zone is the last shelter for safeguarding coal mining under waters.2 Geophysical principles and methodsP- and S-wave seismic reflection method is to determine the occurrence of subsurface strata and the characters of structures via the energy reflected from different subsurface interfaces and the travel times of reflections receiving at the earth surface. It provides a direct and highly resolvable geophysical prospecting method for determining the destruction of the overburden bed above mining goaf and the subsequent changes.2-component common offset P- and S-wave seismic reflection method is a new artificial earthquake method. It takes both advantages of P-waves and S-waves. S-waves are superior in resolving interfaces of large dip, whereas P-waves are sensitive to nearly horizontal coal seams and major faults. By combining P-wave data with S-wave data, one is able to detect minor geologic anomalies ant their occurrences. S-wave seismic reflection method is mainly used to resolve complex shallow geological problems. The spacing between observation stations is generally less than lm in S-wave seismic method, much denser than that of borehole survey. It is an efficient while relatively inexpensive method. It has been proved by drilling or digging verification that S-wave seismic is an effective method for solving complex geological problems.3 Case studyA comprehensive study of drilling, geophysical methods, and numerical simulation was carried out to determine the height of water flowing fractured zone and to solve the problems related with borehole survey. Geophysical methods such as EH-4 and P-and-S-wave seismic were used in the experiments of flooding in goaf to characterize the development of the “three zones” and to determine heights of the three zones. These two methods are complementary. They solved the geological problems from viewpoint of electromagnetic field and elastic field, respectively. Seismic method is superior in characterizing rock mass integrally and structurally. In this study, using only hammer as seismic resource can provide seismic images over a depth of near 500m. S-wave seismic together with EH-4 is an ideal combination for study of the inbreak of overburden bed after coal excavation.3 Geological conditions and geophysical characteristics in the coal mining areaThe coal-bearing strata are generally 80800m thick in the mine field. It comprises layers or segments of conglomerate, sandstone, coal, oil shale, zoolite, and mudstone from bottom to top.Fossils are enriched in the segments of coal and oil shale as well as layers of zoolite. The main coal seams are stable in the mine field. Coal seam is a complex of 1-18 natural bed(s), distributing all over the mining field. Its structure is simple with a roof of oil shale and siltstone and thickness of 0.5814.04m.a) Shallow seismic and geologic conditionsWater table is stable with thickness of l5m. Below arable layer is mostly gravel, clay or sandy clay with thickness of generally 15m. This layer is just overlying the Cretaceous stratum. These conditions are favorable for the excitation seismic waves, but will somehow absorbs the seismic waves of high frequency.b) Deep seismic and geologic conditionsThere is noticeable difference of wave impedances between different strata. Strata are of moderate dip. Below the Cretaceous stratum is a thick stratum of glutenite. Significant geophysical differences assure to generate trackably continuous reflection events on seismic sections. The top of the coal seam is oil shale, and its bottom is mainly siltstone and fine sandstone. Considering the large difference of wave impedance between the coal seam and host rock, deep seismic and geologic conditions are favorable for seismic survey.4 Data acquisition and processingOne of the keys to the success of seismic exploration is to acquire high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio seismic waves. The key to acquire high resolution and high SNR seismic waves is to determine optimal shooting and receiving parameters and layout.2-component common offset seismic reflection method was used. The engineering seismograph used has a dynamic range of more than 126dB and receiving frequency range of 0.15000HZ he low frequency geophone used has a harmonic distortion of less than 0.05% and receiving band of 102000HZammer was used as seismic resource. In land, both weight of 20 pound and machine hammer of 3 tons thrust force were used.Following objectives were set for seismic data processing according to the requirements of geologic task and quality of raw data.a)Preservethe fidelity of seismic data to assure correct imaging of minor faults, fissures, bending deformation zone, fractured zone, carving zone, and minor structures.b)Preservethe amplitude of seismic signals and the kinetics that reflecting the interface characters to facilitate horizon tracing and study of lithological variations.c)InvertP- and S-wave velocity from well data, and perform time-depth conversion with correctly imaged data.To achieve the above objectives, following measures were adopteda)Suppressnoises without doing harm to desired signals to improve SNR.b)Performtrace equalization to assure that the resolution of raw data will not be decreased by data processing.c)Performfiltering on a band division basis to improve resolution and SNR.d)Properlyperform anisotropic correction and phase correction5 Result and interpretationTo show the variations of overburden bed and fractures before and after coal excavation, we will compare the geologic sections resulted from multiple vintages. Here we will demonstrate the exploration achievements with Line A.Table 1. Variations of overburden bed with time as shown on Line AdateFebruary 8March 18May 1Time of aequisition(day)-15377Distance to cutting face(m)58-15830-120-60-120Number of fractures31318 5 - 2 0 0 6 .5-1 100 200 Figl. Seismic section of Line A and interpreted fractures and occurrences of the three zones before, during, and after excavation.5-2006.5-1Fig 2. S-wave seismic section of Line B and its geologic interpretation Line B parallels to themining work face.It was acquired after 180 days of excavation. The maximum height of bending deformation zone is about 290m away from that of the coal seam. The maximum height of the underlying carving zone is about 80m. Fractures increased to 62, and bed separation was well developed.6 Analysis of regularity for the water flowing fractured zoneTo further study the relations between fracture systems and lithology, we did statistics for 32 seismic sections from 8 lines and drew the following chart.The number of fracture varies with lines and time. This indicates that the Jurassic coal-bearing formation has a relatively uniform lithology, whereas the Cretaceous overburden bed changes rapidly in lithology in different directions. It can be seen from the geologic sections that fractures are in oblique line or curves of different dips. This demonstrates their difference in rigidity and plasticity. Therefore the underlying carving zone is stable, whereas the upper bending deformation zone and fractured zone are developed non-uniformly.7 Integrated analysisDominate the Overburden bed falls rapidly in a short period of time after coal excavation. Its maximum height may reach to about 20m. The height of cavingzone may reach up to 80m in along period of time after excavation. At the same time buildup can be seen at the bottom of coal seam. Its maximum height is about 3m. Fractures grow between the top of the coal seam and bottom of the Cretaceous. They carving zone. Fractured zone mainly develops at the bottom of the Cretaceous. This may attribute to the inter-formational sliding caused from stress change alleviating the destruction of the overburden bed.Fig 3. Trend of fracture development after excavationThe extension fractures are caused by uneven subsidence after coal excavation. They usually are of water flowing ability. We should treat the height of water flowing fractured zone equally with the new fractures caused by collapses after excavation unless there is thick plastic water barrier in the Quaternary and it is only bent rather than destroyed.The growth of newly generated fracture is mainly controlled by the displacement of rock in the neighboring goaf. Upon the completion of mining in the current mining field, fractures grow further with the time and the number of newly generated fracture will reach to apex about 3 days after the finishing of mining. Though there are limited observations available, it still be seen that fractures are not straight lines or oblique lines, rather they are a curves crossing lines on S-wave seismic time section. This is because the Cretaceous formation is inhomogeneous.8.ConclusionsSatisfactory results have been achieved for description of the carving zone and water flowing fractured zone caused by goaf in the overburden bed with 2 component common offset seismic method and EH-4 electromagnetic method. We discussed the developing regularity of the water flowing fractured zone in the overburden bed above goaf. The results have been verified by borehole survey in 3 wells and observations taken in and outside mine. Evaluation for the development of the three zones was carried out on the whole survey area. 2 component common offset seismic method takes the advantages of S-wave seismic method and P-wave seismic method. It provides direct information about the geology, hydrology, displacement of overburden bed, structures, and fractures, thus safeguards the fully mechanized mining.References1. China Coal Research Institute Beijing Mining Research Institute. 1981,Theory of Mine Field Surface Movement and Overburden Bed Destruction and itsApplication. Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House.2. Specifications of Buildings, Waters, Railway, and Main Mine and Roadway Coal Pillar Design and Coal Mining, Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House, 2000.Wu Lixin, Wang Jinzhuang. 1994,heory and Practice of Strip Mining under Buildings or Structures. Xuzhou: China University of Mining and Technology Press.3. Yan Ronggui. 1995.Mining Subsidence and Surface Structure. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press.機(jī)械化礦井導(dǎo)水裂隙帶高度的檢測徐白山1,李奇1,李洪志2,郝志堅(jiān)2,高國軍3（1遼寧沈陽東北大學(xué)資源與土木工程學(xué)院2. 南京理工學(xué)院地球物理勘探3.沈陽tiefa責(zé)任有限公司）摘要： 位于建筑物，鐵路和水體下的三下開采改變了應(yīng)力在巖體中的分布特征，導(dǎo)上層和地表的變型和巖體的交錯(cuò)裂縫。這些裂縫和變形影響巖體的力學(xué)特性，,并在一定程度上影響其穩(wěn)定性。隨著開采的繼續(xù)，礦山壓力可能就會(huì)失去平衡，導(dǎo)致圍巖的破壞。所以，倒水裂隙帶的監(jiān)測就是一個(gè)重要問題。本文以水下開采為例，研究了機(jī)械化開采與導(dǎo)水裂隙的關(guān)系。本文認(rèn)為裂隙在礦山巖體中的變化和分布可以由地震的橫波和縱波揭示，來確保礦井的安全。橫波可以用來探測導(dǎo)水裂隙帶的發(fā)育特點(diǎn)和程度。這種方法已經(jīng)有效的被鉆測驗(yàn)證，該方法可為超過10米的水庫下煤礦開采提供支持。關(guān)鍵詞：SV波探測，采空區(qū)，煤層，倒水裂隙帶引 言建筑物，道路和水體下的三下開采導(dǎo)致巖體應(yīng)力的變遷。采場頂板的變形在內(nèi)部形成網(wǎng)狀的破壞空間。這影響了巖體的固有特性在一定程度上甚至控制了覆巖的穩(wěn)定性。因此，了解礦井上部覆巖裂隙的分布對(duì)于研究礦山巖體，確定機(jī)械參數(shù)對(duì)采空區(qū)穩(wěn)定性的影響，評(píng)估礦山壓力的力度和穩(wěn)定至關(guān)重要。裂隙隨著工作面的推進(jìn)由底部向上發(fā)展，不同的工作面形成不同的裂隙。隨著工作面的推進(jìn)，形成的網(wǎng)狀空間擴(kuò)張，關(guān)閉和打開，使礦山巖體裂隙分布更加復(fù)雜。在開采完成，采動(dòng)圍巖趨于穩(wěn)定后，在采空區(qū)的中間會(huì)形成分層。在確定的采煤方法下的導(dǎo)水裂隙帶高度對(duì)于確定巖體的儲(chǔ)水是否會(huì)引起煤層滲透至關(guān)重要。傳統(tǒng)上，導(dǎo)水裂隙帶的測量是通過鉆孔沖洗液觀測法和數(shù)值模擬。這些方法只是從巖體內(nèi)部推測的一種方法，可能不能反映出真實(shí)的情況。煤層和覆蓋層較差的巖層和異構(gòu)硬巖層,覆蓋層往往變形嚴(yán)重或非均勻。在這樣情況下，數(shù)值模擬通常不能得到準(zhǔn)確的結(jié)果，井下測量也不能對(duì)破壞和不穩(wěn)定性以及隨斷層的分裂和閉合做跟蹤檢測。地震檢測所用的縱波和橫波則能能反映巖體裂隙網(wǎng)絡(luò)的變化。因此，該方法可以用來保護(hù)礦井。1 礦區(qū)表土床變形的特點(diǎn)在煤炭開采的礦山采空區(qū)潛移默化的發(fā)生位移和變形，煤層采出后，上覆巖層