英語(yǔ)四級(jí)綜合筆記

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)綜合筆記聽力（35%）、閱讀（35%）、完型填空或改錯(cuò)（10%）、作文和翻譯（20%）。各單項(xiàng)報(bào)道分的滿分分別為：聽力249分，閱讀249分，完型填空或改錯(cuò)70分，作文142分。各單項(xiàng)分相加之和等于總分（710分）。目錄一、聽力概述和故事型及文章型題目二、小對(duì)話六大類行分析三、小對(duì)話高頻場(chǎng)景分析四、多義詞匯講解及科技型文章講解五、語(yǔ)音講解（英、美），語(yǔ)音現(xiàn)象（吞音、連讀等）六、重要短語(yǔ)集合、聽力敏感度訓(xùn)練、六大類關(guān)鍵詞七、長(zhǎng)對(duì)話類型分析八、復(fù)合式聽寫技巧總結(jié)（語(yǔ)音、詞匯）聽力規(guī)律：考試失敗必男生（歷年考試中只有女生Mary一出現(xiàn)，則為反面人物）1.安慰必女生 2火車必遲到 3飛機(jī)必晚點(diǎn) 4邀約必失敗5吃飯必成功 6受傷必輕傷 7車禍必生還 8貨物必售完（書、票）一、聽力概述和故事型及文章型題目（一）故事型文章判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：（所給答案中）大于等于兩個(gè)人名、地名1“解釋結(jié)尾”考點(diǎn)“結(jié)尾”標(biāo)志：停頓三秒鐘2轉(zhuǎn)折考點(diǎn)（通用考點(diǎn)）But,however,yet,unexpectedly,otherwise,.3對(duì)話考點(diǎn)：he said he laughted he wept(weep) he answered.升調(diào)表否定、疑問(wèn)（語(yǔ)氣語(yǔ)調(diào)出考點(diǎn)）（所給選項(xiàng)中）同主語(yǔ)題，例：若主語(yǔ)同為he只聽男方的一句態(tài)度（二）說(shuō)明型文章判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：選項(xiàng)圍繞一個(gè)詞進(jìn)行講解1. “最”特質(zhì)考點(diǎn) most,more,-est,-er2. 因果考點(diǎn)：because,so;for(句中)；as(句前)；thats the reason why.3. 首末考點(diǎn)（通用考點(diǎn)），首三句，末三句段落題做題原則：視聽基本一致原則：耳聽聲、眼看題順序做題原則對(duì)立選項(xiàng)保留原則：選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中若有兩個(gè)相對(duì)立，則其中之一必為答案，其余直接排除二、小對(duì)話六大類行分析（一）數(shù)字題 1、數(shù)量?jī)r(jià)格類。方法：1) 聽“新”答案（通過(guò)運(yùn)算所得）2) 簡(jiǎn)記數(shù)字（bill賬單、鈔票，cent，change） 2、時(shí)間類 時(shí)間細(xì)節(jié)類首末時(shí)間點(diǎn)，尤其首時(shí)間時(shí)間運(yùn)算類時(shí)間點(diǎn)加減時(shí)間量當(dāng)時(shí)間點(diǎn)超過(guò)一個(gè)以上，以現(xiàn)在時(shí)間點(diǎn)為基礎(chǔ) Delay ago加 late 減 eatly Later earlier In ahead of time（二）對(duì)話地點(diǎn)題 head for 去哪At/ on/ in/ to+someplace高頻地點(diǎn)：restaurant,hotel,airport（如果地點(diǎn)題中有其一詞出現(xiàn)則必選）（三）人物、職業(yè)關(guān)系題(1)人物職業(yè)題。高頻職業(yè)：secretary秘書，receptionist前臺(tái)服務(wù)員，waitress女服務(wù)生，airline hostess空姐，tour guide導(dǎo)游(2)人物關(guān)系高頻關(guān)系：醫(yī)患關(guān)系，老板職員（職員staff），親屬關(guān)系（多考雙胞胎，母子），服務(wù)女與顧客（waitress-customer，passenger-airline hostess,tourist-tour guide)（四）動(dòng)作題 以動(dòng)詞（do,to do,doing）開頭(1)情態(tài)動(dòng)作類 情態(tài)詞+動(dòng)（could,must,have to,had better,would）(2)時(shí)間動(dòng)作類（now,right now）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，在強(qiáng)調(diào)某一個(gè)動(dòng)作（考點(diǎn)?。?3)建議動(dòng)作類（why not.,how about doing.,what about doing,if i were you.,why do.）（五）細(xì)節(jié)題，抓首末的細(xì)節(jié)（六）意義解釋題：重讀出考點(diǎn)！三、高頻六大場(chǎng)景（一）library場(chǎng)景1.申請(qǐng)場(chǎng)景 apply v. Application (申請(qǐng)n.) form 申請(qǐng), application letter/ the letter of application 申請(qǐng)信，cancel 取消，reapply再申請(qǐng)2.查詢 check out：you can check those by index(索引).【thumb拇指，index finger食指，middle finger中指，ring finger無(wú)名指，little finger小指】3.借閱：book，magazine，issue期刊、案件（重大而難以解決的問(wèn)題） back issue過(guò)期刊物，current issue現(xiàn)刊，journal(ist)專業(yè)期刊（記者），periodical（半）月刊，cassette=tape item4.矛盾：due到期，某種臨近狀態(tài)，be due to do sth.即將做某事，deadline，fine罰款（一般以過(guò)去式出現(xiàn)fined），renew續(xù)借（二）學(xué)校場(chǎng)景1.作業(yè) assignment, paper各種論文，thesis學(xué)科、課堂論文，essay隨筆；學(xué)習(xí)論文semester paper,演示 呈現(xiàn)presentation2.課堂、學(xué)制：course課程，optional(可選擇的) course選修課，compulsory(強(qiáng)制的，必須做的) course必修課，lecture講座，lesson（一）節(jié)課，credit學(xué)分【credit card信用卡】，year學(xué)年，hour學(xué)時(shí)3.老師、學(xué)生：大一freshman，大二sophomore，大三junior，大四senior 初中junior high school，高中senior high school畢業(yè)生graduate，研究生postgraduate，在校生undergraduate，系主任dean，教授professor，講師instructor，導(dǎo)師/ 家教tutor（三）醫(yī)院場(chǎng)景1.病癥：頭疼headache，胃疼stomach-ache，腳踝ankle，扭腳？，蒼白的pale2.預(yù)約make appointment3.治療 treatment/ cure，藥丸pill，藥片tablet，（四）酒店場(chǎng)景1.預(yù)定v.book=reserve，n.reservation(make a for)2.房型：single room，double room，standard(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的) room，suite套房，總統(tǒng)套房presidential suite，蜜月套房honeymoon suite3.入住 check incheck out，room serves，cash，credit card，discount（五）餐廳場(chǎng)景1.邀約：would you likewith me? 訂桌 reserve/ book a table for (+number)，party聚會(huì)/ 黨派/ 列隊(duì)2.點(diǎn)菜order：菜單menu，特價(jià)special offer，牛排steak，甜點(diǎn)dessert，海鮮seafood，酒水a(chǎn)lcohol and beverage，吃飽full3.結(jié)賬check the bill：我買單this is my treat/ the bill on me，split(分擔(dān)) the bill 平分 AA制，go dutch各付自己的（貶），divide分（餐），food allergy食物過(guò)敏，allergic (to)過(guò)敏的（六）飛機(jī)場(chǎng)場(chǎng)景1.基本詞匯：fight航班，direct直航，transfer轉(zhuǎn)乘/ 學(xué)/ 部門，passport護(hù)照，air ticket機(jī)票，luggage行李，security check安檢，gate登機(jī)口，board登機(jī)2.飛機(jī)動(dòng)作：take off起飛，land降落，departure（離開）time起飛時(shí)間，arrival time降落時(shí)間，transfer time轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)時(shí)間，boarding time登機(jī)時(shí)間四、多義詞匯講解及科技型文章講解（一）多義詞匯A：adopt采取/ 收養(yǎng)adapt適應(yīng)/ 修改=rewrite=improvearticle文章/ 物品=item=stuff=thing/ 法案=constitution=billabuse虐待（prisoner abuse）/ 濫用（alcohol abuse酗酒，druges abuse吸毒，power abuse濫用職權(quán) ）B：bear熊/ 忍受=stand/ 承載（有）Beat打（死、敗）/ 躲避=dodgeBill賬單/ 鈔票/ 法案/ 小廣告、張貼畫/ 喙（扁嘴）Book書/ 預(yù)定=reserveBox盒子/ 拳擊/ box office票房C：case案例/ 箱子（suite case行李箱）/ 事情事件（in case of以防萬(wàn)一）Cover蓋子（鍋蓋pain cover）/ 封面/ 包含覆蓋v.Charge（be in charge of負(fù)責(zé)，take charge in接管）/ 收費(fèi)（free of charge免費(fèi)）/ 充電/ 使充滿D：deal解決=cope with/ 數(shù)量（a good deal of大量的+不可數(shù)n.）/ 成交/ 事情事件（Its a not big deal）Dump垃圾場(chǎng)/ I dumped you我甩了你/ 傾銷（反傾銷anti-dumping daty）E：exhaust枯竭耗盡/ 精疲力竭-ed/ 尾氣廢氣（exhaust from auto）F：film電影/ 拍攝=shot/ 膠卷【run out of用完】Fix修理/ 固定=install/ （fix a appointment)確認(rèn)=confirm/ 準(zhǔn)備K：kid小孩/ 開玩笑/ 小羊羔Kill殺/ 消磨I：issue期刊/ 事件/ 頒發(fā)頒布L：lot大量的/ 地皮（parking lot） Let讓/ 租（I have a house to let）Lobby（酒店）大廳/ 游說(shuō)，說(shuō)服M：match比賽n./ 匹配，搭配（match maker線人）對(duì)象/ 火柴O：order點(diǎn)菜/ 秩序/ 命令P：present禮物/ 贈(zèng)送v./ 演示呈現(xiàn)/ 現(xiàn)在的/ 出席的【反absent】Q：quality質(zhì)量/ 質(zhì)量好的R：run跑/ 經(jīng)營(yíng)管理Release公布公開/ 釋放S：school學(xué)校/ 學(xué)院/ 流派，派別Stamp郵票/ 貼郵票，蓋章、戳/ 跺腳【stampede踩踏事件，驚跑】Stuff物品/ 填充、塞Stick樹枝，拐棍/ （stick to堅(jiān)持）粘Stock脫銷/ 股票T：tell告訴/ 區(qū)分、辨別【teller出納員】Tip小費(fèi)/ （筆、樹）尖端/ 溫馨提示Tie領(lǐng)帶 領(lǐng)結(jié) 鞋帶/ 系v./ 關(guān)系=relationship(廣泛)【Any relationship with.戀愛】/ 平局（二）科技型文章講解判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：scientist科學(xué)家，experiment實(shí)驗(yàn)，research調(diào)查，observe觀察，indicate表明文章構(gòu)成：結(jié)論、分析、例證考點(diǎn)：1.結(jié)論考點(diǎn)：相關(guān)句在首2、3句；提示詞indicate表明，find發(fā)現(xiàn)，discover發(fā)現(xiàn)，show表明2.序數(shù)詞考點(diǎn)：firstly，secondly，thirdly，finally。3.轉(zhuǎn)折詞考點(diǎn)：but，however4.首末句考點(diǎn)：首三末三五、語(yǔ)音現(xiàn)象（一）連音失爆現(xiàn)象:爆破音+元音Not at all. Check it out. Cut it out.（停止） Tired of it.（厭倦） Though it out.(艱難度過(guò))（二）六大爆破音：/ d/ / g/ / b/ / t/ / k/ / p/ 失爆發(fā)音條件：1.結(jié)尾是爆破音+開頭為輔音Hard time; first love; next door; cold feet(緊張)2.在語(yǔ)流當(dāng)中結(jié)尾為爆破音要輕度、弱讀Oh my god！ The inspection of product cant make bad work good.My feet still hurt when I put my weight on it.聯(lián)系方法：找出所有段落文章連音和失爆部分；試讀；跟讀。（三）縮讀Gonna=going to將要Gotta=get to不得不 必須Wanna=want to想要Kinda=kind of有些 有點(diǎn)Sorta=sort of （四） 六、重要短語(yǔ)集合及關(guān)鍵詞（一）重要短語(yǔ)A：appeal to 吸引 at a loss(精神上的)/ mess(物理)不清楚，混亂B：be worn(wear,wore) out衣衫襤褸/ 精疲力竭Be (do) through with完結(jié)(該動(dòng)作do的完結(jié))【read through讀完，go through經(jīng)歷過(guò)（痛苦的事）】Be stuck in陷入.be held in=make it準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)/ 做到Back sb/ sth up支持=I 100% behind you.【back up支援】Burn the midnight oil熬夜=stay upC：come out出現(xiàn)出來(lái)/ （考試結(jié)果）公布公開=release/ 開花/ 沖洗（膠卷film）=developF：figure out弄清楚（1.數(shù)字 2.身材體形 3.人物）H：have a word with談話聊天Have a words with吵架I：I was off the work today 我下班了Im going to be off work tomorrow.我明天不上班L：lay off下崗O：out of the world好，非常好【amazing adj.好；amaze v.奇妙；incredible難以置信；fantastic；quite a.】（二）聽力核心六大詞匯1.轉(zhuǎn)折詞：but, however, yet2.因果：because，so，for，as，thats the reason why3.比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)：-er,-est,more,most4.序數(shù)詞：firstly，secondly，thirdly，finally5.重點(diǎn)形容詞：important，key，vital=crucial（至關(guān)重要的），chief（首要的），only6.事實(shí)羅列詞：in fact，as a matter of fact，actually事實(shí)上，Its truth that注：并列實(shí)施信息點(diǎn)不做考點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)三大考點(diǎn)：首末句考點(diǎn)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣語(yǔ)調(diào)七、長(zhǎng)對(duì)話場(chǎng)景類型分析（一）找工作場(chǎng)景1.基本詞匯：look for=hunt，job hunter求職者，head hunter獵頭，require v.（requirement n.）要求，inquire about打聽詢問(wèn)，inquiry n.（make inquiries about）2.職位：post，(job) vacancy空缺(vacant adj.)3.簡(jiǎn)歷，面試：resume簡(jiǎn)歷（resume恢復(fù)），application form=cover letter，polish修改(make sth better)，interview(-er,-ee)，address解決(-er收件人，-ee寄件人)，offer提供，accept接受，turn down拒絕=decline(/ 降低)4.工作性質(zhì)：part-time job兼職，full-time job全職，intern實(shí)習(xí)生，intern job實(shí)習(xí)工作，temporary臨時(shí)的(He is a temp in our company他是我們公司的臨時(shí)工)（二）轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)場(chǎng)景transfer1.學(xué)校性質(zhì)：religious教會(huì)學(xué)校，private school私立學(xué)校，public school公立學(xué)校，community school社區(qū)學(xué)校2.學(xué)校質(zhì)量：faculty全體教員，location地理位置，speciality(教學(xué))特色3.學(xué)費(fèi)：tuition學(xué)費(fèi)【intuition直覺】，living expenses(生活費(fèi))4.證書：diploma文憑，Bachelor Degree學(xué)士學(xué)位【bachelor單身漢】，Master Degree碩士學(xué)位，certificate資格證，school report成績(jī)單，enroll登記（三）租房1.基本詞匯：landlord房東，landlady女房東，tenant房客，furniture家具，furnished精裝的，unfurnished沒裝修的，sign an agreement/ contract簽合同2.房型：公寓apartment，flat；合住樓house，地下室basement3.矛盾：dump垃圾場(chǎng)，toilet，blackout停電，renovate(革新)裝修=fitment（四）購(gòu)物場(chǎng)景（五）旅游場(chǎng)景（六）失物招領(lǐng)總結(jié)：1.抓對(duì)話結(jié)果2.抓作者主要態(tài)度3.抓主要話題（首末各三句）4.抓人物身份八、復(fù)合式聽寫閱讀全文，預(yù)測(cè)詞性，聯(lián)系上下文有的空可直接出答案后三句技巧：1.名詞轉(zhuǎn)代人稱用主格和賓格代替地點(diǎn)用here there代替物體用it代替謂語(yǔ)同義轉(zhuǎn)換2.注意事項(xiàng)：不能空白，字跡工整，記錄單詞的前三個(gè)字母，句子成分要完整。抓主謂，抓關(guān)鍵詞，補(bǔ)全答案。拼寫中的語(yǔ)法：動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式、被動(dòng)態(tài)，大小寫、專有名詞，名詞單復(fù)數(shù)，第三人稱單數(shù)，拼寫?？偨Y(jié)：在做題之前一定要先找出關(guān)鍵詞，標(biāo)識(shí)是比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)、數(shù)次、否定詞、核心的名次、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、專有名詞等閱讀一、仔細(xì)閱讀（一）定位原文：一題對(duì)應(yīng)一段，故只有5段有效1.關(guān)鍵詞：比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)、數(shù)次、否定詞、核心的名次、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、專有名詞等。2.轉(zhuǎn)折詞：提示詞：but，however，yet，although，while解題思路：轉(zhuǎn)折現(xiàn)象前后的信息是細(xì)節(jié)和推理題分析的重點(diǎn)范圍，首段中的轉(zhuǎn)折句一般提示全文主題3.比較詞：表達(dá)方式 詞：more，better，most，best，less，least 句：Less A than B；more A than B解題思路：將題干中的比較現(xiàn)象與原文類似現(xiàn)象相對(duì)應(yīng)，得出正確答案；為題干中沒有關(guān)鍵詞時(shí)與原文的比較作為分析重點(diǎn)4.因果詞： 名：reason，cause，basis，result提示詞 連：because，for，as，since 動(dòng)：explain，base on，attribute 副：as a result，therefore，thus解題思路：當(dāng)題干中有因果詞時(shí)，在原文中尋找與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的詞匯（二）分類題型1.細(xì)節(jié)題解題步驟：根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞準(zhǔn)確定位原文；分析關(guān)鍵詞在的句子極其前后的句子；逐次對(duì)應(yīng)，找到答案逐次對(duì)應(yīng)的方式： 拆詞：將選項(xiàng)中的動(dòng)詞名詞和形容詞進(jìn)行獨(dú)立分析 比詞：與原文動(dòng)詞名詞形容詞做比較，意義一致者 為正確答案注意事項(xiàng)：出題順序一般與原文一致；正確答案一般要同意替換2.詞義題：背單詞！聯(lián)系上下文猜詞。詞的表面含義必為錯(cuò)3.主旨題：基本思路：找到全文中鮮明的主題詞和主題句定位方式：題干重現(xiàn)詞；段首重現(xiàn)詞；首段首句；首段轉(zhuǎn)折句；（問(wèn)題方案文章指對(duì)方案的評(píng)價(jià)為主題）注意事項(xiàng)：各類題型的答案都必須符合文章主題4.態(tài)度題=主旨題5.推理題（難度高） 提示詞：infer，conclude，learn from解題步驟：找到題目所針對(duì)的段落；分析段落中比較和轉(zhuǎn)折的現(xiàn)象；選擇與原文意義最接近的選項(xiàng)注意：真確答案要求，推理成分越少越好；答案必須符合文章主題6.例證題：注意事項(xiàng)：就事論事的選項(xiàng)比錯(cuò)基本思路：例證答案針對(duì)相應(yīng)段落首末兩句或例子前后總結(jié)性話語(yǔ)7.實(shí)驗(yàn)題：（09年可能考）閱讀方法：詳看實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，略看試驗(yàn)過(guò)程 實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?首段的目的不定式=全文主題考點(diǎn)： 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論=末端首末兩句 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果：find，show，notice，discover，observe（三）邏輯比較 文： 現(xiàn)象解釋：解釋為主題，問(wèn)號(hào)為現(xiàn)象標(biāo)志 （人文主觀方面） 結(jié)論解釋：結(jié)論為主題（四）題材： 理： 與自然之間的問(wèn)題，問(wèn)題方案，對(duì)方案的評(píng)價(jià) （自然界） 【基本規(guī)律：解決方案不完美，作者態(tài)度為客觀】（五）體材：1.議論文：重點(diǎn)分辨作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度2.說(shuō)明文：把握作者所下的定義，關(guān)鍵的數(shù)據(jù)和細(xì)節(jié)3.記敘文：（2007.6，2007.12）；3.夾敘夾議（以議為主）：閱讀方法：分?jǐn)嚅喿x，重在結(jié)尾題型與解題思路：細(xì)節(jié)題答案必須符合作者主題；主旨題答案集中在結(jié)尾部分（六）類型：?jiǎn)尉€式/ 對(duì)立式（把握好對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)代表詞，如贊同for、對(duì)立against）（七）解題步驟1. 掃描題干，找關(guān)鍵詞2. 瀏覽原文，做標(biāo)記（關(guān)鍵詞、轉(zhuǎn)折詞、比較詞、因果詞）3. 比較選項(xiàng)得答案二、快速閱讀（一）熱點(diǎn)題材：TimesEconomist1環(huán)境（08.6溫室氣體）2經(jīng)濟(jì)（經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)、美元貶值）3能源（不可再生燃料fossil fuels）4美國(guó)大選（奧巴馬美國(guó)黑人總統(tǒng)，希拉里，民族構(gòu)成）（二）閱讀步驟1仔細(xì)閱讀文章標(biāo)題：大標(biāo)題=文章主題，小標(biāo)題=層次主題和結(jié)構(gòu)2仔細(xì)閱讀文章首段=寫作背景/ 有時(shí)針對(duì)第10題答案3分析題干辨認(rèn)關(guān)鍵詞4根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞找到若干句子進(jìn)行閱讀，其余部分一概不看（三）題型與解題思路1判斷：比較兩句的含義，注意未有出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞所在的選項(xiàng)為N2填空：將原文信息與題干進(jìn)行比較多余/ 剩余部分即為答案3單選題：選項(xiàng)與原文用詞最一致者為正確答案作文 現(xiàn)象分析題一、議論文 正反觀點(diǎn)題 How to題（大學(xué)生如何做）（一）現(xiàn)象分析l 第一段：現(xiàn)象陳述【校園現(xiàn)象】：In campus, it can often be heard about how to pass an exam, to hunt a good job or even to make friends. While, recently,it seems/ appears no other topics can arouse more students attention than the one that 同位語(yǔ)從句.【社會(huì)現(xiàn)象】：Nowadays, everybody who often reads the newspaper might well be exposed to such a fact as 同位語(yǔ)從句, which has recently been brought to the hub of the public attention.【越來(lái)越多的人關(guān)注】：Nowadays, (話題關(guān)鍵詞), as a hot topic, is increasingly arousing public attention for the very reason that (話題展開句).nowadays, the newspapers have pushed the issue of (話題關(guān)鍵詞) to the hub of the public attention/ concern for the very reason that (話題展開句).l 第二段：原因=主題句+擴(kuò)展句主題句：If asked what I should do, well , I would like to do the followings. The first is to 原因1, doing原因2，no matter what kinds of difficulties lying ahead/ I will meet. The second, I think I had better (make full use of the school resources, such as the assistant work in a lab), which is also quite a good way.擴(kuò)展句：主觀（think，feel）.to such an extent that .=so所以 the development of society/ economy The improvement of living standards The increase of population 客觀 The environment pollution The global warming The fierce/ severe/ cruel competition .for the reason that.=because; ., making, . He is ill to such an extent that he is absent. 例 He is absent for the reason that he is ill. He is ill making himself absent.（原因段：Why you may wonder? There are two reasons accounting for it. For one thing, ., to such an extent that . . For the other, ., making . .)l 第三段（動(dòng)作段）：措施、危害 措施1to do 寫法： 措施2謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 用doing伴隨措施之一1.措施： 動(dòng)詞不定式 to do基本不考 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 動(dòng)名詞 doing 分詞doing/ done 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞1) to do：表措施的常用句型v 做表語(yǔ)：The first important thing is to do .The first important thing, which plays the fundamental role in the issues solution is to do .v 做主語(yǔ)：To do . serves to assist the issues total solution.（能源短缺型）To increase the investment on R&D to look for some substitute energy serves to assist the issues total solution.v 做同位語(yǔ)：The measure to do. should be taken as soon as possible.v 做賓語(yǔ)：I strongly feel it highly imperative for the authorities to do. . 下定決心干：make up ones mind to do sth v 措施詞組 盡全力做：make every effort to do . 不遺余力做：spare no effort to do .【措施段】：There are many measures to be taken. The first important thing is to / / . In addition, in my view, it is high time that 具體情況 .OR：There are many measures to be taken. First, I strongly feel it highly imperative for the authorities to / / . Second, it is also necessary that the government should 具體情況 .establish some relevant regulations/ policies/ decrees/ laws and put them into practice, making it under control.(萬(wàn)能措施)arouse the public concern/ attention to it.引起公眾的關(guān)心 (常用措施)increase the investment on it.增加投資【能源短缺型題】：To increase the investment on R&D to look for some substitute energy serves to assist the issues total solution.2) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-edIt is highly imperative/ suggested that the authorities should do .It is (high) time that (the investment was incresaed)過(guò)去式從句 . （虛擬語(yǔ)氣）3) 提供doing伴隨1）、2）其一The first important thing is to establish the relevant policies, making the issue under some control.2. 危害段 （個(gè)人、社會(huì)）1）個(gè)人：舉例說(shuō)明 A , for example, B A是對(duì)B的總結(jié)，B為具體例子v Some fake products do harm to peoples health, for example, fake medicine can even kill one person.v Too much time on computer can cause some mental unfitness, for example, one may feel rather depressed when he is deprived of(被剝奪了) the computer even for one day.2）社會(huì)：情緒法（憎恨、遺憾、懷疑等偏否定態(tài)度）【危害段】：The negative effects of 該現(xiàn)象的核心名詞 are obvious. A(歸納總結(jié)性語(yǔ)句), for example, B(具體例子). Also it can by no means escape from the blame for a dissatisfying/ disappointing/ bad/ awful societys forming.（二）正反觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比題l 第一段：v Recently, there is going on a hot discussion on some websites bbs, arguing whether 話題陳述句, which is hard to give a definite answer to.v Nowadays, people are always talking about whether 同上, which is really/ indeed not easy to five a definite answer to.v 話題疑問(wèn)句? As most of us have had the unpleasant occasion to discover, one persons answer can be quite different from anothers . People have their own ways of looking upon this problem and their own reasons for thinking so.v 【哲理段】：要論證的哲理(Honesty is the best policy). If 好的方面(you are honest), it follows that 簡(jiǎn)單陳述益處(people will believe you), doing伴隨解釋好的方面帶來(lái)的結(jié)果(helping you when you are in trouble).On the contrary, if 反方面(you are cheating/ deceptive/ not honest), you will soon find yourself trapped in a terrible condition that 反面導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果(no one will be your friend./ no matter what you say, no one believes you.)【一些人認(rèn)為Some people believe 賓從.=It is generally believed that 主從. (主語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換法)=There is a popular view/ belief among some people that 同從.(同位語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換法)=One allegation/ view/ assumption often made (by some people) is that 表從.(表語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換法) 我認(rèn)為I think .=Its my view/ point that .=I have always been of the impressure/ thought that .=My standing point is that .l 第二段：陳述別人觀點(diǎn)【別人觀點(diǎn)】：One allegation often made is that 觀點(diǎn), because they believe 原因. While, among the discussion sounds an opposite voice, saying 觀點(diǎn).l 第三段：我的觀點(diǎn)【我的觀點(diǎn)】：In my opinion, I cannot agree with the latter any more, for I have always been of the impression that 觀點(diǎn)的主觀論據(jù). Further, it is also one reason for my standing point that 觀點(diǎn)的客觀論據(jù).（三）how to題l 第一段：必要性分析（作用、好處、益處、必要性）【必要性】：Frankly speaking, 話題 is obviously helpful/ necessary for a college students growth, no matter what kind of specialty he or she is majoring in. For example, it can be greatly instrumental to develop a students ability in the campus, which will exert far-reaching significance for his or her future life.l 第二段：普遍途徑 直接 動(dòng)作化 間接 非動(dòng)作化【普遍途徑】：There are many ways for the college students to take part in. For example, one can 途徑(直接) with the help of , which seems to be quite available for every student. While, these days, an increasing number of students tend to 途徑(sosial activities) by means of .l 第三段：我打算怎么做=我的途徑 思路一 校內(nèi)內(nèi)容 校外 思路二 思想 實(shí)踐【思路一】：If asked what I should do, well, I would like to do the followings. The first is to step out of the campus, doing(under taking some office work during my free time), no matter what kinds of difficulties lying ahead/ I will meet. The second, I think I had better make full use of the school resources, such as (the assistant work in a lab), which is also quite a good way.【思路二】：At the question of what I should do, I have made up my mind to 我的做法. In the meantime, I think it also equally important that I should take practical action, doing具體行動(dòng).【湊字?jǐn)?shù)】：In a word, to do呼應(yīng)主題 is a highly imperative/ essential/ vital/ indispensable thing for a college student, especially in these daysAlong with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that.隨著社會(huì)的不斷發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了越來(lái)越多的問(wèn)題，其中之一便是_。As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.然而，對(duì)于此類問(wèn)題，人們持不同的看法。(Hold different attitudes 持不同的看;Come up with different attitudes 有不同的看法)As society develops, people are attaching much importance to.隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，人們開始關(guān)注.People are attaching more and more importance to the interview during job hunting求職的過(guò)程中，人們慢慢意識(shí)到面試的重要性。As to whether it is worthwhile ., there is a long-running controversial debate. It is quite natural that people from different