綜合英語學(xué)位考試試題（參考答案見題后）

綜合英語學(xué)位考試試題（參考答案見題后）

PartI.ReadingComprehension

Directions:Therearc4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinished

statements.ForeachofthentherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),D).Youshoulddecideon(hebest

choiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

passages1

"I'venevermetahumanworthcloning,"sayscloningexpertMarkWesthusinfromhislaba(Texas

A&MUniversity."It'sastupidendeavor."That'saninterestingchoiceofadjective,comingfromaman

whohasspentmillionsofdollarstryingtoclonea13-year-olddognamedMissy.Sofar,heandhisteam

havenotsucceeded,thoughtheyhaveclonedtwocowsandexpecttocloneacatsoon.Theyjustmight

succeedincloningMissythisspring-orperhapsnotforanother5years.Itseemsthereproductive

systemofman'sbestfriendisoneofthemysteriesofmodernscience.

Wcsthusin'sexperiencewithcloninganimalsleaveshimupsetbyallthistalkofhumancloning.Inthree

yearsofworkontheMissyproject,usinghundredsuponhundredsofdog'seggs,theA&Mteamhas

producedonlyadozenorsoenibiyos(胚胎)carryingMissy'sDNA.Nonehavesurvivedthetransferto

asurrogate(代孕的)mother.Thewastageofeggsandthemanyspontaneouslyabortedfetuses(胎)may

beacceptablewhenyou'redealingwithcatsorbulls,heargues,butnotwithhumans."Cloningis

incrediblyinefficient,andalsodangerous,"hesays.

Evenso,dogcloningisacommercialopportunity,withaniceresearchpayoff.EversinceDollythe

sheepwasclonedin1997,Wcsthusin'sphonehasbeenringingwithpeoplecallinginhopesof

duplicatingtheircatsanddogs,cattleandhorses."Alotofpeoplewanttoclonepets,especiallyifthe

priceisright,"saysWesthusin.CostisnoobstacleforMissy'smysteriousbillionaireowner;he'sputup

$3.7millionsofartofundA&M'sresearch.

Contrarytosomemediareports,Missyisnotdead.TheownerwantsatwintocarryonMissy'sfine

qualitiesaftershedoesdie.Theprototypeis,byallaccounts,athletic,good-naturedandsuper-smart.

Missy'smasterdoesnotexpectanexactcopyofher.Heknowsherclonemaynothavehertemperament.

Inastatementofpurpose,Missy'sownerandtheA&Mteamsaytheyare"bothlookingforwardto

studyingthewaysthatherclonesdifferfromMissy."

Besidescloningagreatdog,theprojectmaycontributeinsightintotheoldquestionofnaturevs.

nurture.Ilcouldalsoleadtothecloningofspecialrescuedogsandmanyendangeredanimals.

However,Westhusiniscautiousabouthiswork.Heknowsthatevenifhegetsadogpregnant,the

offspring,shouldtheysurvive,willfacetheproblemsshownatbirthbyotherclonedanimals:

abnormalitieslikeimmaturelungsandheartandweightproblems-"Whywouldyoueverwanttoclone

humans/'Westhusinasks,"whenwe'renotevenclosetogettingitworkedoutinanimalsyet?"

D)l.By"stupidendeavor"(Line2,Para.1),Wsthusinmeanstosaythat.

A)animalcloningisnotworththeeffortatall

B)animalcloningisabsolutelyimpractical

C)humancloningshouldbedoneselectively

D)humancloningisafoolishundertaking

B2.WhatdoesthefirstparagraphtellusaboutWesthusin'sdogcloningproject?

A)Itssuccessisalreadyinsight.

B)Itsoutcomeremainsuncertain.

C)Itisdoomedtoutterfailure.

D)Itisprogressingsmoothly.

D3.BycloningMissy,MarkWeslhusinhopesto.

A)studythepossibilityofcloninghumans

B)searchforways(omodify.itstemperament

C)examinethereproductivesystemofthedogspecies

D)findoutthedifferencesbetweenMissyanditsclones

passage2

Moreandmore,theoperationsofourbusinesses,governments,andfinancialinstitutionsare

controlledbyinformationthatexistsonlyinsidecomputermemories.Anyonecleverenoughtomodify

thisinformationforhisownpurposescanreapsubstantialrewards.Evenworse,anumberofpeoplewho

havedonethisandbeencaughtatithavemanagedtogetawaywithoutpunishment.

It'seasyforcomputercrimestogoundetectedifnoorechecksuponwhatthecomputerisdoing.

Butevenifthecrimeisdetected,thecriminalmaywalkawaynotonlyunpunishedbutwithaglowing

recommendationfromhisformeremployers.

Ofcourse,wehavenostatisticsoncrimesthatgoundetected.Butit'sdisturbingtonotehowmanyof

thecrimeswedoknowaboutweredetectedbyaccident,notbysystematicinspectionsorothersecurity

procedures.Thecomputercriminalswhohavebeencaughtmaybethevictimsofuncommonlybadluck.

Forexample,acertainkeypunchoperatorcomplainedofhavingtostayovertimetopunchextra

cards.Investigationrevealedthattheextracardsshewasbeingaskedtopunchwerefordishonest

transactions.Inanothercase,dissatisfiedemployeesofthechieftippedoff(hecompanythatwasbeing

robbed.

Unlikeotherlawbreakers,whomustleavethecountry,commitsuicide,orgotojail,computer

criminalssometimesescapepunishment,demandingnotonlythattheynot.bechargedbutthattheybe

givengoodrecommendationsandperhapsotherbenefits.Alltoooften,theirdemandshavebeenmet.

Why?Becausecompanyexecutivesareafraidofthebadpublicitythatwouldresultifthepublic

foundoutthattheircomputerhadbeenmisused.Theyhesitateatthethoughtofacriminalboastingin

openofhowhejuggled(hemostconfidentialrecordsrightunderthenosesofthecompany'sexecutives,

accountants,andsecuritystaff.Andsoanothercomputercriminaldepartswithjusttherecommendations

heneedstocontinuehiscrimeselsewhere.

B)l.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.

A)itisstillimpossibletodetectcomputercrimestoday

B)computercrimesarethemostseriousproblemintheoperationoffinancialinstitutions

C)computercriminalscanescapepunishmentbecausetheycan'tbedetected

D)peoplecommitcomputercrimesattherequestoftheircompany

A)2.Itisimpliedin(hethirdparagraphthat.

A)manymorecomputercrimesgoundetectedthanarediscovered

B)therapidincreaseofcomputercrimesisatroublesomeproblem

C)mostcomputercriminalsaresmartenoughtocoveruptheircrimes

D)mostcomputercriminalswhoarecaughtblametheirbedluck

D)3.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage?

A)Astrictlawagainstcomputercrimesmustbeenforced.

B)Companiesneedtoimposerestrictionsonconfidentialinformation.

C)Companieswillguardagainstcomputercrimestoprotecttheirreputation.

D)Companiesusuallyhesitatetouncovercomputercrimes.

C)4.Whatmayhappentocomputercriminalsoncetheyarecaught?

A)Withabadreputationtheycanhardlyfindanotherjob.

B)Theywillbedeniedaccesstoconfidentialrecords.

C)Theymaywalkawayandeasilyfindanotherjob.

D)Theymustleavethecountryorgo(ojaii.

passage3

Notcontentwithitsdoubtfulclaimtoproducecheapfoodforourownpopulation,thefactory

farmingindustryalsoarguesthat"hungrynationsarebenefitingfromadvancesmadebythepoultry(家

禽)industry".Infact,ratherthanhelpingthefightagainstmalnutrilion(營養(yǎng)不良)in"hungrynations,"

thespreadoffactoryfarminghas,inevitablyaggravatedtheproblem.

Largescaleintensivemeatandpoultryproductionisawasteoffoodresources.

Thisisbecausemoreproteinhastobefedtoanimalsintheformofvegetablematterthancaneverbe

recoveredintheformofmeat.Muchofthefoodvalueislostintheanimal'sprocessofdigestionand

cellreplacement.Neither,inthecaseofchicken,canoneeatfeathers,blood,feetorhead.Inall,only

about44%oftheliveanimalfitstobeeatenasmeat.

Thismeansonehastofeedapproximately9—10timesasmuchfoodvaluetotheanimalthanone

canconsumefromthecarcass.Asasystemforfeedingthehungry,theeffectscanprovedisastrous.At

timesofcrisis,grainisthefoodoflife.

Nevertheless,thehugeincreaseinpoultryproductionthroughoutAsiaandAfricacontinues.

NormallyBritishorUSfirmsareinvolved.Forinstance,anAmericanbasedmultinationalcompanyhas

thisyearannounceditsinvolvementinprojectsinseveralAfricancountries.Britain'slargestsuppliers

chickens,RossBreeders,arealsoinvolvedinprojectsallovertheworld.

Becausesuchtradeisgoodforexports,Westerngovernmentsencourageit.In1979,afirmin

BangladeshcalledPhoenixPoultryreceivedagranttosetupaunitof6.000chickensand18,000laying

hens.Thisalmostdoubledthenumberofpoultrykeptinthecountryallatonce.

ButBangladeshlackscapital,energyandfoodandhaslargenumbersofunemployed.Suchchicken

raisingdemandscapitalforbuildingandmachinery,extensiveuseofenergyresourcesforautomation,

andinvolvesfeedingchickenswithpotentialfaminereliefproteinfood.A(present,oneof

Bangladesh'smainimportsisfoodgrains,becausethecouniryisunabletogrowenoughfoodtofeedits

population.Onwhatthencan(heypossiblyfeed(hechicken?

C)l.Inthispassagetheauthorarguesthat.

A)efficiencymustberaisedinthepoultryindustry

B)raisingpoultiycanprovidemoreproteinthangrowinggrain

C)factoryfanningwilldomoreharmthangoodtodevelopingcountries

D)hungrynationsmaybenefitfromthedevelopmentofthepoultr)findustry

D)2..Accordingtotheauthor,infactory,vegetablefood.

A)iseasyforchickenstodigest.

B)isinsufficientfortheneedsofpoultry

C)isfullyutilizedinmeatandeggproduction

D)isinefficientlyconvertedintomeatandeggs

A)3..WesterngovernmentsencouragethepoultryindustryinAsiabecausetheyregardit

asaneffectivewayto.

A)boosttheirownexports

B)alleviatemalnutritioninAsiancountries

C)createjobopportunitiesinAsiancountries

D)promotetheexportsofAsiancountries

B)4.Theword"carcass"(Linc2,Para.3)mostprobablymeans"

A)vegetablespreservedforfutureuse

B)thedeadbodyofananimalreadytobecutintomeat

C)expensivefoodthatconsumerscanhardlyafford

D)meatcannedforfutureconsumplion

passage4

Theimportanceandfocusoftheinten-iewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistis

reflectedinseveralbookstliathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooks,aswellasseveral

chapters,mainlyin,butnotlimitedto,journalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtexts,stress

the"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterview,its

context,andimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneral

impressions.Asweknow,injournalismasinotherfields,muchcanbelearnedfromthesystematic

studyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralized

principlescanbedeveloped.

Thereis,ashasbeensuggested,agrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismand

broadcasting,butverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinteniewitself.On

theotherhand,manygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsother

(hanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticaland

empiricalaspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappily,thisplentiful

generalliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentionto(hejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthe

generalliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfor

tworeasons.First,nseemslikelythatmostpeopleininocernWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliar,at

leastinapositivemanner,withjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherfromofinterviewing.Most

ofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterview,suchasthatconductedbyphysicians

andpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingetting

informationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliar

situationis(hejobinterview.However,veryfewofitshaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythe

massmedia,particularlybytelevision.Andyet,wehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalistic

interviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaders,listeners,andviewers.Evenso,trueunderstandingofthe

journalisticinterview,especiallytelevisioninterviews,requiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudy,as

thisbookindicates.

B)l..Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat.

A)generalizedprinciplesforjournalisticinterviewsarcthechiefconcernforwritersonjournalism

B)importanceshouldbeattachedtothesystematicstudyofjournalisticinterviewing

C)conceptsandcontextualimplicationsareofsecondarymportancetojournalisticinterviewing

D)personalexperiencesandgeneralimpressionsshouldbeexcludedfromjournalisticinterviews

C)2..Muchresearchhasbeendoneoninterviewsingeneral.

A)sothetrainingofjournalisticinterviewershaslikewisebeenstrengthened

B)thoughthestudyoftheinterviewingtechniqueshasn'treceivedmuchattention

C)butjournalisticinterviewingasaspecificfieldhasunfortunatelybeenneglected

D)and(herehasalsobeenadramaticgrowthinthestudyofjournalisticinterviewing

D)3..Westernersarefamiliarwiththejournalisticinterview,.

A)butmostofthemwishtostayawayfromit

B)andmanyofthemhopetobeinteniewedsomeday

C)andmanyofthemwouldliketoacquireatrueunderstandingofit

D)butmostofthemmaynothavebeeninterviewedinperson

A)4..Whoistheintenieweeinaclinicalinterviews?

A)Thepatient.B)Thephysician.

C)Thejournalist.D)Thepsychologist

passage?

It'shardlynewsthattheimmigrationsystemisamess.Foreignnationalshavelongbeenslipping

across(heborderwithfakepapers,andvisitorswhoarriveintheU.S.legitimatelyoftenoverstaytheir

legalwelcomewithoutbeingpunished.ButsinceSept.11.ifsbecomeclearthatterroristshavebeen

shrewdlyfactoringtheweaknessesofoursystemintotheirplans.Inaddition(o(hetheirmasteryof

forgingpassports,atleastthreeofthe19Sept.11hijackers(劫機者)werehereonexpiredvisas.That's

beenasafebetuntilnow.TheImmigrationandNaturalizationScnicc(INS)(移民歸化局)lacksthe

resources,andapparentlytheinclination,tokeeptrackof(heestimated2millionforeignerswhohave

intentionallyoverstayed(heirwelcome.

Butthislaxness(馬虎)towardimmigrationfraudmaybeabouttochange.Congresshasalready

takensomemodeststeps.TheU.S.A.PatriotAct,passedinthewakeoftheSept.11tragedy,requiresthe

FBI,theJusticeDepartment,theStateDepartmentandtheINStosharemoredata,whichwillmakeit

easiertostopwatch-listedterroristsattheborder.

Butwhat'sreallyneeded,criticssay,iseventougherlawsandmoreresourcesaimeda:tightening

upbordersecurity.Reformersarecallingforarollbackofrulesthathinderlawenforcement.Theyalso

wanttheINStohirehundredsmoreborderpatrolagentsandinvestigatorstokeepillegalimmigrantsout

andtotrackthemdownoncethey'rehere.Reformersalsowanttosee(heINSsetupadatabase(o

monitorwhethervisaholdersactuallyleavethecountrywhentheyarerequiredto.

Alltheseproposedchangeswerepartofanewborder-securitybill(hatpassedtheHouseof

RepresentativesbutdiedintheSenatelastweek.BeforeSept.11,legislationofthiskindhadbeen

blockedbytwopowerfullobbies:universities,whichrelyontuitionfromforeignstudentswhocouldbe

keptoutbythenewlaw,andbusiness,whichreliesonforeignersforcheaplabor.Sincetheattacks,

they'vebackedoff.Thebillwouldhavepassedthistimebutforcongressionalmaneuveringsandis

expectedtobereintroducedandtopassnextyear.

Alsoontheagendafornextyear:aproposal,backedbysomeinfluentiallaw-makers,tosplitthe

INSinto(woagencies-agoodcopthatwouldtendtoservicefunctionslikeprocessingcitizenship

papersandabadcopthatwouldconcentrateonborderinspections,deportationandotherfunctions.One

reasonfbrthedivision,supporterssay,is(hat(heINShasinrecentyearsbecomeloofocusedonserving

touristsandimmigrants.AftertheSept.11tragedy,theINSshouldpaymoreattentiontoservingthe

millionsofordinaryAmericanswhorelyonthenation'sbordersecuritytoprotectthemfromterrorist

attacks.

D)L.Terroristshaveobviouslytakenadvantageof.

A)thelegalprivilegesgrantedtoforeigners

B)theexcessivehospitalityoftheAmericanpeople

C)(heirresponsibilityoftheofficialsatbordercheckpoints

D)thelowefficiencyoftheImmigrationandNaturalizationService

B)2..WelearnfromthepassagethatcoordinatedeffortswillbemadebyvariousU.S.government

agenciesto.

A)refusetherenewingofexpiredvisas

B)wardoffterroristsuspectsaltheborder

C)preventtheforgeryofimmigrationpapers

D).limitthenumberofimmigrantsto(heU.S.

C)3..ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforeSept.11,alienswithexpiredvisas.

A)mighthavethemextendedwithouttrouble

B)wouldbecloselywatchedbyFBIagents

C)mightstayonforaslongastheywished

D)wouldliveinconstantfearofdeportation

passage6

Giventhelackoffitbetweengiftedstudentsandtheirschools,itisnotsurprisingthatsuchstudents

oftenhavelittlegoodtosayabouttheirschoolexperience.Inonestudyof400adultwhohadachieved

distinctioninallareasoflife,researchersfoundthatihree-Gfthsoftheseindividualseitherdidbadlyin

schoolorwereunhappyinschool.FewMacArthurPrizefellows,winnersoftheMacArthurAwardfor

creativeaccomplishment,hadgoodthingstosayabouttheirprecollegiateschoolingiftheyhadnotbeen

placedinadvancedprograms.Anecdotal(名人軼事)reportssupportthis.PabloPicasso,Charles

Darwin,MarkTwain,OliverGoldsmith,andWilliamButlerYeatsalldislikedschool.SodidWinston

Churchill,whoalmostfailedoutofHarrow,aneliteBritishschool.AboutOliverGoldsmith,oneofhis

teachersremarked,"Neverwassodullaboy."Oftenthesechildrenrealizethattheyknowmorethan

(heirleachers,andtheirteachersoftenfeelthatthesechildrenarearrogant,inattentive,orunmotivated.

Someofthesegiftedpeoplemayhavedonepoorlyinschoolbecausetheir,giftswerenotscholastic.

MaybewecanaccountforPicassointhisway.Butmostfaredpoorlyinschoolnotbecausetheylacked

abilitybutbecausetheyfoundschoolunchallengingandconsequentlylostinterest.Yeatsdescribedthe

lackoffitbetweenhismindandschool:"BecauseIhadfounditdifficulttoattendtoanythingless

interestingthanmyownthoughts,Iwasdifficulttoteach."Asnotedearlier,giftedchildrenofallkinds

tendtobestrong-willednonconformists.Nonconformityandstubbornness(andYeats'slevelof

arroganceandself-absorption)arelikelytolead(oConflictswithteachers.

Whenhighlygiftedstudentsinanydomaintalkaboutwhatwasimportanttothedevelopmentoftheir

abilities,theyarefarmorelikelytomentiontheirfamiliesthantheirschoolsorteachers.Awriting

prodigy(神童)studiedbyDavidFeldmanandLynnGoldsmithwastaughtfarmoreaboutwritingbyhis

journalistfatherthanhisEnglishteacher.High-IQchildren,inAustraliastudiedbyMiracaGrosshad

muchmorepositivefeelingsabouttheirfamiliesthantheirschools.Abouthalfofthemathematicians

studiedbyBenjaminBloomhadlittlegoodtosayaboutschool.Theyalldidwellinschoolandtook

honorsclasseswhenavailable,andsomeskippedgrades.

B)1.Themainpointtheauthorismakingaboutschoolsisthat.

A)theyshouldsatisfytheneedsofstudentsfromdifferentfamilybackgrounds

B)theyarcoftenincapableofcateringtotheneedsoftalentedstudents

C)theyshouldorganize(heirclassesaccording(othestudents'ability

D)theyshouldenrollasmanygiftedstudentsaspossible

A2..TheauthorquotestheremarksofoneofOliverGoldsmith'steachers.

A)toprovidesupportforhisargument

B)toillustratethestrongwillofsomegiftedchildren

C)toexplainhowdullstudentscanalsobesuccessful

D)toshowhowpoorOliver'sperformancewasatschool

C)3.PabloPicassoislistedamongthemanygiftedchildrenwho.

A)paidnoattentiontotheirteachersinclass

B)contradictedtheirteachersmuchtoooften

C)couldnotcopewiththeirstudiesatschoolsuccessfully

D)behavedarrogantlyandstubbornlyinthepresenceoftheirteachers

A)4..Manygiftedpeopleattributedtheirsuccess.

A)mainlytoparentalhelpandtheireducationathome

B)bothtoschoolinstructionandtotheirparents'coaching

C)moretotheirparents'encouragementthantoschooltraining

D)lessto(heirsystematiceducationthanto(heirtalent

passage7

Thebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject.Tooclosea

relation,andthewritermaybeobjectivity.Notcloseenough,andthewritermaylackthesympathy

necessarytoanyefforttoportrayamind,asoui-thequalityoflife.Whoshouldwritethebiographyofa

family,forexample?Becauseoftheirclosenesstothesubject,familymembersmayhavespecial

information,butbythesametoken,theymaynothavethedistancethatwouldallowthemtobefair.

Similarly,aking'sservantmightnoibe(hebestonetowriteabiographyof(hatking.Butaforeigner

mightnothavetheknowledgeandsympathynecessarytowritethe

king'sbiography-notforareadershipfromwithinthekingdom,atanyrate.

Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.Thebiographerhastoworkwiththepositionheorshe

hasintheworld,adjusting(hatpositionasnecessarytodealwiththesubject.Everypositionhas

strengthsandweaknesses:tothrive,awritermusttrytobecomeawareofthese,evaluatetheminterms

ofthesubject,andselectapositionaccordingly.

Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive:they

attempttoshowthattheirsubjectsarconlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesarc

meanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.ThebiographiesofJesusfoundinthe

Bibleareinthisclass.

Biographersmayclaimthat(heiraccountisthe"authentic"one.Inadvancingthisclaim,theyare

helpedifthebiographyis"authorized"bythesubject,thispresumablyallowsthebiographerspecial

accesstoprivateinformation."Unauthorized"biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincethey

cansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographerInbookpromotions,the"unauthorized"

characterizationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.A

subjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveral"authen(ic'^ones.Wesenseintuilivelyihatnoone

isinapositiontotellthestoryofalife,perhapsnoteventhesubject,andthishasbeenprovedby.the

historyofbiography.

A)l..Accordingtotheauthor,anidealbiographerwouldbeonewho.

A)knowsthesubjectverywellandyetmaintainsaproperdistancefromhim.

B)isclosetothesubjee:andknowsthetechniquesofbiographywriting

C)isindependentandtreatsthesubjectwithfairnessandobjectivity.

D)possessesspecialprivateinformationandissympathetictoward(hesubject

D)2..TheauthorcitesthebiographiesofJesusintheBibleinordertoshowthat.

A)thebestbiographiesaremeanttotransformtheirreaders

B)biographiesareauthenticaccountsoftheirsubjects'lives

C)thebestbiographiesaretheofheroesandfamousfigures

D)biographiescanservedifferentpurpose

C)3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue,accordingtothepassage?

A)Anauthenticbiographyseldomappealstoitsreaders.

B)Anauthenticbiographyisoneauthorizedbythesubject.

C)Noonecanwriteaperfectbiography.

D)Authorizedbiographieshaveawiderreadership.

B)4..Anunauthorizedbiographyislikelytoattractmorereadersbecause.

A)itportraysthesubjectbothfaithfullyandvividly

B)itcontainsinterestinginformationaboutthesubject'sprivatelife

C)itrevealsalotofaccuratedetailsunknowntooutsiders

D)itusuallygivesasympatheticdescriptionofthesubject'scharacter

passages

Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld'sgreat

writers.Beforeconsideringthisquestion,itwillusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflict,

definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfrom

competition,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichis

ininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanother,whilethepartiestoaconflictare.

Conflictandviceofoneanother.

Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperation,theprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthe

serviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethat

competitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresources,butconflictis

not.Conflict,nevertheless,isverylikelytooccur,andisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementof

humansocieties.

Manyauthorshavearguedfbrtheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestrugglefor

existenceamonganimalspecies,onlythefiltesisurvive.Ingeneral,howeverthisstruggleinnatures

competition,notconflict.Socialanimals,suchasmonkeysandcattle,fighttowinormaintainleadership

ofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionfbrlimited

feedingareasandfortheoccupancyofareasfreefroirmeet-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailin

competitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedocsnot

resemblehumanwar,butratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobs,markets,andma:erials.The

essenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatarcinsufficienttosatisfyall.

Amongnations(hereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestrades,skills,andasatisfactorywayof

life.