生物專業(yè)英語

演講人：xxx20xx-07-12生物專業(yè)英語目錄CONTENTSFundamentalsofBiologyEnglishBiomoleculesandCellsEnglishBiodiversityandEcosystemEnglishMicrobiologyandimmunologyrelatedknowledgeBasicConceptsofGeneticsandEvolutionaryTheoryBiologyrelatedEnglishinthefieldofmedicine01FundamentalsofBiologyEnglishEvolutionTheprocessbywhichorganismsadapttotheirenvironmentovergenerations,oftenresultinginchangesinphysicaltraitsandbehavior.CellThebasicunitoflife,posedofcytoplasm,anucleus,andvariousorganelles.GeneAsegmentofDNAthatcodesforaspecificproteinanddeterminesaparticularcharacteristic.MutationAchangeintheDNAsequenceofagene,whichcanaffectthetraitencodedbythatgene.ProfessionalvocabularyandterminologyNominalizationsTheuseofnounsderivedfromverbsoradjectives,suchas"replication"or"transformation,"ismoninbiologyEnglish.UseofpassivevoiceAcademicwritinginbiologyoftenusesthepassivevoicetodescribeexperimentsandresultsobjectively.ComplexsentencesSentencesinbiologyEnglishoftencontainmultipleclauses,allowingformoredetailedandnuanceddescriptions.SentenceStructureandGrammarCharacteristicsAbstractAbriefsummaryofthepaper,includingthepurpose,methods,results,andconclusions.01.AcademicpaperwritingstandardsIntroductionProvidesbackgroundinformationonthetopic,reviewsrelevantliterature,andstatestheresearchquestionorhypothesis.02.MethodsDescribestheexperimentaldesign,includingthematerialsused,theproceduresfollowed,andthestatisticalanalysesperformed.03.Presentsthedatacollectedfromtheexperiments,oftenintablesorfigures,anddescribesthefindings.ResultsInterpretstheresults,paresthemtopreviousstudies,anddiscussestheirimplicationsforthefield.DiscussionAcademicpaperwritingstandardsCentrifugeAmachinethatspinssamplesathighspeedstoseparatetheirponentsbasedondensity.SteriletechniqueAsetofproceduresusedtopreventcontaminationofmicrobiologicalculturesorothersensitivematerials.SpectrophotometerAninstrumentthatmeasurestheabsorptionortransmissionoflightbyasample,usedtodetermineitschemicalposition.PipetteAsmallglassorplastictubeusedtotransferpreciseamountsofliquid.CommonEnglishexpressionsinthelaboratory02BiomoleculesandCellsEnglishVocabularyrelatedtoproteinsandgenesAplexorganicpoundposedofaminoacidslinkedbypeptidebonds.ProteinAsegmentofDNAthatcodesforaspecificproteinanddeterminesaparticularcharacteristicortrait.ThebasicstructuralunitofDNAandRNA,consistingofanitrogenousbase,asugar,andaphosphategroup.GeneThebuildingblocksofproteins,consistingofanaminogroup,acarboxylgroup,andauniquesidechain.AminoAcid01020403NucleotideCellMembraneAsemi-permeablemembranethatsurroundsthecell,regulatingtheexchangeofsubstancesbetweenthecellanditsenvironment.NucleusThecentralorganelleofaeukaryoticcell,containingthegeneticmaterial(DNA)andcontrollingcellactivities.MitochondriaThe"powerhouses"ofthecell,responsibleforgeneratingenergythroughtheprocessofcellularrespiration.RibosomesSmallparticlesfoundinallcells,responsibleforproteinsynthesisbytranslatingmRNAintoaminoacidsequences.Englishdescriptionofcellstructureandfunction01020304ExpressionofBiochemicalReactionProcessGlycolysis01Thebreakdownofglucoseintopyruvate,releasingenergyintheformofATP.KrebsCycle02Aseriesofchemicalreactionsinthemitochondriathatgenerateenergybybreakingdownpyruvateandotherorganicpounds.OxidativePhosphorylation03TheprocessbywhichATPisgeneratedinthemitochondriathroughthetransferofelectronsintheelectrontransportchain.Biosynthesis04Theproductionofplexorganicpoundswithincells,suchasproteins,carbohydrates,andfats.GelElectrophoresis:AmethodusedtoseparateDNAorRNAfragmentsbasedontheirsizeandcharge,byapplyinganelectricfieldtoagelmatrix.02WesternBlot:Atechniqueusedtodetectspecificproteinsinasamplebyseparatingthembasedonsize,transferringthemtoamembrane,andthenprobingwithspecificantibodies.03Transformation:AprocessbywhichforeignDNAisintroducedintoahostcell,allowingthecelltoexpressnewgenetictraits.04PCR(PolymeraseChainReaction):AtechniqueusedtoamplifyspecificsegmentsofDNAthroughrepeatedcyclesofdenaturation,annealing,andextension.01MolecularBiologyExperimentalTechniquesinEnglish03BiodiversityandEcosystemEnglishSpeciesClassificationTheclassificationoforganismsintospeciesisbasedonmorphological,ecological,andgeneticcriteria.ThishelpsscientistsorganizeandstudythevastdiversityoflifeonEarth.NamingRulesScientificnamesforspeciesfollowastrictnomenclaturesystemknownasbinomialnomenclature,whichconsistsoftwoparts:thegenusnameandthespecificepithet.IntroductiontoSpeciesClassificationandNamingRulesIntroductiontoSpeciesClassificationandNamingRulesTaxonomicHierarchyTheclassificationoforganismsfollowsahierarchicalsystem,startingfromthebroadestcategory(domain)tothemostspecific(species).Thisincludesdomains,kingdoms,phyla,classes,orders,families,genera,andspecies.ImportanceofClassificationProperclassificationiscrucialforunderstandingtherelationshipsbetweendifferentorganisms,theirevolution,andforconservationefforts.EcosystempositionandfunctionaldescriptionEcosystemComponentsEcosystemsconsistofbiotic(living)andabiotic(non-living)ponents.Bioticponentsincludeproducers,consumers,anddeposers,whileabioticponentsincludewater,soil,air,andsunlight.FunctionalDescriptionEcosystemsperformvitalfunctionssuchasnutrientcycling,energyflow,andwatercycling.Thesefunctionsareessentialformaintainingthehealthandstabilityoftheecosystem.FoodWebsandChainsFoodwebsandchainsdescribethefeedingrelationshipsbetweendifferentorganismsinanecosystem.Theyillustratehowenergyandnutrientsflowthroughthesystem.EcologicalNichesEveryorganismoccupiesaspecificnichewithinanecosystem,whichdefinesitsrole,relationshipswithotherorganisms,andhowitinteractswiththeenvironment.EcosystempositionandfunctionaldescriptionVocabularyrelatedtoenvironmentalprotectionandsustainabledevelopmentEnvironmentalProtectionTermssuchas"conservation,""ecosystempreservation,"and"biodiversityprotection"refertoeffortsaimedatmaintainingthehealthanddiversityofnaturalenvironments.SustainableDevelopmentThisconceptreferstodevelopmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutpromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.Itinvolvesbalancingeconomic,social,andenvironmentalconsiderations.RenewableEnergyRenewableenergysources,suchassolar,wind,andhydropower,arecrucialforsustainabledevelopmentastheyreducerelianceonfossilfuelsandminimizeenvironmentalimpact.GreenTechnologiesThesetechnologiesaredesignedtominimizeenvironmentalimpactandpromotesustainability.Examplesincludeenergy-efficientappliances,eco-friendlybuildingmaterials,andwastereductionmethods.VocabularyrelatedtoenvironmentalprotectionandsustainabledevelopmentPolicyObjectivesWildlifeconservationpoliciesaimtoprotectandpreservewildlifespeciesandtheirhabitats,promotesustainableuseofnaturalresources,andenhancepublicawarenessandparticipationinconservationefforts.LegalFrameworksThesepoliciesareoftensupportedbylegalframeworksthatdefineprotectedareas,regulatehuntingandpoaching,andestablishfinesandpenaltiesforviolations.InterpretationofWildlifeConservationPoliciesInternationalCooperationManywildlifeconservationpoliciesinvolveinternationalcooperationandagreements,suchastheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies(CITES),whichaimstoregulateandmonitorthetradeofendangeredspecies.EducationandAwarenessPoliciesoftenincludeprovisionssforeducationandawarenessprogramstoinformthepublicabouttheimportanceofwildlifeconservationandencourageparticipationinconservationactivities.InterpretationofWildlifeConservationPolicies04MicrobiologyandimmunologyrelatedknowledgeMicrobialclassification:Microorganismscanbedividedintobacteria,viruses,fungi,protozoa,andalgae.Amongthem,bacteriaarethemostdiverseandwidelydistributedtypeofmicroorganisms.Viruscharacteristics:Virusesareinfectiousorganicfactorsthatcanonlyreplicateinbiologicalcells.Theyareposedofnucleicacidsandproteinshells,andcannotundergoindependentmetabolism.Theymustrelyonhostcellstosurviveandreproduce.Bacterialcharacteristics:Bacteriaaresinglecelledorganismswithstructuressuchascellwalls,cellmembranes,cytoplasm,etc.,withoutaformednucleus.Theyreproducethroughbinarydivision,withafastreproductionrateandtheabilitytoproducevariousenzymesandtoxins.IntroductiontoMicrobialClassificationandCharacteristicsClassificationofantibioticsAntibioticscanbedividedintotwocategories:antibioticsandsyntheticantibiotics.Antibioticsaresubstancesproducedbyfungithatcankillorinhibitthegrowthofothermicroorganisms;Artificiallysynthesizedantibacterialdrugsaredrugswithantibacterialeffectssynthesizedthroughchemicalmethods.ExplanationofthemechanismofactionofantibacterialdrugsExplanationofthemechanismofactionofantibacterialdrugsMechanismofactionThemainmechanismofactionofantibacterialdrugsincludesinterferingwiththesynthesisofbacterialcellwalls,damagingbacterialcellmembranes,affectingthesynthesisofbacterialproteins,andinhibitingthemetabolismandreplicationofbacterialnucleicacids.Thesemechanismscaneffectivelykillorinhibitthegrowthandreproductionofbacteria,therebyachievingthegoaloftreatinginfections.Thepositionoftheimmunesystem:Theimmunesystemconsistsofthreeparts:immuneorgans,immunecells,andimmunemolecules.Immuneorgansincludebonemarrow,thymus,lymphnodes,spleen,etc;Immunecellsmainlyincludelymphocytes,macrophages,dendriticcells,etc;Immunemoleculesincludeantibodies,plement,cytokines,etc.ExplanationoftheCompositionandFunctionoftheImmuneSystemThefunctionoftheimmunesystem:Themainfunctionoftheimmunesystemistorecognizeandeliminateinvadingpathogenicmicroorganismsandmutatedtumorcellsinthebody,inordertomaintainphysiologicalbalanceandstabilityofthebody.Atthesametime,theimmunesystemalsohasfunctionssuchasimmuneregulationandimmunememory,andcanproducespecificimmuneresponsesbasedondifferentpathogenicmicroorganisms.ThesignificanceofvaccinationVaccinationisaneffectivepreventivemeasurethatstimulatesthebodytoproducespecificantibodiesbyinjectingvaccines,therebyachievingthegoalofpreventingdiseases.Vaccinationnotonlyprotectsindividualsfromtheinvasionofdiseases,butalsoeffectivelycontrolsthespreadandprevalenceofdiseases.VaccinationandpreventivemeasuresexplanationSuggestionsforpreventivemeasuresInadditiontovaccination,otherpreventivemeasurescanalsobetakentoreducetheriskofinfection.Forexample,maintaininggoodpersonalhygienehabits,avoidingcontactwithsourcesofinfection,andkeepingindooraircirculation.Inaddition,forpatientswhohavealreadybeeninfected,theyshouldseekmedicalattentionpromptlyandreceivestandardizedtreatmenttoavoidworseningoftheirconditionandreducetheriskoftransmissiontoothers.Vaccinationandpreventivemeasuresexplanation“05BasicConceptsofGeneticsandEvolutionaryTheoryMendel'sLawsofInheritanceUnderstandingtheprinciplesofsegregationandindependentassortmentthatgovernthetransmissionofgenetictraits.AnalysisoftheLawofGeneticMaterialTransmissionChromosomeTheoryofInheritanceExploringhowchromosomescarryandtransmitgeneticinformationfromonegenerationtothenext.LinkageandCrossingOverExaminingthephenomenathatcanaltertheexpectedMendelianratiosduetothephysicallinkageofgenesonchromosomesandtheexchangeofgeneticmaterialduringmeiosis.TypesofGeneMutationsInvestigatingthedifferenttypesofmutations,includingpointmutations,insertions,deletions,andinversions,andtheirimpactongeneexpressionandproteinfunction.ExplorationofGeneMutationandRebinationPhenomenaRebinationProcessesExploringthemechanismsofgeneticrebination,suchashomologousrebinationandsite-specificrebination,andtheirroleingeneratinggeneticdiversity.MutationRatesandEvolutionDiscussinghowmutationratescaninfluencetheevolutionofspeciesandtheadaptationtochangingenvironments.ComparisonofNaturalSelectionandArtificialSelectionPrinciplesPrinciplesofNaturalSelectionExamininghownaturalselectionoperatesinnature,favoringthesurvivalandreproductionofindividualswithadvantageoustraits.ArtificialSelectioninAgricultureandAnimalBreedingExploringhowhumanshaveselectivelybredplantsandanimalstocreatedesiredtraitsandimproveagriculturalyields.DifferencesandSimilaritiesComparingthemechanisms,goals,andoutesofnaturalandartificialselection,highlightingtheirrespectiverolesinshapingbiodiversityandagriculturalpractices.ApplicationofModernBiotechnologyinGeneticsGeneticEngineeringTechniquesExploringtheuseofrebinantDNAtechnologytomanipulateandtransfergeneticmaterialbetweenorganisms.GenomeEditingandCRISPR-Cas9Investigatingthelatestadvancesingenomeediting,particularlytheCRISPR-Cas9system,anditspotentialapplicationsinmedicine,agriculture,andbiotechnology.GeneticScreeningandDiagnosticsDiscussingtheuseofgenetictestingindiseasediagnosis,prenatalscreening,andpersonalizedmedicine.Ethi