考研英語(yǔ)（閱讀）模擬試卷627

考研英語(yǔ)（閱讀）模擬試卷627

一、閱讀（常規(guī)閱讀理解）（本題共20題，每題7.0

分，共20分。）

Thelistoffamouscompaniesfoundedduringeconomicdownturnsislongandvaried.A

2009studyfoundthatoverhalfofFortune500companiesgottheirstartduringa

downturnorabearmarket.Arecession,itseems,maynotbeanentirelybadtimetostart

acompany.Indeed,busts（andbooms）castalongershadowonthebusinesslandscape

thaniscommonlyrealised,becausetheyinfluenceboththerateofbusinessformationand

howexistingfirmsarerun.Somearguethatrecessionsspeeduptheprocessofeconomic

restructuring-whatJosephSchumpetercalled"creativedestruction".Thedestruction

partiseasytosee:downturnskillbusinesses,leavingboarded-upwindowsonthehigh

streetastheirgravestones.Butrecessionsmayalsospurthecreationofnewbusinesses.

Whenpeoplesuddenlyhavelessmoneytospend,cleverentrepreneursmayseean

opportunitytosetupbusinessesthatgivethemwhattheywantmorecheaplyor

efficiently.Downturnsmayalsoswelltheranksofpotentialfirmcreators,becausemany

whomightotherwisehavesoughtastablesalarywillreinventthemselvesas

entrepreneurs.Toughtimesdonotsuddenlyprompteveryonetostartabusiness.Thevast

majorityofpeoplewhoreachworkingageduringadownturnstilllookforajob.But

researchalsosuggeststhatrecessionshavelastingeffectsonhowexecutivesmanage

businesses.AntoinetteSchoarandLuoZuooftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology

foundthatthosewhobegantheirmanagementcareersduringabustweresubstantial'y

morerisk-averse,lookonlessdebtandgenerallyweremoreconservativemanagersthan

therestofthesample,evenmanydecadeslater.Thatwillstrikecriticsoftheover-

leveragedcompanyasthoroughlygoodnews,butitishardtosaywhetherthiseffectis

entirelybenign.Bosseswhosecareersbeganinarecessionalsotendtobesoconcerned

aboutcost-effectivenessthatthecompaniestheygoontorunspendlessonresearchand

development.Theymaythusbetooconservative:firmswithbosseswhoseprofessional

baptismcameinaweakeconomyhavelowerreturnsonassetsthanthoserunbyother

managers.Whyshouldthisbe?Oneplausibleexplanationisthatrecessionsaffectthe

waypeopletakedecisions.Whethertheyweresetupduringaboomorabust,today's

firmsaredeeplyaffectedbytheeconomicfluctuationsofthepast.

1、Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat.

theeconomicdownturnissuitableforstartups

B、mostofFortune500companiesweresetupduringabearmarket

C、abustmaynotbeanentirelybadtimetocreatenewbusinesses

D^itisquiteeasytostartacompanyinarecession

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：推斷題。眼據(jù)題干定位到第一段。文中提到Arecession,itseems,

maynotbeanentirelybadtimetostartacompany（經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退時(shí)期看起來(lái)并非完全不適

合創(chuàng)辦新公司），因此C項(xiàng)正確，bust,createnewbusinesses分別是recession,start

acompany的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。

2、Bysaying"creativedestruction"（Para.2）.theauthormeansthatdownturns.

A^killbusinessesinacreativeway

B、createnewbusinesseswhilekillingbusinesses

C>slowdowntheprocessofeconomicrestructuring

D、haveapositiveeffectontheeconomy

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：含義題。限據(jù)題干定位到第二段。第一句講什么是creative

destruction,即recessionsspeeduptheprocessofeconomicrestructuring（經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退力U

速了經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的進(jìn)程）。第二句介紹了其destruction的一面，即

killbusinesseso第三句介紹其creative的一面，即spurthecreationofnew

businesses0山此可見(jiàn)B項(xiàng)是對(duì)creativedestruction的正確解釋。

3、Recessionsmayspurthecreationofnewbusinessesprobablybecause

A、theydecreasethenumberofpotentialcompetitors

B、theydecreasethenumberofpotentialemployees

C、theyincreasethenumberofcleverfirmcreators

D、theyincreasethenumberofpotentialentrepreneurs

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。艱據(jù)題干定位到第二段最后一句。這是啟下性質(zhì)的句子，因

此答案可從第三段找。本段指出經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退刺激新企業(yè)誕生有兩方面的原因：一是人

們可支配的收入減少，因此聰明的企業(yè)家會(huì)抓住這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)興辦企業(yè)，生產(chǎn)更便宜更

有效的商品；二是經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退可能擴(kuò)大潛在創(chuàng)業(yè)者的規(guī)模。縱觀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，只有D

項(xiàng)“它們（經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退）增加了潛在企業(yè)家的數(shù)量”為正確答案，increase,

number,entrepreneurs分別是原文swell,rank,firmcreator的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。

4、Themanagerswhobegantheircareersinarecessiondon'ttendtobe.

A、heavilyindebt

13、risk-averse

C^concernedaboutcost-effectiveness

D^tooconservative

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。注意此題是反向選擇題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第四、五

段。第四段提到tookonlessdebt,即那些人負(fù)債更少，A項(xiàng)heavilyindebt”負(fù)債

多”很明顯不是他們的特點(diǎn)，因此選A項(xiàng)。

5、Themainideaofthistextcouldbe.

A、theinfluenceofrecessionsonnewbusinesses

B、theinfluenceofrecessionsonexistingfirms

C、theinfluenceofrecessionsonentrepreneursandmanagers

D、theinfluenceofrecessionsoncreationanddestruction

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：主旨題。此題考查全文主旨，需結(jié)合全文，尤其是重點(diǎn)考慮首尾兩

段。文章首段最后一句說(shuō)蕭條（和繁榮）既影響新企業(yè)的設(shè)立速度乂影響現(xiàn)有企業(yè)的

運(yùn)營(yíng)狀況；第二、三段講經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退如何刺激新企業(yè)的誕生；第四、五段則講述經(jīng)濟(jì)

衰退而管理者的管理方式的影響，即如何影響現(xiàn)有企業(yè)的運(yùn)營(yíng)狀況。最后一段再次

總結(jié)：不管創(chuàng)建于經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮時(shí)期還是衰退時(shí)期，今天的公司都深深地受到過(guò)夫經(jīng)濟(jì)

波動(dòng)的影響?？梢?jiàn)全文是總分總結(jié)構(gòu)，主旨是經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的影響，且影響涉及兩方

面：新企業(yè)與現(xiàn)有企業(yè)。C項(xiàng)entrepreneursandmanagers就代表了新企業(yè)與現(xiàn)有企

業(yè)，因此是正確選項(xiàng)。

Everyoneknowsthatbeingtheparentofaninfantishard.There'sthesleeplessness,the

screamingfitstotendto,thelossofautonomy,thesocialisolationandthecomplete

monotonyofit.Everyonealsoknowsthatthereisonlyonesociallyacceptableresponse

tothispredicament:adoggedinsistencethattheadorationyoufeelforyourchildmakes

allthesacrificesworthwhile.Theonlyvalidexcuseforfeelingsadordespondentisa

postpartumhormonalcrash.Thisistheideologyofmodernparenting,anditcanleadto

unnecessaryfeelingsofguiltandshame,foritignoresaninconvenienttruth:thatmany

womenandmenexperiencesignificantpsychologicaldistressinresponsetobecominga

parentandthatmuchofthisdistressisn*tcausedbyahormonalepiphenomcnonofthe

birthprocess.Itisdriveninsteadinlargemeasurebytheobjectivelybleakcircumstances

newparentsoftenface.Thatyou'reyourchildisnotalwayssufficienttocounteractthis

reality.Fortunately,overthepastfewyears,theideologyofparentinghasbeen

challengedbysocialscientists,whohaverepeatedlydemonstratedaprofounddisconnect

betweenparentingdogmaandtheactualexperienceofparenthood.Accordingtoa2010

article,amongnewparents-threetosixmonthspostpartum-42percentofmothersand

26percentoffathersexhibitsignsofclinicaldepression.Thestoryissimilarlybleak

whenwelookatpeople'sday-to-dayexperiences.Inastudypublishedinthejournal

Science,peoplereported(heiremotionalexperiencesduringeachof16activitiesoverthe

courseofthepreviousday：working,commuting,exercising,watchingTV,eating,

socializingandsoon.Theyexperiencedmorenegativeemotionwhenparentingthan

duringanyactivityotherthanworking.Parenthoodtakesitstollonyourrelationshipsas

well.A2009studyfoundthatthetransitiontoparenthoodislinkedtoreducedhappiness

inthemarriageandmorenegativebehaviorduringspousalconflict.Thisresearch,which

doesn'teventouchonthestaggeringfinancialcostofraisingachild,providesclear

evidencethatformanypeoplebecomingaparentisonepartblessing,oneparttrauma.

Giventheideologyofparenting,it'snotsurprisingthatwetypicallyblamebiologyfbr

theexperienceofpostpartumdepression.Butthefactthatpostpartumdepressionratesarc

muchhigheramongthepoorthanamongthewealthy,whocanpurchasepeaceofmind

throughhiredchildcare,supportstheideathatthephenomenonis,inmostcases,more

circumstantialthanbiological.

6、Theideologyofmodernparentinginsiststhat.

A^beingtheparentofaninfantishard

B、therearcmanysociallyacceptableresponsestothesacrifices

C、youloveyourchildmakesallthesacrificesworthwhile

D^youcanfindmanyexcusesforfeelingsad

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。限據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第三段。本段開(kāi)頭提到ThisisIhe

ideologyofmodernparenting,Thisis提示答案信息從上文找。第二段出現(xiàn)/a

doggedinsistence,那么它后面的內(nèi)容應(yīng)是現(xiàn)代為人父母的理念。因此C項(xiàng)“你愛(ài)你

的孩子使得所有的犧牲都是值得的”與原文theadorationyoufeelforyourchildmakes

allthesacrificesworthwhile相符，為止確答案。

7、Youngparentsexperiencesignificantpsychologica'distressbecauseof

A、birthprocess

B、thelovefortheirchild

C、postpartumhormonalcrash

D^thefrustratingexternallife

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D」

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。艱據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第三段。文中提到manywomenand

menexperiencesignificantpsychologicaldistress...Itisdriveninsteadinlargemeasure

bytheobjectivelybleakcircumstancesnewparentsoftenface.因此D項(xiàng)為正確答案，

即年輕父母?jìng)兂惺芰撕艽蟮男睦韷毫?，而這在很大程度上是父母?jìng)兠鎸?duì)前景黯淡的

生活導(dǎo)致的。

8、TheactualexperienceofparenthoodincludesallofthefollowingEXCEPT.

A、clinicaldepression

spousalconflict

C、morepassivefeeling

D、declinedhappinessinthemarriage

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。艱據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第四段。本段提到社會(huì)科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)

/aprofounddisconnectbetweenparentingdogmaandtheactualexperienceof

parenthood,接下來(lái)的三段分別由:述了現(xiàn)實(shí)中父母有哪些遭遇，如clinical

depression,morenegativeemotion?reducedhappinessinthemarriage,morenegative

behaviorduringspousalconflict,substantialreductionsinthesizeofaparent's

networksoffamilyandfriends等等，因此B項(xiàng)表述與原文不符，為正確答案。

9^Thephrase"takesitstollonyourrelationships"(Para.7)probablymeans.

A、hasnegativeimpactonyourrelationships

hasdeepinfluenceonyourrelationships

C、helpstoimproveyourrelationships

D、helpstostrengthenyourrelationships

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A''

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：含義題。取據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第七段。本段第一句話為Parenthood

takesitstollonyourrelationshipsaswell,接下來(lái)做;具體說(shuō)明，如reduced

happinessinthemarriage,morenegativebehaviorduringspousalconflict,substantial

reductionsinthesizeofaparent'snetworksoffamilyandfriends,由止匕可見(jiàn)為人父母

給夫妻關(guān)系帶來(lái)的是消吸影響，因此A項(xiàng)為正確答案，takeitstollon…意為

“對(duì)……造成負(fù)面影響

10、Wccanlearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat.

A、the2009studyfoundtheenormousfinancialcostofraisingachild

beingaparentispartlyanemotionalwoundfbrmanypeople

C、postpartumdepressionhasnothingtodowithwealth

D、postpartumdepressionisbynomeanscausedbybiology

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：推斷題。限據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到最后兩段。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的「or

manypeoplebecomingaparentisonepartblessing,oneparttrauma可知，B項(xiàng)”對(duì)很

多人來(lái)說(shuō)，做父母是一種情感傷害”與原文相符，為正確答案。

Atrulyinformeddinerwouldchoosearestaurantbasedonthequalityofthemenuand

thechefsexperience.Thediscerninginvestorwoulddecidewhichcompanytobackafter

studyingthebusinessplanandmeetingthefounders.Inreality,peopleoftencopythe

choicesofothers.Dinerspickthecrowdedrestaurantovertheemptyone.Investorsgo

withthecompanythatalreadyhasmultiplebackers.Suchbandwagoneffectsarenot

necessarilyirrational.Often,thebuyerknowslessaboutaproductthantheseller;the

collectivewisdomofthecrowdcancorrectforsuch"asymmetricinformation”.Scholars

arcnowaskingwhetherherdbehavioralsoprevailsinlabormarkets.Tofindout,Kory

KroftoftheUniversityofTorontodevisedanexperimentinwhichtheyappliedfor3,000

clerical,administrative,salesandcustomer-servicejobsadvertisedonlinebysubmitting

12,000fictitiousCVs.Thesubmissionsweredesignedsothatapplicantswithsimilar

backgrounds,educationandexperiencewentforthesamejob.Theonlydifferencewas

howlongtheapplicanthadbeenjobless,aperiodthatrangedfromnotimeatalltoas

muchas36months.Theyfoundthattheoddsofanapplicantbeingcalledbackbyan

employerdeclinedsteadilyasthedurationofunemploymentrose,from7.4%afterone

monthwithoutworkdownto4-5%attheeight-monthmark,wherethecall-backrate

stabilized,theseresults,theauthorssay,cannotbebecauseemployersfoundsome

qualitativeflawinthelonger-termunemployedthatwashiddenfromoutsiders,sincethe

applicantsweresimilarinotherrespects.Anotherexplanationforlong-term

unemployment-thatpeoplemakelessefforttofindworkastheirtimeoutofthelabor

forcelengthens—isalsonotapplicablehere.Athirdpossibilityisthatemployersequate

lengtheningunemploymentwithatrophyingskillsandthusfallingproductivity.Butthis

shouldbetruewhethertheeconomyisboomingorinrecession.Thedeclineincall-back

rateswasmuchmorepronouncedincitieswithtightlabourmarkets;callbackrates

changedrelativelylittlewhenhigherunemploymentprevailedlocally.Fromthis,the

authorsinterthatemployersaremorelikelytooverlookalongperiodofunemployment

ifoveralleconomicconditionsarcstackedagainstcandidates.Theseresultsstrongly

suggestthatlong-termunemploymentisatleastpartlyself-fulfilling.Likepatronswho

avoidrestaurantspurelybecausetheyareempty,employerswerereluctanttohire

someoneotheremployersdidn'twant.

11、Bysaying^asymmetricinformation"(Para.1),whatdoestheauthormean?

A、Thecollectivewisdomismorethananindividual's.

Thecrowdmayhavemoreinformationofproduct.

C、Thesellerhavemorewisdomthanthebuyer.

D、Thesellerknowmorethanthebuyeroftheproductinformation.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：含義題。艱據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段。最后提到Oflen,the

buyerknowslessaboutaproductthantheseller；thecollectivewisdomofthecrowdcan

4t,,

correctforsuchasymmctricinformation)由such可知asymmetricinformation指的

就是前文的ihebuyerknowslessaboutaproductthantheseller,因此D項(xiàng)“賣(mài)方對(duì)產(chǎn)

品信息的了解多于買(mǎi)方”為正確答案。

12、KoryKrottoftheUniversityof1orontodevisedanexperimentto.

A、figureoutwhetherbandwagonbehaviorisalsopopularinlabormarkets

testthedifferenceofapplicantswithsimilarbackgrounds,educationandexperience

C、testthefictitiousCVsfor3,000clerical,administrative,salesandcustomer-service

jobs

D、figureouthowthebandwagonbehavioraffectthechoiceofemployee

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第二段。由本段第一、二句Scholars

arenowaskingwhetherherdbehavioralsoprevailsinlabormarkets.Tofindout,Kory

KroftoftheUniversityofTorontodevisedanexperiment...,可知實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是tofind

outwhetherherdbehavioralsoprevailsinlabormarkets,由此可知A項(xiàng)為正確答案，

figureout,bandwagonbehavior,popular分別是對(duì)原文findout,herdbehavior,prevail

的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)。

13、Onereasonableexplanationfortheresearchresultsmaybe.

A、employersfoundsomequalitativeflawinthelonger-termunemployed

B、peoplemakelessefforttofindworkastheirunemploymenttimelengthens

C、lengthyunemploymentisequivalentofdescendingproductivity

D、call-backratesdeclinedclearlywhenhigherunemploymentprevailed

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。艱據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第四、五段。本題要求找出能夠合理

解釋實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的選項(xiàng)。由第五段的第一、二句可以得出C項(xiàng)“長(zhǎng)時(shí)間失業(yè)等同于工

作效率的下降''為正確答案。

14、Theresearchresultsconveythemessagethat.

A、long-termunemploymenthasnothingtodowithcall-backrates

B、long-termunemploymentistosomeextentcausedbypeoplethemselves

C、patronsavoidrestaurantspurelybecausetheyareempty

D^employerswerewillingtohiresomeoneotheremployersdidn'twant

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B」

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到最后一段。首句指出Theseresults

stronglysuggestthatlong-termunemploymentisatleastpartlyself-fulfilling,因此B項(xiàng)

為正確答案。

15、Generallyspeaking,theauthor'sattitudetowardsbandwagonbehavioris.

A^indifferent

B、critical

C、negative

D、favorable

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：態(tài)度題。此題考查作者對(duì)從眾行為的態(tài)度，需結(jié)合全文做出判斷。首

段指出Suchbandwagoneffectsarenotnecessarilyirrational...thecollectivewisdomof

thecrowdcancorrectforsucht4asymmctricinformation”，即從眾效應(yīng)不一定是非理性

的。因?yàn)橐话銇?lái)說(shuō)，買(mǎi)方對(duì)商品的了解要少于賣(mài)方，因而大眾的集體智慧可以作為

這種“不對(duì)稱(chēng)信息”的修正而存在。中間研究了從眾效應(yīng)對(duì)招聘市場(chǎng)的影響，最后一

段指出，長(zhǎng)期失業(yè)至少有一部分原因是自己造成的，雇主在招聘時(shí)也不愿意雇傭那

些別人不想要的人?？梢?jiàn)作者認(rèn)為從眾效應(yīng)是有一定道理的。因此D項(xiàng)

favorable”贊成的”為正確答案。

Ifyou'reinahospitalandyourdoctorwantstomonitoryouwithoutbeingintheroom,

there'sanappforthat.Therearealsowirelesspacemakersthatallowdoctorstokeep

trackofyourhealthoverihcInternet,aswellasalltypesofsensorsthatcheckyourvital

signsandcanbetransmittedtoasmartphoneorlaptop.Theuseofwireless-enabled

devicesishappeninginhospitalsacrossthecountryand,accordingtoareportoutthis

weekbyABIResearch,"thismultibillion-dollarmarketispoisedforevenfastergrowth

asmoreandmoremedicalequipmentisshippedWi-Fi-enabled."Dependingonwireless-

enabledhealth-careservicescouldprovetobeusefulforseveralreasons.Thebiggestis

thatitallowsdoctorsandhospitalstodealwiththecrushofagingpatientswhorequire

regularcheckups.Forexample,ifadoctorcancheckyourvitalsviahisBlackBerry,he

avoidsthetimeandcostofbringingyouintodotheexactsamething.Theideaisthat

thesesmallchangeswillmakehealthcaremoreefficientandoverallservicebetterand

evencheaper.Ofcourse,wecan*lforgetthefinancialbenefittothissector,whichgrew

morethan60percentoverthepast12monthsinbothwirelesslocalareanetworkandWi-

Fireal-timelocationsystemdeployments.Notbadforanotyetfullydevelopedmarket.

Buttherearesomeconcernsaboutgettingwiredinthenameofhealth.Likewhat

happensiftheequipmentgoesbroken-downormisreadssignsofaheartattack?ABI

Researchprincipalanalyst,JonathanCollins,saidthat"Wirclcss-cnablcddeviceswill

measurethingsthatareroutinelymonitored,whereachangeinapatient'sstatuswon't

resultinali(e-or-deathsituation,butratherifapatienthasaraiseinbloodsugar,adoctor

cancallthemupandseehowthey'refeeling."TheFoodandDrugAdministrationand

FederalCommunicationsCommissionarescheduledtomeetnextmonthtodiscusshow

topromoteinvestmentandinnovationinhealthtechnologysoitsoundslikethere'slittle

thatwillgetinthewayofthisboom.Ifallofthissoundsscary,consideritanormal

ruaclioii.Evenafewpalieulbwhoarconboardandhappyaboutthislechshiftwere

freakedoutonceuponatime.CarolKasyjanski,whoworeatraditionalpacemakerfor20

yearsforaheartcondition,becamethefirstAmericantobefittedwithawireles