考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷421

考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷421

一、閱讀(常規(guī)閱讀理解)(本題共2。題，每題

分,共20分。)

Birth,growth,decline,death:itis(heusualcycleforpeople,companiesandindustries.

Butthestoryofviolin-makinginCremonainnorthernItaly,whichflourishedundersuch

mastercraftsmenasAndreaAinati,GiuseppeGuarneriandAntonioStradivarifromthe

mid-16lhcenturytotheearly18th,suggeststhat,forindustriesatleast,theremaybelife

afterdeath.Violin-makinginCremonastruggledthroughthe19thcenturyinthehandsof

afewcarpenterswhoturnedoutlow-qualityinstruments.Bythe1950sithaddiedout,

saysGioBattaMorassi,a73-year-oldmaestroliutaio(masterviolin-maker).Yettoday,in

workshopsoverlookingthecity'scobbledstreets,morethan100craftsmencutandplane

mapleandsprucetomakestringinstruments—morethaninanyotherEuropeancity.

Cremonaisonceagainthecapitalofhand-craftcdinstruments.Anewschooltotrain

craftsmenininstrument-makingopenedinCremonain1938,thoughwhenMr.Morassi

beganhisstudiesin1950therewerejustsixstudentsonthecourse,ofwhomonlyone

otherwentontomakeinstruments.Butthisslightrevivalwassustainedbyagrowing

interestinBaroquemusicinnorthernEuropeinthe1960sand1970s,saysHildegard

Dodei,aGermanwhostudieda((heschool.1(creatednewdemandforinstrumentsmade

inthetraditionalCremonesestyle.TodayItaliansareaminorityamongtheschool's150

students;30areSouthKorean.26areJapanese,sixarefromChinaandthreefrom

Taiwan.Somewillsetupshopinthecity:MsDodelworkedforabouttenyearsrestoring

andrepairinginstrumentsinGermanyandtheNetherlandsbeforereturningtoopenher

ownworkshopinCremonain2003.Instrument-makingisnotaneasylife."Ioften

thoughtofgivingup,"saysFrancescoToto,whomovedtoCremona17yearsagoand

specializesinmakingcellos.Woodisexpensive,mustbeseasonedproperlyandisatrisk

fromwoodworm;themapleforacellocostsaroundC1,500,forexample.Mr.Totowas

abletoraisehispricesafterwinningacompetition,buttomaintainqualityhemakesjust

fourinstrumentsayear.Violin-makerscanproduceperhapsseventop-quality

instrumentsayear.(CellosmadebyCremona'scraftsmentypicallycost。15,000-35,000,

andviolins。8,000-20,000.)Havingcomebackfromthedead,Cremona'sinstrument-

makers,likemanyothersinItalianindustries,hopethatanciriphasisonquality,tradition

andcraftsmanshipwillkeepcheaperforeignrivalsatbay.

1、Thestoryofviolin-makinginCremonaimpliestheindustry

A^mayundergorevivalafteraperiodofdeath.

B、flourishedbecauseofthemastercraftsmen.

C、mayfollowthesamelifecycleaspeopleandcompanies.

D、mayexperiencealongerlifethanotherindustries.

標準答案：A

知識點解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)storyofviolin-making定位到第一段。其中講到,,克

萊蒙娜的小提琴制作史告訴我們，死而復生也許真的存在”，故A項正確。

2、Fromthesecondparagraph,wecanlearnthatCremona

A、hasmoreinstrumentworkersthananyothercity.

hadmanycarpenterstomakeviolinsinthepast.

C、declinedbecauseofitscarpenters'poorhandcrafts.

D^oncewasthecapitalofhand-craftedinstruments.

標準答案：D

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位在第二段。該段末提到克萊蒙娜的弦樂器

制作數(shù)量超過歐洲任何一個城市，再一次成為了手工樂器之都，故D項“克萊蒙娜

曾經(jīng)為樂器制造之都”正確。

3、HildegardDodelbelievedthat

A、therevivalofinstrument-makingwasslightandsustainable.

B、Baroquemusicstimulatedtherevivaloftheinstrument-making.

C、peopleinEuropewerefondoftraditionalCrcmonesestyls.

D、Baroquemusicincreasedpeople'sinterestsinviolins.

標準答案：B

知識點解析：觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)題干可以定位在第三段，其中講述都朵認為“20世

紀60和70年代，北歐的人們乂重燃了對巴洛克音樂的興趣，這為傳統(tǒng)的克萊蒙娜

樂器制作又創(chuàng)造了新一波的需求”，故B項與之相符。

4、Whichof(hefollowingis(rueaccordingtothepassage?

A、Italiansarelesseducatedbutmoreskilledeventoday.

B、ManystudentsinthetrainingschoolcomefromEasterncountries.

C、kaliansarelessinterestedintrainingcoursestraditionally.

D、TraditionalCremonesestyleisnotpopulartoday.

標準答案：B

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題，考查是非細節(jié)。主要定位在第四段，其中講述該校意大

利人占少數(shù)；其中有30名韓國人，26名日本人，6名來自中國大陸，3名來自臺

灣，故B項”學校中有很多學生來自東方國家”與之相符。

5、ManyItalianindustriestoday

A^haveconicbackfromthedead.

B、areatriskbecauseofthecheapforeignrivals.

C、stillfocusonquality,traditionandcraftsmanship.

D、wanttogiveupthedifficultinstrument-making.

標準答案：C

知識點解析：推理判斷題。最后一段說明“像意大利其他的行業(yè)一樣，克萊蒙娜的

樂器制造業(yè)希望其注重質(zhì)量、傳統(tǒng)和手工藝的產(chǎn)品能夠將便宜的外國貨擋在門

外，，，故C項與之相符。

Thebattle(opreventoratleastslowglobalwarminghasintensifiedinthepastyearas

scientistshavelearnedmoreaboutthemagnitudeoftheproblem.Oneoftheleading

climateexperts,InezY.Fung,directoroftheAtmosphericSciencesCenteratthe

UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,recentlyshowedthattheearthmaysoonloseits

abilitytoabsorbmuchofthegreenhousegasthatisraisingtemperatures.Theoceansand

continentscurrentlysoakupabouthalfthecarbondioxideproducedbytheburningof

fossilfuels.Intheoceans,thegascombineswithwatertoformcarbonicacid;onland,

plantstakeinmorecarbondioxideandgrowfaster.Bu(computermodelingdoneby

Fungandhercolleaguesindicates(hatthesecarbonsinkswillbecomelesseffectiveas

theearthcontinuestowarm.Forexample,asthetropicsbecomehotteranddrierinthe

summer,plantswillreduce(heirrespirationofcarbondioxide(oavoidwaterloss.

Atmosphericmeasurementsoverthepastdecadehaveconfirmedthiseffect.Iftheoceans

andlandlakeinlesscarbondioxide,morewillremainintheatmosphereandglobal

warmingcouldacceleratecatastrophically.Despitethesewarningsigns,thegovernment

administrationhasopposedapprovaloftheKyotoProtocol,theinternationaltreaty

mandatingreductionsingreenhousegasemissions.Butninestatesinthenortheastern

U.S.areattemptingtosidestepthefederalgovernment'soppositionbytakingactionon

theirown.LastAugustthegroupreachedapreliminaryagreementtoreduceemissionsof

carbondioxideby10percentby2020.Theplanrequiresapprovalbythestate

legislatures,butenvironmentalistsarcalreadyhopingthatotherregionsoftheU.S.will

followsuit.Ifadoptednationwide,theproposalwouldlowergreenhousegasemissions

byroughlyasmuchastheKyotoProtocolwouldhave.SteveHoward,chiefexecutiveof

theClimateGroup,istacklingtheglobal-warmingproblemfromadifferentangle.

Foundedin2004.theClimateGroupisacoalitionofcorporationsandlocalgovernments

(hathavevoluntarilycommittedtoreducingtheirgreenhousegasemissions.Members

includeoilgiantBP(Bri(ishPetroleumCo.PLC),drug-makerJohnson&Johnson,and

Starbucks.BusinessesintheClimateGrouphavediscovered(hatimprovementsinenergy

efficiencycanenhanceprofitsaswellascutfossil-fuelemissions;BP,forinstance,

slasheditsenergybillsby$650millionover10years."Wehaveseenimportantevidence

aboutsuccessfulemissionreductionscatteredhereandthereinthemostsurprisingplaces

allovertheglobe,"Howardsays."Weareworkingtobringallofittogethersothatit

formsabodyofevidence."

6、InezY.Funghasfoundinthestudythat

A、theproblemofglobalwarminghasattractedgreatattention.

B、theearthcannotaccommodatethemountinggreenhousegas.

C、thecarbondioxideisthemaincomponentof(hegreenhousegas.

D、theoceansandcontinentsarcabletotakeinmoregas.

標準答案：B

知識點解析：段落細節(jié)題。根據(jù)hezY.Fung可定位至前兩段。第一段中說到“馮

又嫦最近指出，地球很快就吸收不「多少導致氣溫升高的溫室氣體r'，所以正確

答案為B項。

7、Whatdoes"carbonsinks"(Line1,Paragraph2)mean?

A、Theprocessofproducinggreenhousegas.

B、Thegradualprocessoflandsubmersion.

(oplaynicewiththeUnitedAutoWorkers(UAW).Howelseioexplainwhyareiiree

health-carefundcontrolledbytheUAWisgoingtogeta39percentequitystakeinGM

foritsremaining$10billioninclaimswhilebondholdersarebeingpressuredtotakea10

percentstakefortheir$27billion?It'shighlyunlikelythattheautoindustryprofessionals

atGMwouldhavereachedsuchadealifthegovernmenthadnotbeenwatchingthem

orprovidingthemoneyneededtokeepthefactorydoorsopen.GMiswidelyexpectedto

fileforbankruptcybeforetheendofthismonth.Ifthiswereatypicalbankruptcy,(he

companywouldbeallowedgbylawtotearupitsUAWcollectivebargainingagreement

andnegotiatefordrasticallyreducedwagesandbenefits.Surely,(hegovernmentwon't

leithathappen.Still,thethreatofacontractabolitionprobablyplayedaroleinthe

union'sagreementtocosl-cutiingmeasureslastweek.It'snevereasyforunionstomake

concessions,butthestingofhandingbackmoneyisbeingsoftenedbythegovernment's

desiretogivetheunionahugeownershipstakeinGM.Theadministrationarguesthatit

couldnotriskalienatingtheunionforfearoftriggeringastrikethatcouldpermanently

crippleGM.Italsoassumesthatithadtoagreetoprotectsuppliersandfundwarranties

inordertopreservejobsandreassurepotentialbuyersthattheircarswouldbeserviced.

Thesearelegitimateconcerns.Butit'stoobadthattheObamaadministrationhasnot

thoughtmoredeeplyabouthowitsbullyingofbondholderscouldconvincefuture

investorsthatthelastthingtheywanttodoisputmoneyintoanycompanythatthe

governmenthas—orcould-becomeinvolvedin.

IKInitsdealingswithU.S.automakers,theObamaadministrationhas

A、beenhardonshareholdersandautoindustrylaborforce.

B、helpedstrugglingautomakerstorightthemselveswithashort-termcash-infusion.

C、narrowlyavoidedignoranceofbasicprinciplesoffairnessandeconomicrealities.

D、successfullysavedtheautomaker-giantswhilestrivingforpoliticalgoals.

標準答案：C

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題。答案在第一段。其中講到奧巴馬政府過度干涉美國汽車

制造商，特別是最近通用汽車公司的問題，險些卷入金融操縱的危險境地，那樣就

會無視公平的基本原則和經(jīng)濟現(xiàn)狀，C項與之相符。

12、Thestatement"calltheshots"(Line3,Paragraph2)isclosestinmeaningto

A^implementstrategies.

B.havethefinalsay.

C、seekcompromises.

D^makeconcessions.

標準答案：B

知識點解析：語義理解題。這類題型需要根據(jù)上下文推斷出詞義。文中前一句講到

政府實際就代表了通用公司，按照邏輯推理，可知政府在與債權人談判中，它可以

代表通用公司做決定，由此可知B項“有決定權”正確。

13、Ifithadnotbeenwatchedbythegovernment,GMwouldprobablyhave

A、imposednopressureonbondholderstotakethe10%equitystake.

B、cutthepercentageofequitystakecontrolledbytheUAW.

C、tornupitsUAWcollectivebargainingagreementinanillegalway.

D^launchedstaff-downsizingandreducedworkers'wagesandbenefits.

標準答案：B

知識點解析：推理判斷題。第二段講到因為有政府的監(jiān)管，上述協(xié)議才能達成。因

此可以推斷出，如果沒有政府幫助，UAW很可能就得不到39%這么多的股權，故

B項與之相符。

14、ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thattheUAWgivestoppriorityto

A^takingitsownershipstakeinGM.

B、enlargingtheretireeheahh-carefund.

C、raisingworkers'wagesandbenefits.

D^validatingthecontractwithGM.

標準答案：D

知識點解析：推理判斷題。屬段落細節(jié)推斷。原文提到“廢除合同的威脅很可能促

成了工會在上周同意了有關降低成本的措施?！币驗楣と寺?lián)合會擔心協(xié)議被撕毀將

一無所得，所以才同意了有關降低成本的措施。由此可見，他們最希望的就是能夠

保全之前與公司簽訂的協(xié)議，故D項正確。

15、Towhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree?

A^TheUAWshouldbefullysatisfiedinordertoavoidastrike.

B、Theadministrationhasgivenmorethanenoughsympathytotheworkers.

C、Theunfairtreatmentcanmakefutureinvestorslosetrustinthegovernment.

Legitimateconcernsareonlytoolsofthegovernmenttoachievepoliticalgoals.

標準答案：C

知識點解析：觀點態(tài)度題。從全文意義以及最后一段可以推斷出作者的觀點態(tài)度，

即政府行為會導致投資者不愿再把錢投資到與政府有關的企業(yè)中.因為政府可能會

損害他們的利益來保護勞工權益，C項與之相符。

Biographiescanbewearisomecontrivances,oftentoolongandtoodetailedfbrtheirown

good.Biographersmakethemistakeofspending(oomuchtimeworshipping(heir

subjects.Thinkoftheauthoritativethree-volumelifeofRobertFrostbyLawrence

Thompson,forexample,andhowthebiographerpassed,overthemanyyearsofits

making,fromheroworshipiointensedislikeofthepoetheshadowedforalmosta

quarterofacentury.Yes,toolongandintenseanacquaintancecanleadtosourness.As

thebicentenaryofCharlesDarwin'sbirthonFebruary12thapproaches,itisgoodto

welcomeabiographywhichisrelativelysmall,butinnowaysuperficialormeager.Ruth

Padelhasachievedthisfeatbywritinghergreat-great-grandfathefslifeinasequenceof

oftenquiteshortpoems.Throughherversessheseekstocapturethe"voice"ofDarwin.

MsPadciembedsmanyofDarwin'sownwords-fromhisbooksorhisletters-inher

poems,andtheresultstendtogivethesenseofbeingjointlyauthored.Sometimesshe

shapesentirepiecesofquotationintoherownpoeticpassages.Ifthisseemstobeabitof

slyplagiarism,itdoesn'tfeellikeit.Itfeelsmorelikeaskillfulactofcollaboration

betweenthelivingandthedead,onemeldingeasilywiththeother.Whydoesthisbook

worksowell?Howdocsitmanagetosaysomuchinsofewwords?MsPadciseemsto

havecaughttheessenceof(heman'scharacter,asifinabutlerflynet.Sheentersintohis

castofmind,bringingacrosshishyper-sensitivity,hissenseoffragility,hislifelong

boldness,andthepoemsareasequenceofsnapshots—oftensmall,intermittentand

delicatelyimagistic一ofparticularlycrucialincidentsinhislife;ofmomentsof

intellectualillumination.Itisnoteasytodescribeawholelifeinrelativelyfewwords.

Youneedtofindsomewayoffillinginthebackground.MsPadelhasovercomethis

problembyhavingparagraphsofnotesrun,inasinglecolumn,besidethetextsofthe

poemssothattheycanbereadsidebyside.Andwhyarepoemsagoodwayof

illuminatingalifesuchasDarwin's?Thebestlyricpoems—thinkofKeatsorShelley,

forexample—aremomentsofsuddeninsight.AndDarwin,throughout,wasinthegripof

somethingverysimilar:a(errible,destabilizingsenseofwonder.Hesensedhintsofihe

marvelouseverywherehelooked.Allthesadderthen—andthisissomethingthatMs

Padeldoesnotexplainthat,laterinlife,themanwhocarriedwithhimontheBeagle

ChannelacopyofMilton's"ParadiseLost"foundthathecouldnolongerenjoypoetry.

16^Accordingtotheauthor,biographiescanbecomeboringbecausetheyaretoo

A、short.

detailed.

C、authoritative.

D^superficial.

標準答案：B

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干可定位至第一段第一句。其中說到傳記常常因

為寫得過于冗長詳盡而令人厭倦，因此可知正確答案為B項。

17、TheexampleofLawrenceThompsonistoshowthat

A、it'smostlikelythatacquaintancesdislikeeachotherinthelongrun.

B、biographershavetoshowallthegoodnessoftheirsubjects.

C、over-worshippingthesubjectmightcauseemotionalchangesofbiographers.

D、otherbiographersmaycriticizetheauthorforshowingtoomuchworshipping.

標準答案：C

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題，考查例證細節(jié)。根據(jù)LawrenceThompson定位至第一

段。其中說到隨著時間推移，湯普森對弗羅斯特由崇拜轉為厭惡，因此可知正確答

案為C項。

18、CharlesDarwin'sbiographybyRuthPadel

A、quotedmanyofRulh'sbooksandletters.

usedDarwin'sownpoeticpassages.

C、plagiarizedtheentirepiecesofotherbiographies.

D、feelslikeajointworkbytheauthorandthesubject.

標準答案：D

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)RuthPadel可定位至第二段。文中說“感覺像是她

和達爾文合寫的一樣“、“更像是生者和逝者的完美合奏“，因此可知D項正確。

19、Darwin'sbiographybyMsPadelturnsouttobeagreatsuccessbecauseMsPadel

A、hasmadeaninsightfulcommentonDarwin'sparticularnature.

B、triestointroduceeverythingcrucialinadetailedandclearway.

C、isabletoprovidecomprdiensivebackgroundknowledgeoftheman.

D、usesanewwayofofferingideasandnotestothereaders.

標準答案：A

知識點解析：事實細節(jié)題，考查因果細節(jié)。根據(jù)success定位至第三段。本段一開

始就問“為何這本傳記如此成功?”隨后給出了答案：抓住了達爾文性格的本質(zhì)特

征。因此A項“以深刻的見解談論了達爾文獨特的性格”正確。

20、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

A^Biographieshavetobewrittenintheformofpoemswithnotes.

B、It'sgenerallyadvisabletodescribepeople'slifeinfewerwords.

C、PoemisthebestwayofdepictingthewonderfullifeofDarwin.

D、Darwin'slifeisfilledwithmomentsofsuddeninsights,aspoemssuggest.

標準答案：D

知識點解析：推理判斷題。最后一段說詩歌像是一次次頓悟，而達爾文的人生也是

如此，因此D項正確。

二、閱讀(補全短文)(本題共5題，每題1.0分，共

5分。)

[A]Theoldgenerations,especiallythosethatliveinthecitysuburbs,arcbewilderedand

disturbedbythistrend.ItisallagainstthegreatAmericantraditionofthe"home"asthe

symboloftheunifiedfamily.|B]Americanwomenseemtohavemoreself-confidence

(hanwomenfrommostothercountries.Foryearstheyhavefeltnoinferioritywhatsoever

to(hemalesex.ThereforevisitorstotheUSArarelymeetmilitantfeminists.|C|Western

stateswerethefirstlogivewomenthevote.Between1869andtheoutbreakofWorld

WarI,seventeenstateswestoftheMississippigavewomentherighttovoteinstate

electionandRepresentatives.Itwasuntil1920thattheFederalGovernmentunder

pressurebysuffragettes(womeninsistingontheirrighttovote),followedthestates*lead

andpermittedwomentotakepartinnationalelectionsforCongresswomenandthe

President.[D]FewAmericangirlsagreewiththeextremefeministswhoderidemarriage

andromanticlove,butmoreandmoreofthemarepreparedtolivewithamanoutside

marriage,oftenwiththeintentionofbuyingahomeandmarryingonlywhen,between

them,theyhavesavedenoughmoney.Youngcouplestodayshareboththehousehold

choresandcareofthebaby.[E]Therearewomenexecutivesofsomeimportant

industriesandbusinesses.Intacttherearewomeninmostjobswhichwereformerly

reservedformen.Therearewomenlawyers,doctors,architects,aswellaswomenbus

drivers,buttheordinaryworkingwomenwillearnlessthanamangetsfordoingthe

samejob-althoughthereisalawwhichmakesthisillegal.Americangirlstendtomany

young,whichmeansthat60%ofthewomeninworkarcmarried.Thisalsohelpsto

explainwhysomanyyoungmarriedcoupleshavesuchahighstandardofliving.[F]

WomenhavemadegreatstridessincetheninachievingpoliticalequalityRecently,

Americanfeministshavebeenworkinghardtoachievesocialandeconomicequalityas

wellaspolitical.Theirbeliefisthat,as(hereisnothingthatwomencannotdojustaswell

asmen,theyshouldbeshownthesamerespectandhavethesamesocialrightsandthe

samepayastheirmalecounterparts.Anythinglessisdiscriminationandsexism.［G］The

Americanwomanmakesthemostofherfreetime.Shehelpswithpoliticalcampaigns.

Shesitsoncommittees.Shegoestoclassesofallkinds,fromhealthfoodstoEnglish

literature,fromenvironmentalstudiestokarate.Sheswims,playstennis,andshetakesan

activeinterestinherchildren'seducation.Inmostoftheseactivitieshercompanionsare

otherhousewivesfromherneighborhood.

Order：

回中4|'25|懷1

21、(Cl］

標準答案：F

知識點解析：本文中給出的首段是［C］,在該部分中，作者指出美國西部的一些州

最先給婦女以競選投票權。但直到1920年，在女權運動者的壓力下，美國聯(lián)邦政

府才通過了婦女在國家級競選中的投票選舉權。這對美國婦女來講無疑是在爭取政

治平等方面邁進了一大步。而［F］首句Womenhavemadegreatstridessincethenin

achievingpoliticalequality.正是對這?內(nèi)容的總結，顯然這是一個位于段首的過渡

句，起到承上啟下的作用。sincethen在時間上和前面unlil1920相呼應。故［F］是正

確選項。

22、［C2］

標準答案：D

知識點解析：上文提到美國婦女并不滿足于政治平等，她們一直為爭取社會地位、

經(jīng)濟地位以及各方面的平等而努力。少了任何一樣就是性別歧視。［D］中描寫了男

女如何共同攢錢買房子，如何共同做家務，照看孩子，正好是對這一觀點的詳細闡

述。通過推理即可得出［D］為正確答案。

23、［C3］

標準答案：A

知識點解析：上文提到了美國女性的新主張，［A］指出了新主張與美國傳統(tǒng)的家庭

觀念不同，這種傾向尤其使住在市郊的老一輩人感到困惑和憂慮。因為它嚴重違背

了美國傳統(tǒng)上象征團結的“家”的觀念，顯然這是對以上現(xiàn)象所引起的爭議的描述，

故［A］為正確答案。

24、［C4］

標準答案：G

知識2解析：美國女孩在結婚之后她們的生活又是怎樣的，事實是她們并不只滿足

于做家庭主婦，她們還參與各種各樣的活動。從時間和敘事順序上推理可知，［G］

為正確答案。

25、［C5］

標準答案：E

知識點解析：通過上面的描述得知，美國女性的地位同過去相比發(fā)生了徹底性的變

化，[E]中首句無疑是對這一變化的最好總結”事實上她們在許多行業(yè)和生意中是重

要的執(zhí)行官。''并指出這黨在以前都是不可能的。由此得出[E]為正確答案。

三、閱讀9翻譯句子）（本題共5題，每題1.0分，共5

分。）

ThePresident,inwhosehandstheUSgovernmentalsystemplacestheexecutivepower,

owesneitherhiselectiontothatofficenorhistenureinittothelegislature,thecongress.

ThePresidentiselectedbythepeopleforatermfixedbytheUSConstitution.[Fl]Itis

notunusualforaUSPresident。beonepoliticalpartywhileanotherpartyholds

majoritiesinoneorbothchambers,orhouses*ofCongress—IheHouseof

ReDresentativesandiheSenaie.[F2]TheIwom^iorUSpoliticalparliesarevast,

sprawling,decenlralizedconglomeralionso「variedideologicalposilionswhosemembers

donol「eelobligedtovole」hewayiheparlyleaderslell（hemlodo.Infact,most

memberscometoCongressasindependententrepreneurs,willingtogoalongwithparty

policyonlytotheextentthatitdoesnotconflictwithwhattheyperceivetobethewishes

andinterestsoftheirconstituencies.Whatarethe