考研英語(yǔ)（閱讀）模擬試卷155

考研英語(yǔ)（閱讀）模擬試卷155

一、閱讀（常規(guī)閱讀理解）（本題共25題，每題7.0

分，共25分。）

[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthe

humanities.Youcan,Mr.Mcnandpointsout,becomealawyerinthreeyearsanda

medicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthe

humanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglish

dropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities;

literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutof

style;22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%

inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheir

undergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthatcvcryeducated

personshouldpossess.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata"generaleducation"

shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,Mr.Menandnotes,"thegreatbooksarereadbecausethey

havebeenread"—theyformasortofsocialglue.[C]Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabout

halfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimply

toofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.

Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmore

bachelor'sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequirefewer

teachers.So,attheendofadecadeofthesis-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavethe

professiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.|D|Onereasonwhyitis

hardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycutacrosstheinsistencebytop

Americanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationandprofessionaleducationshouldbe

keptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.

AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,

futuredoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-spccialistliberal-artsdegreebefore

embarkingonaprofessionalqualification.[E]Besidcsprofessionalisingtheprofessions

bythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.The

growthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearch

grantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfas

researchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeinto

aprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer;aslateas1969athirdofAmerican

professorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalisation,arguesMr.

Mcnand,isthat"theknowledgeandskillsneededfbraparticularspecialisationarc

transmissiblebutnottransferable."Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustoverthe

productionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.

[F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMr.Menand,istoalterthewayin

which"theproducersofknowledgeareproduced."Otherwise,academicswillcontinue

tothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,

investigateandcriticise.'Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecome

lessexclusionaryandmoreholistic."Yetquitehowthathappens,Mr.Mcnanddosenot

say.|G|ThesubtleandinrelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas;Reformand

ResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingof

applyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.Forsomething

curioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorof

EnglishatHarvardUniversity,captureditskillfully.Order:

|一區(qū)門(mén)一|石廠1-1圳

1、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：選項(xiàng)［G］的順序在題目中已經(jīng)確定，該段首先提到一本書(shū)，然后介紹

了其書(shū)名和作者。該段最后一句開(kāi)頭處設(shè)置了一個(gè)懸念：somethingcurioushas

beenhappeninginAmericanUniversities（美國(guó)大學(xué)里一直在發(fā)生著一件非常怪異的事

情），那么下文中應(yīng)該對(duì)這件怪異的事情有所介紹。選項(xiàng)［B］以代詞his開(kāi)頭，承接

上一段中的書(shū)的作者，陳述他關(guān)注的事情，接著介紹第一段中提到的怪異的事情。

由此可見(jiàn)，選項(xiàng)［B］承接上一段的內(nèi)容，為答案。

2、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：選項(xiàng)［G］和選項(xiàng)［B］這兩段主要介紹美國(guó)大學(xué)中出現(xiàn)的怪異現(xiàn)象，按照

常規(guī)寫(xiě)作思路，下文應(yīng)該分析該怪異現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因，而選項(xiàng)［切開(kāi)頭就是One

reason...,正是在介紹原因。另外，選項(xiàng)［B］的倒數(shù)第二句提到Butmostfindit

difficulttoagreeon...,選項(xiàng)［D］的開(kāi)頭就提到了…whyitishardto...,其中的

difficult和hard是同義詞，在語(yǔ)義上也是因果關(guān)系，上下文的銜接非常明顯，亳無(wú)

疑問(wèn)，選項(xiàng)［D］就成了答案。

3、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：選項(xiàng)［E］的順序是題目中已經(jīng)確定的，該段首先介紹了美國(guó)大學(xué)出現(xiàn)

怪異現(xiàn)象的原因：professionalisation（專業(yè)化）。選項(xiàng)［A］的第一句中也提到了

professionalisation,并且具體提到了人文學(xué)科中的專業(yè)化現(xiàn)象更嚴(yán)重。由此可見(jiàn)，

選項(xiàng)［A］是承接選項(xiàng)［E］的內(nèi)容，故為答案。

4、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：選項(xiàng)［A］最后一句開(kāi)頭提到Nolsurprisingly（不足為奇的是），然后介紹

一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，而選項(xiàng)［C］的開(kāi)頭出現(xiàn)了Equallyunsurprisingly（同樣不足為奇的是），這

顯然是對(duì)選項(xiàng)［A］中Notsurprisingly的呼應(yīng)。因此該題答案為［0。

5、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本題是文章的最后一段，在此之前的段落中提出了問(wèn)題，分析了產(chǎn)生

問(wèn)題的原因，因此推測(cè)該處應(yīng)該提出解決問(wèn)題的辦法或建議。選項(xiàng)[F]第一句中提

JlJconcludesMr.Mcnand,并且指出了高等教育改革的關(guān)鍵所在，這里的

concludes既是Mr.Menand對(duì)他的著作的總結(jié)，也是本文的結(jié)論部分。由此確定

選項(xiàng)[F]為答案。

WoiTyingaboutmakingendsmeet,itseems,canoccupyenoughofthebrain'sfinite

thinkingpowerthatitmakesitdifficulttothinkclearly.[RI]Thatmayhelpto

explainwhypovertycanbecomeaviciouscycle,withlowerincomepeopletendingto

makeseeminglyirrationalandriskydecisions,particularlywhenitcomestomoney.

[R2]Themallvisitorshadhouseholdincomesrangingfrom$20,000to

$150,000,withamedianincomeof$70,000.Thefannerswererelativelyflushwithcash

atharvest-butdesperatelypoorformostoftherestoftheyear.Theshoppersconsidered

arangeoffinancialdifficulties,fromhavingtotakesmallpaycutstolargerones,orto

suddenlybeingfacedwithminorormoreexpensivecarrepairs.Theywereaskedabout

howtheywouldcopewithsuchproblems-byborrowing,cuttingspendingorskipping

thecarrepairandhopingforthebest.ThentheytookteststomeasureIQandtheir

cognitiveskills.[R3]Butwhenfacedwithmoreseriousfinancialconcerns,the

lowerincomeindividualsdidmuchworsethantheirwealthiercounterparts.Infact,in

oneversionoftheexperimentwhereparticipantswerepaidforeachcorrectanswer,the

richearned18%morethanthosewhoweren'taswelloff.ThefindingsamongtheIndian

sugarcanefarmerswerealmostasstrong.Theresearcherstested464farmersbeforeand

afterharvest,whentheirfinancesweredrasticallydifferent.Whenthefarmershadcash

afterharvest,theyperformedwellonthecognitivetests.Butbeforeharvest,whenmoney

wasscarcer,theydidmuchworse-showingadeclinesimilartothelossof10IQpoints.

WithhalftheAmericanpopulationlivingfrompaychecktopaycheck,thestudy'slead

authorEldarShafir,professorofpsychologyandpublicaffairsatPrincetonUniversity,

saysthefindingsarerelevanttounderstandinghowfinancialcircumstancesinfluence

intellectualability.[R4]saysShafir,inexplainingthefindings.Andnumerous

studie*;confirmthatwhenmentalloadincreases,decision-makingqualitygoesdown.

That'swhypeopletendtomakeworsechoicesattheendoftheday-oraftermaking

multipledecisions,evenifsomeweretrivial.Canyouovercometheproblembynot

allowingyourselftobeoverwhelmed,orbyconvincingyourselfthatyouhavemore

mentalthinkingpowerthanyouactuallydo?Whilesomestudiesfoundthatsuchmental

gymnasticscouldboost,theymayonlyworkuptoapoint.[R5][A]To

determinehowbudgetaryconcernsaffectthinking,theresearchersexaminedtheeffects

offinancialstrainamongbothagroupofshoppersataNewJerseymalland

impoverishedsugarcanefarmersinruralIndia.[B]"There'salwaysbeenthisperception

thatthepoorfunctionlesswell,butit'snottheperson,it'sthesituationthey'reinand

anyonecouldfindthemselvesthere.Whenyoudon'thaveenoughmoney,itoccupies

yourmindandtakesawaybandwidththatyoucoulduseforotherthings."|C|Agrov/ing

bodyofresearchsuggeststhatsuchinequalityhasaprofoundinfluenceonapopulation's

health,ineverysocioeconomicgroupfromrichtomiddleclasstopoor.[D]Accordingto

thelatestresearchpublishedinScienceJustthinkingaboutshakyfinancescandropIQ

bytheequivalentof13points.[E]Positivethinkingalone,itseems,isn'tenoughtotackle

aheavymentalload.［F］"Previousstudieshavefoundthepoortobegenerallyless

productiveandtohavelowerIQs,butthosestudiesalsolefttheimpressionthatthese

factorsmightbecausesofpoverty,whilethelatestresearchsuggeststhattheymaybethe

result."|G|Whenconfrontedwithrelativelyminorfinancialproblems,thelowerincome

peopleperformedequallywellonthetestsashigherincomefolks.

6、［RI］

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本段前面提到，對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況入不敷出的擔(dān)憂，足以占據(jù)我們大腦有限

的思考能力，使得大腦很難清晰地進(jìn)行思考。而空格后面的內(nèi)容指出，這種情況有

助于解釋為什么貧窮會(huì)成為一種惡性循環(huán)，以及為什么收入較低的人們往往容易做

出看來(lái)似乎不理智、有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的決定，特別是在面對(duì)金錢(qián)方面的問(wèn)題時(shí)。由此可以看

出，空格處的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況緊張會(huì)對(duì)智力產(chǎn)生的影響，而所有選項(xiàng)中只有

選項(xiàng)［D］表達(dá)了這個(gè)意思，符合上下文語(yǔ)意邏輯，因此［D］為正確選項(xiàng)。

7、［R2］

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：空格處前面一段的內(nèi)容提到，收人較低的人們往往容易做出不理智的

決定，而空格處后面則對(duì)比了商場(chǎng)購(gòu)物者和蔗農(nóng)的收入問(wèn)題，提到了Themall

visitors和Thefarmers,可見(jiàn)，空格處的內(nèi)容一定涉及這兩類人群。在所有的選項(xiàng)

中，只有［A］項(xiàng)提到了商場(chǎng)購(gòu)物者和蔗農(nóng)。［A］項(xiàng)指出：為了弄清楚人們?cè)陬A(yù)算方面

的焦慮會(huì)如何影響大腦忍維，研究人員調(diào)查了經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力對(duì)兩類人群的影響。-?類是

新澤西州一個(gè)商場(chǎng)中的購(gòu)物者，另一類是印度農(nóng)村地區(qū)的貧困蔗農(nóng)。這既和后文的

Themallvisitors和Thefarmers相照應(yīng)，也和上文的內(nèi)容緊密銜接，因此為正確選

項(xiàng)。

8、［R31

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：空格處后一段的第一句指出：Thefindingsamong...,可以看出空格

處應(yīng)該提到了某種研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，而所有的選項(xiàng)中只有［CJ和［G］涉及了研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。|CJ

項(xiàng)指出：越來(lái)越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種不平等對(duì)各個(gè)階層人員的身體健康都有很大影

響，很顯然與本文的內(nèi)容不符，因此可以排除。而［G］項(xiàng)指出：當(dāng)面對(duì)相對(duì)較G的

經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時(shí)，收入較低的人們?cè)跍y(cè)試中的表現(xiàn)同收入較高的人們不相上下，但是一

旦面對(duì)較嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)難題時(shí)，收入較低的人們的表現(xiàn)就會(huì)比相應(yīng)的富裕的人糟糕得

多，因此［G］項(xiàng)符合上下文邏輯，為正確選項(xiàng)。

9、［R4］

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：空格處上文提到，這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)可以幫助人們理解財(cái)政狀況如何影響

人類的思維能力。下文又提到：對(duì)于這些發(fā)現(xiàn)，Shafir解釋道……，聯(lián)系上下文可

知，空格部分的內(nèi)容應(yīng)為Shafir解釋為什么財(cái)政狀況會(huì)影響人類的思維能力。其中

［B］項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容是對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的解釋，其指出：窮人的經(jīng)濟(jì)困境影響了他們的思考能

力，當(dāng)你沒(méi)有足夠多的錢(qián)時(shí)，如何應(yīng)對(duì)貧困就會(huì)占據(jù)你的頭腦，導(dǎo)致用于處理其他

事情的心智資源大大減少，因此選［B］。

10、［R5］

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：空格處前文提到是否可以通過(guò)積極的心理活動(dòng)來(lái)克服經(jīng)濟(jì)困境對(duì)大腦

智力的影響。所有選項(xiàng)中，只有［E］項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容涉及這個(gè)話題，［E］項(xiàng)指出：僅僅依靠

積極的思維，似乎并不足以解決沉重的精神負(fù)擔(dān)。這和上文的意思相符合，也能通

順地銜接下文，因此為正確選項(xiàng)。

"Betteradiamondwithaflawthanapebblewithoutone,"goesaChineseproverb.That's

increasinglythemindsetforinvestors-especiallywealthierones—seekinghardassetsin

thefaceoftheongoingmarketturmoil.[RI]Infact,diamondsactually

outperformedothercommoditiesin2010,accordingtoSaulSinger,apartneratthe

alternativeassetsinvestmentfirmFusionAlternatives,whichspecializesindiamond

investments.SaysSinger:"Manymightremember2010astheyearglobalcommodity

pricescontinuedtosurge.TheDowJones-UBSCommodityIndexendedtheyearup36

percent.Stronggainswereexperiencedacrossallmajorcommoditymarketswiththe

industrialmetalsmarketleadingthecharge.[R2]"TheU.S.consumerprice

indexforjewelry(aCPIfbrjewelryjumpedby11.9%onayear-to-yearbasisinJulytoa

recordof176.46.That'stheseventh-straightmonththattheindexclimbedabovethe170

level.【R3】Notsurprisingly,higherdiamondpricesandincreaseddemand

haveboostedglobaldiamondstocksaswell."We'veseenmuchmoredemandthanwe

cansupply,especiallyforveryexpensivediamonds,whichiswherewcoperate.Wc

expectapauseintheriseindiamondprices.Itisunlikelythatpriceswillcontinue

rushingaheadasthey'vedoneinthepastyear.Butthenitwillgetbackinitsupward

phase.'tnotedGemDiamondsLtd.ChiefExecutiveOfficerCliffordElphickinan

interviewwithBloombergFriday.Thehigherpriceshaven'tstoppedthesuper-richfrom

tryingtograbasmanyhigh-qualitydiamondsastheycan.InaninterviewwithCNBC

Friday,HenriBarguirdjian,CEOofluxuryjewelryGraffHoldings,saidthatburgeoning

interestindiamondsasaninvestmentisarelativelynewphenomenon:[R4]

Thesepeopleneverconsidereddiamondsasaninvestment,butassomethingvery

beautifulandnicetoown,itmadetheirwifehappyandifsgorgeoustolookatbutthey

alwaysneglectedthefinancialaspectofthetransaction.Andnowtheyseewhathas

happenedwiththepricecfdiamondsandtheyrealizeitisnotsomuchasillyidea.

[R5]Ofcourse,Barguirdjianhasavestedinterestintheideaofdiamondsas

anassetclassandnotjustasprettybaubles.Inhiscomments,heperhapsinadvertently

hintedattherisksofthislargelyuntestedinvestmentidea-andthereasonthatordinary

investorsshouldprobablytreadcarefullythere,ifatall."Financialinstitutionsare

seriouslystudyingthediamondmarket,"hesaid."Wehavebeengettinglotsofcallsby

peoplewhoaredoingreportsonthisandtheywantchartsandpricehistorytoformulate

theirresearch."[A]Thisissomethingthathasneverhappenedbefore.Wearebeing

approachedbymoneymanagersofverywealthyclients,orthewealthyclients

themselves,allconsideringinvestingasmallpercentageoftheirportfolioindiamonds.

|B|Theinvestmentparameterofdiamondsistheirhighvalueperunitweight,which

makesthemeasytostoreandtransport.Ahighqualitydiamondweighingaslittleas2or

3gramscouldbeworthasmuchas100kilosofgold.Thisextremelycondensedvalue

andportabilitydoesbestowdiamondsasaformofemergencyfunding.|C|Investment

diamondsgained20percentin2010,howeveronarisk-adjustedbasis,investment

diamondsoutperformedeventhesurgingcommoditiesmarket.［D|Thediamondcompany

DeBeersexpendsmarketingeffortstoencouragesalesofdiamondsizesandqualities

whicharebeingproducedinrelativelylargequantities.Theyhavealsobeenknownto

takestepstodiscourageinvestment,primarilybecausetheyperceivethatbubbleprices

whicharefollowedbysharpfallsarebadfbrlongtermconsumerconfidenceindiamonds

asalong-termstoreofvalue.［E］Withgoldclimbingtorecordhighsinthepastyear—it

topped$1,800perouncethisweek—manyinvestorshavebeenlookingtodiamondsasa

viablealternative.［F］DeBeers,oneoftheworld'sbiggestdiamondcompanies,saysthat

whiletheincreaseofdiamondpriceswaslimitedto7%intheU.S.lastyear,spikesin

China(26%)andIndia(37%)weremuchbiggerandhavecontinuedin2011.［G］Headded

thatsomeForbes400typesareinvestingupto$100millioninthediamondmarketthese

days,mostlyfavoring"finished"diamondsoverroughones.Hesaysthataffluent

investorsarestartingtoviewdiamondsasagreatinflationhedgeandasalow-

maintenanceinvestmenttliatistradedallovertheworld.

11、［Ri］

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本文前兩段講的是投資者已經(jīng)將硬資產(chǎn)(即貴重金屬及寶E)作為我資

的選擇之一，而第三段表明2010年鉆石在投資價(jià)值方面遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)其他的商品。［E］

提到隨著貴重金屬黃金的價(jià)格持續(xù)走高，投資者將鉆石作為其投資的選擇。此句作

為上下段的過(guò)渡，承上啟下地表明鉆石日益受到投資者追捧的原因，因此［E］為正

確選項(xiàng)。

12、［R2］

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：此段前半部分表明2010年全球主要商品價(jià)格持續(xù)走高，而后半部分

主要表明在工業(yè)金屬市場(chǎng)的帶領(lǐng)下，各領(lǐng)域都收入頗豐。［C］表明，投資鉆石的回

報(bào)率耍遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于其他商品的投資回報(bào)率。根據(jù)文章大意可知，文章主要講的是在全

球商品市場(chǎng)價(jià)格持續(xù)走高的大背景下，鉆石作為投資品的回報(bào)率比其他商品要高出

很多?？梢?jiàn)，［C］符合上下文邏輯，與文章大意吻合，因此為正確選項(xiàng)。

13、［R3］

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：前一段講的是珠寶消費(fèi)價(jià)格指數(shù)保持在高位，而此段后面以not

surprisingly銜接，前后呈現(xiàn)因果關(guān)系，而全文又提到了全球鉆石儲(chǔ)備。［F］提及除

美國(guó)外，印度和中國(guó)的鉆石價(jià)格更是居高不下的現(xiàn)實(shí)，此句正和后句的“全球‘湘呼

應(yīng)；而［D］雖然也涉及了德?比爾斯公司，但沒(méi)有與上下文前后呼應(yīng)，故排除，因此

［F］為正確選項(xiàng)。

14、[R4]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：此句上一段提及鉆石投資熱是一種新的現(xiàn)象，而后面用冒號(hào)連接下

段，故此處應(yīng)涉及對(duì)現(xiàn)象的解釋，而后面一句以thesepeople開(kāi)頭，故此處還應(yīng)包

括對(duì)這些人所指的提及。而[A]既涉及了“這是從未有過(guò)的事”，提及此種新現(xiàn)象，

同時(shí)也指出這些人指的是投資界的投資經(jīng)理們和投資者本身，因此[A]為正確選

項(xiàng)。

15、[R5]

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：上一段由HenriBarguirdjian提出鉆石投資熱的現(xiàn)象，而此段的下一

段仍是由Barguirdjian開(kāi)頭，講述他以及相應(yīng)的研究機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)鉆石投資的關(guān)注和研

究。故可猜測(cè)此段仍是有關(guān)他的言論，而[G]涉及他對(duì)投資者投資鉆石的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)

明，因此是正確選項(xiàng)。

[A]Thatkindofdominancecreatesatensionbetweenpropertyrightsand

antitrust(opposingorintendedtorestraintrusts,monopolies,orotherlargecombinations

ofbusinessandcapital)principles.Americancompetitionauthoritieshavebeen

loth(unwilling)tocompeldominantfirmstograntrivalsaccesstotheirprivateproperty,

whetherphysical(asinthecaseoftelecomsnetworks)orvirtual(aswithcomputercode).

Intheirviewintellectual-propertyrightshavetobeupheldtoinducefirmstoinnovate.

Patentsandcopyrightsareiherightfulprizefornewinventions.Trus(busiers(afederal

officialwhoseekstodissolvebusinesstrusts)shouldbewaryofcompellingfirmstohand

overtheirbusinesssecretsinthenameofcompetition.[B]Drawingonrecentacademic

work,MrVickersmakesthecaseforinterventionontwocounts.First,heoutlines

modelsthatsuggestarivalislesslikelytodevelopnewproductsifitcannotshareinthe

profitsfromthedominantfirm'sinvention.Iftheleadingfirmisfreetolicenceits

technologyonstringentterms,ilcurbstheprofitsofrivalswhohavetoslumpup.True,il

spursrivalfirmstoinnovatesincetheprospectivepay-offisgreater.Butonbalance,the

incentivetoinnovateisgreaterwhereaccessisgrantedmorefreely,becauseupfront

profitsaremorevaluable.[C]Bycontrast,Europe'strustbustershaveactedtofreeup

accesstotelecomsnetworksinFranceandGermany.Backedbythecourts,theyhave

requiredMicrosofttomakeprivateinformationaboutiisWindowsoperatingsystem

availabletorivals,whocanthencompetemorereadilyinsoftwaredevelopment.

|D|EconomicpolicyisrarelyuniformoneithersideoftheAtlantic,butthedifferencesin

somecasesareexaggeratedorsoonnarrowed.Thatistrueofantitrustpolicy,wherethere

hasbeenagreatdealofconvergence.TheEuropeanCommission'strustbusterstendto

takeamorecautiousviewofbigglobalmergers,butthewaysuchtie-upsareassessedis

verysimilartoAmericanpractice.Inthepolicingofcartels(aninternationalcombine

formedesp.toregulatepricesandoutputinsomefieldofbusiness),thecommissionhas

adoptedmanyofthemethodsandmodelsofitsAmericancousins.[E]Whichviewis

right?InanewpaperJohnVickersofOxfordUniversitysurveystheeconomicsliterature

andconcludesthatahands-offapproachisfarfromideal.MrVickers,onceheadofthe

OfficeofFairTrading,Britain'smainantitrustoutfit,saysthatlikemanyeconomistshe

findshimself"rowinginthemid-Atlantic"whenitcomestothetreatmentofdominant

firms.Americanpolicyistoocautiousabouttreadingonbigfirms'toesbutEurope's

trustbustersmayintervenetooboldly.[F]Asecondargumentforreiningindominant

firmsisthatthecontesttoinnovatetendstobekeenestwherethereisaneck-and-neck

battletobethedominantfirm.Ifmarketleadersarcforcedtolicensetheirknow-howon

easyterms,thatreducesthepay-offfromresearchanddevelopment(R&D).Butitalso

allowsmuchsmallerfirmstocatchupquickly.Althoughprofitsfromanynewinventions

willbelower,theywillbechasedmoreaggressivelywhencompetitorsareonasimilar

footing.［G］Ononeantitrustissue,though,thetransatlanticgulfhasbeenunusuallywide:

howtodealwithfirmswithamarketsharesolargeasiodwarftheirrivals.Inhigh-tech

industries,suchascomputingandtelecoms,thepowerofnetworkeffectsencourages

firmstosettleonanindustrystandardtoensurethatgadgetsandsoftwarearecompatible.

Thatgivestheownersof:hcwinningstandards,suchasMicrosoft,agreatdealofmarket

muscle.Order:

回-I”|一|Z||一|3」；-|4.］一||―?

16、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：文章首段選項(xiàng)［D］指出“大西洋兩岸的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策很少一致，然而在某些

情況下，這種差距被夸大或即刻被縮小”，［G］中首句“在反托拉斯這一問(wèn)題上，大

西洋兩岸的差異一直以來(lái)都異常大''承接上文，在“反托拉斯這一問(wèn)題”上進(jìn)一步闡

述兩岸的差異，故［G］為正確答案。

17、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：［A］在開(kāi)頭提及“這種優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)生了財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)和反托拉斯政策之間的張

力”，此處的“這種優(yōu)勢(shì)”承上指代選項(xiàng)［G］段末的“這為所有者提供了獲勝的業(yè)務(wù)水

平，為其注入大量的市場(chǎng)活力”，故為正確答案。

18、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：［A］闡述了美國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)管理局的做法，［C］承接上文，從另一個(gè)角度對(duì)歐

洲的反托拉斯檢察官的做法進(jìn)行了闡述，其中bycontrast起到了聯(lián)系上下文的作

用，故為正確答案。

19>

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：上文在［A］、［C］兩段分別敘述了美國(guó)和歐洲的做法，選項(xiàng)［E］中開(kāi)頭

Whichviewisright?提示接下來(lái)應(yīng)該是對(duì)以上兩種做法進(jìn)行評(píng)介，而該段末句“美國(guó)

的政策在處理大企業(yè)時(shí)過(guò)于謹(jǐn)慎，然而歐洲的反托拉斯檢查員可能對(duì)其干涉得過(guò)

多”也正印證了該段是對(duì)上文的總結(jié)，故為正確答案。

20、

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：選項(xiàng)出|承接上文［E］末尾部分給出的結(jié)論，指出原因有二，并分析了

第一方面的原因。這也與文章末段開(kāi)頭“控制主導(dǎo)企業(yè)的第二個(gè)論點(diǎn)”相呼應(yīng)，故為

正確答案。

Eventhemostuninformedstudentofclimatechangecouldtellyouthatthesolutionto

globalwarmingistoalleviateglobalgreenhousegasemissions,andfast.Buttheproblem

isthatthesheeramountofgreenhousegaseswe'vealreadypumpedintotheatmosphere

hasirreversiblyboundustoacertainamountofwarmingoverthenextseveraldecades.

Nomatterwhatwedo,we'llhavetoadapttoit.[RI]Alreadyprecipitation

patternsseemtobechanging,makingsomedrierareas—likethearidAmerican

southwest-evendrier,andrainyregionsevenwetter.Aswarmertemperaturescreep

northward,sodoinsectsandotherpeststhatareadaptedtotheheat.Theresultscanbe

distressing.Thetinymountainpinebeetle,whichinfestspinetreesintheRocky

Mountainregion,usedtobecontrolledbyfreezingwinters.Butastemperatureshave

wannedoverthepastdecade,themountainpinebeetle'sterritoryhasspread,destroying

millionsofacresofCanadianpines.[R2]GenerationsofAmerican

conservationistshavefoughttopreservewildlifeandtokeepnaturepristineinthefaceof

agrowingpopulationandpollution.Toaremarkableextent,they'vesucceeded—almost

16%oftheentirelandmassoftheU.S.isprotected,andtheEndangeredSpeciesActhas

helpedsavecountlessanimalsfromextinction.[R3]Whatgoodisawildlife

reserveiftheprotectedanimalscan'tlivethere,becauseclimatechangepushesthemout?

Whatdifferencedocsitmaketodefendtreesfromlogging,ifglobalwarmingwillallow

anewpesttodestroywholeforests?[R4]LastweektheLincolnInstituteof

LandPolicybroughttogetherconservationleadersfromaroundtheU.S.todiscusshow

tocopewithwarming,tryingtoworkoutanewframeworkforthebiggestchallenge

facingconservation.[R5]Sotooisthescalerequiredtoproperlyadaptto

climatechange,whichwillalmostcertainlycontinuefordecadesintothefuture."Climate

changewillaffectagriculture,waterresources,forestry,transportation,waste

management,energygeneration,nationalsecurity,immigrationpatterns,fisheries,food

security,younameit,"saidLaraHansen."Weneedtochangethewayweallocate

resources,planeconomiesandprotectlivelihoods.HThatmeansthatthewaywe'vebeen

carryingoutconservat