2025北京高三一模英語匯編：閱讀理解D篇

2025北京高三一模英語匯編

閱讀理解D篇

一、閱讀理解

（2025北京西城高三一模）Genetic（基因的）variationiswhatallowsaspeciestoadaptasclimatechanges,

newdiseasesarise,andnovelenemiescomeonthescene.Aslightlydifferentgeneticmakeupcanensureatleast

someindividualswillstilldoOKintimesofcrisis.Butjustasthenumberofspeciesisdecliningworldwide,so,too,

isthegeneticdiversitywithinmanyspecies.

Until2022,governmentsfocusedprimarilyonpreventingspeciesfromdisappearing.Thatyear,however,

whenupdatingtheUnitedNations'sConventiononBiologicalDiversitytreaty（條約），participatingcountriesagreed

tostarttolookatgeneticdiversityaswell.

Thefirststeptowardslowingthetrendisunderstandingit.ConservationbiologistCatherineGrueberfromthe

UniversityofSydneyandmanycolleaguesgathered882paperswrittenbetween1985and2019thattrackeddiversity

changeswithin628individualspeciesbyanalyzingtheirDNAatatleasttwotimepoints.Theteamusedcomplex

statisticalanalysestomakethedatacomparable,enablingthemtoidentifytrendsandcorrelatelossofgenetic

diversitywithfloods,habitatdestruction,orotherdisturbances.Theyalsotrackedwhathappenedinthefaceof

variousconservationmeasures,suchaslegallyprotectingaspeciesorsettingasideandprotectinghabitat.

Two-thirdsofthepopulationsanalyzedexhibitedadeclineindiversity,Grueberandhercolleaguesreport.

Thatincludedspeciesalreadyknowntobeatrisk,butitalsoincludedmorecommonspecies.Theimplicationisthat

thosespeciesmaybelessabletobouncebackthanexpectedduringenvironmentalchange,saysAliciaMastertta-

Yanes,aconservationgeneticist.

Someconservationefforts,suchasecologicalrestorationorreducingpests（害蟲），didn'thelpmuch,the

analysisfound.Butcertainactionsdidseemtohelp,suchaseffortstoexpandandprotecthabitat,introducenew

individualstodecliningpopulations,orconnecttwoisolatedpopulations.

“Itwasprettyimpressivethattheywereabletotrackwhathumandisturbancesandconservationactionshad

done,“saysMoisesAlonso,anevolutionarygeneticistwhoauthoredapreprintlastyearindicatingthatprotecting

existinghabitatwon'tbeenoughtopreventgeneticdiversitylossesformanyspecies.t6Weneededsomethinglike

this,“hesays.

Conservationscientistsemphasizetheimportanceofcontinuingtomonitorpopulations.ButDNAmethods

aren'talwayspractical,somenote."Itisrelativelyhardandexpensivetomeasuregeneticdiversitydirectly,

Mastertta-Yanessays.

Togetaroundthat,Mastertta-YanesandotherspublishedapaperinEcologyLetterslastyearthatusedproxy

（代替物）measures,suchaspopulationsize,toevaluategeneticdiversityin919species.Themethod,whichonly

requiredabout3hoursofworkperspecies,indicatedthat58%ofthespecieshavepopulationsthataretoosmallto

maintaintheirgeneticdiversity.Thefactthatthesedifferentapproachesfounddecliningdiversity“makesbothresults

moreconvincing,Mastertta-Yanessays.''Finally,geneticdiversityisgettingtheattentionitdeserves.^^

1.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?

A.ChallengesofcollectingDNAdatafordiversityresearch.

B.Findingsongeneticdiversitychangesoverthepast30years.

C.Researchmethodsappliedtotrackgeneticdiversitychanges.

D.Impactsofhumandisturbancesondiversityofdifferentspecies.

2.WhatcanbelearnedfromGrueber?sstudy?

A.Habitatextensionandpopulationmanagementpreservediversity.

B.Thediversityofcommonspeciestendstodeclinemoreseverely.

C.At-riskspeciesbetterresisttheimpactofenvironmentalchanges.

D.Ecosystemrecoveryandpestcontroldrivepopulationrise.

3.Mastertta-YanesholdsthatDNAmethods.

A.willsoonbereplacedbyproxymeasures

B.lackpracticalityduetotheircostsandcomplexity

C.maygetinthewayofmonitoringspeciespopulations

D.requirealargepopulationsizetoachievehighaccuracy

4.Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?

A.Toidentifymoreeffectivemethodsappliedingeneresearch.

B.ToadvocateforusingDNAmethodsexclusivelyinconservationefforts.

C.Towarnpeopleofthethreatposedbyenvironmentalchangesonspecies.

D.Todrawpeople'sattentiontoeffectivemeasuresagainstlossofdiversity.

（20251匕京東城高三——模）Yearsaftermyarthistoryclass,Iaminsufferableatmuseums."That'sdefinitely

aMatisse,9,1say."Youcantellbecauseofthebrushworkandtheuseofcolour.9,SometimesitisnotaMatissebut

oftentimesitis.

Itisunsettlingtolearn,then,thatforallofmycarefullywonartappreciation,Iamindangerofbeingsurpassed

byaninsect.Inarecentstudy,honeybees-whosebrainsarethesizeofgrassseeds-wereshownPicassosand

Monetspairedsidebyside.Belowtheprintsweretwosmallcontainers,onecontainingsugarwaterandtheother

nothingatall.

Whichtoenter?Beescouldn,tseeorsmellwhetheragivencontainerheldthetreatuntilthey'dalreadyflown

insideit.Buttheycouldletthemasterpiecesguidethem:forsomebees,therewardwasalwaysunderthePicasso,

whilefortherestitwasundertheMonet.Overthecourseofmanytrials,thebeeslearnedtoflystraightforthecorrect

container.Indeed,theyevenperformedslightlybetterthanchancewhenfacedwithpairsofpaintingsthey'dnever

seenbefore.Thebeeshadlearnedtodiscriminate,howevermodestly,betweenthetwoartists9styles.

Tobesure,humansstillhavetheedge.LastyearateamofresearchersledbyLianeGaborafoundthatart

studentswereperfectlycapableofidentifyingwhichwell-knownartistwasbehindwhichunknownpainting.Creative

writingstudentsweresimilarlyexcellentatspottinglittle-readpassagesbyHemingwayorDickens-askillIcan

onlyassumenohoneybeehasyetdemonstrated.

Evenmoreimpressively,though,thestudentscouldrecognizeas-yet-unseensamplesofeachother9swork,

includingworkinentirelydifferentmediums.Creativewriterscouldidentifytheirfellowwriters5paintingsand

sketches;paintershadaprettygoodideawho'dbroughtwhichpoemorclaypot.

Ifsclearwhatthebeesweredoing:pickingupandcategorizingcomplexvisualpatternsinthepairsofimages.

Butrecognizingdifferencesacrossmediumsisaltogetherdifferent.Whetherwe'rewritingpoemsorbuilding

sculptures,Gaboraargues,we'redoingsowiththesamemind:onethatstructuresinformationinthesameway,has

beenshapedbythesameexperiences,andlongstoexpressthesameideas.Naturally,ourtechniquesand

preoccupationsinonedomainshould"out"usinanother.

ButstillIwonder:Justwhataboutthesetechniquesandpreoccupationsdidthetrick?Theresearchersdidtheir

besttokeepsubjectmatterfromrulingthedaybyinstructing,forinstance,artistswhohappenedtobesurfersnotto

bringinartthatdepicted（描繪）surfing.Butwhatoflessobvioussubjectmatter-likeWesternlandscapes?And

whatoftheobsessionsthatcomeintoourworkunawares?Acorrelationalstudylikethisonewillnotanswerthese

questions.

Perhapsmybiggestquestionhastodowithpeoplewhodon'tidentifyasartists,andhaven,tsettled——orat

leastwouldclaimso-onapersonalstyle.Aretheircreationsalsoareflectionoftheirworldview?Itseemslikelythat,

atleasttosomeextent,badartisallalike,whileonlygoodartisgoodinitsownway.

5.Whydoestheauthormentionbees?

A.Topresentanexample.B.Toputforwardatheory.

C.Todrawoutacomparison.D.Tohighlightaresearchfinding.

6.Whydoestheauthorthinkhumansstillhavetheedge?

A.Becausewecantransferourexperiences.

B.Becausewecandiscriminatestyles.

C.Becausewecancategorizepatterns.

D.Becausewecanlearnfromtrials.

7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"out"inParagraph6probablymean?

A.Assist.B.Trick.C.Beat.D.Expose.

8.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.WillBeesBeatHumans?

B.HowWillYouViewaView?

C.WhyGoodArtWorksWonders?

D.WhatMakesHemingwayHemingway?

（2025W匕京朝陽高三——模）Inthefieldwherephilosophyandneuroscienceoverlap,fewquestionshave

fascinatedandconfusedhumanityasdeeplyastheconceptoffreewill.Atfirstglance,theideathatwehavethe

powertomakechoicesthatarenotpredeterminedseemsintuitive（直覺的）.However,acloserexaminationreveals

acomplexwebofphilosophicalargumentsandscientificfindingsthatchallengethisseeminglystraightforward

concept.

Fromaphilosophicalstandpoint,thedebatearoundfreewillhascontinuedintenselyforcenturies.

Compatibilistsarguefreewillcancoexistwithdeterminism,aslongasouractionsarearesultofourowndesiresand

motivations.Forexample,choosingamusiccareeroutofpassionisconsideredasafreechoicewithinthisframework.

Incontrast,incompatibilistsmaintainfreewillanddeterminismaremutuallyexclusive.Harddeterministsviewthe

universeasaclosedsystemgovernedbystrictlawsofnature,whereeveryevent,includinghumanactions,is

predetermined.Inthisview,theideaoffreewillisanillusion（幻覺）.

Neurosciencehasadvancedmarkedlyindecodingthebrain,revealingthatmanyactionsarepreceded（先于）

byneuralactivity.Studiesonthebrain5srewardsystemandneurotransmitters,particularlydopamine（多巴胺）,

furtherchallengethenatureoffreewill.Addictivebehaviors,forinstance,canbestronglyinfluencedbythebrain's

responsetodopamine.Apersonstrugglingwithaddictionmayfeeltheylackthefreewilltoresistit,astheirbrain

chemistryhasbeenalteredinawaythatforcesthemintoacting.

Thescientificevidenceisnotconclusive,though.Somearguethattheneuralactivityobservedbefore

consciousdecisionsmaynotbethecauseoftheactionbutratherpartofthepreparatoryprocessforadecisionthatis

stillfreelymade.Additionally,thecomplexityofthehumanbrainandthefactthatmuchofitsfunctioningisstillnot

fullyunderstoodleaveroomforthepossibilityoffreewill.

Iffreewillisanillusion,itchallengesourfundamentalnotionsofmoralresponsibility.Wepraiseandblame

peoplefortheiractionsbecausewebelievetheycouldhaveacteddifferently.Howcanweholdindividuals

accountablefortheiractionsiftheywerenevertrulyfreetochooseotherwise?Withoutfreewill,theessentialmoral

frameworkofoursocietieswouldcollapseintochaoticindifference.Freewillisonlyanillusionifyouare,too.

9.Whichofthefollowingsituationsreflectsthecompatibilists,view?

A.Drivenbydopamine,Timkeepscheckinghissocialmedia.

B.Lucyspeaksfirstafterbeingrandomlyselectedbysoftware.

C.Exposedtoasuddenblindinglight,Lilyquicklyshutshereyes.

D.Jerryshiftsbetweencompaniesofsharedbikesbasedondiscounts.

10.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Thealteredbrainchemistryenhancesfreewill.

B.Consciousdecisionsareindependentofneuralactivities.

C.Harddeterministsseefreewillvitaltomoralaccountability.

D.Neuroscientists5viewsonthecausesofhumanactionsdiffer.

11.Asfortheexistenceoffreewill,theauthoris.

A.neutralB.disapprovingC.positiveD.doubtful

12.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.DoesNeuroscienceThreatenFreeWill?

B.WhytheArgumentsAgainstFreeWillFail

C.ExplorationintotheComplexityofFreeWill

D.FreeWill:BridgingNeuroscienceandPhilosophy

（2025北京石景山高三一模）Themoonstandsalone.Uniqueintheuniverse,itisalifelessandsunbaked

wastelandthatharbourslittleexceptwhatwebringtoit.Butthatisabouttochange.

HalfacenturyaftertheApolloprogramme,aprivatespacecraftNova-Cmadethefirsttouchdownonthemoon

successfully,bearingscientificinstruments,microfiche（微縮膠片）storydisks,cameras,andsculpturestostayon

themoonforever.Itssuccesswouldpromisemanymore.Thoughitmayseemlikeanexcitingoutlookforhumanity's

spaceexplorationambitions,italsosignalsafuturewherethemoonbecomesahotbedofungovernedbusiness

operationsthatwillirreversibly（不可逆地）transformit.

Forthefirsttime,privatecapitalhasreachedthemoon,expandingbeyondscientificgoals.Thisallowsprivate

landers,evenwhencarryinggovernmentscienceexperiments,toincludeadditionalnon-scientificpayloads（有酬負(fù)

載）forothercustomers.Itemsboundtoraisevariousobjections,suchashumancremains（骨灰）anddehydrated

waterbearsfrompastmissions,havecausedconcernsaboutbiologicalmaterialsonthemoon.There'realotmore

plannedforfuturelaunches,likelysparkingfurtherdebate.

Beforethisdecadeisout,withapowerfulenoughtelescope,youmaybeabletoseeevidenceofhuman

constructionorevenhabitationonthemoon.In2023,theglobalspaceindustrywasvaluedat$469billion,expected

toexceed$1trillionby2030,drivenbygrowingsatelliteuseinmanufacturing,power,anddata."Wearenowata

tippingpoint,whereideaspreviouslylimitedtosciencefictionrepresentattractiveinvestmentprojects,areportread.

Avoluntaryagreementhasbeenusedsince2020tofosterlunarcooperation.Itpromotesinternational

standards,emergencyassistanceanddatasharing.However,italsoallowsforexploiting（開采）lunarresourceslike

dust,water,rareearthelementsandothermaterials.

ExploringthemoonhasvalueforscienceandpotentialbenefitsforEarth,buthumansoftenturnexploration

intoexploitation,andthemoonmayfacethesamefate.Themoonwon'tbealoneforlong.Butitisandwillforever

bequiet.Itplayshosttonothunderstorms,nocrashingwaves,nobirdsongsandnoanthems（國歌）.Wemustbeits

voice.Wewillsoonchangeitssurface,andourrelationshiptoit,forever.Attheveryleast,weowethemoona

considereddiscussionofwhyandhowwewilldoso.

13.Whatistheauthor'sconcernaboutthemoon'sfuture?

A.Unregulatedcommercialactivities.B.Illegalhumanconstruction.

C.Limitedpayloadcarriedtothemoon.D.Alackofscientificmissions.

14.The“tippingpoint“inParagraph4indicatesthechange

A.fromcooperationtocompetitionB.fromsciencetotrade

C.fromlunarlandingtosettlementD.fromfantasytoadventure

15.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage?

A.Lunarresourceexplorationholdsgreatpromise.

B.Massiveinvestmentisbeneficialtolunardevelopment.

C.Non-scientificactivitiescantestlunarenvironmentallimits.

D.Theexistingagreementisinsufficientincontrollingover-exploitation.

16.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?

A.ThePromisingMoon:PlaygroundforAll

B.TheMoon'sEdge:AmbitionMeetsReality

C.TheMoon'sFuture:UncovertheUnknown

D.TheSilentMoon:Humanity'sResponsibility

（2025北京門頭溝高三一模）Formillennia,wehaveexpecteddogstoguardourpropertyandprotectour

familyatnight.Nowtheyarealsoaskedtobefriendlyaroundstrangers,restquietlythroughthenightandkeeptheir

feetoffsofas.t4Ifsanevolutionarymismatch^^,saysHare,ananthropologistatDukeUniversity.Thegoodnewsis

thatthisproblemissolvable.Recentstudiesindicatethatselectivebreeding（繁殖）andcarefultrainingcanhelpdogs

adapttoindoorlife.

A“puppykindergarten^^researchwassetupbyHare'steamtoillustratetheheritabilityofbehaviouraltraitsin

dogsbyobservingwhatservicedogs'behaviourlookslikebeforeintensivetrainingbegins.Servicedogswere

selectedasthesubjectfortheycanalwaysnaturallyadaptwelltothemismatchcomparedtootherkinds.Theycan

pullwheelchairs,operatelightswitchesandinteractgentlywithchildren.

Bycollectingdatafrom1,500dogownersonthebehaviouroftheirpets,whichbelongedto36breeds,Hare's

teamdiscoveredthatgenetics（遺傳特征）explained45percentofthevariationindogs9self-control.16percentof

thevariationinreasoningaboutthephysicalworldandamere0.01percentofthevariationinshort-termmemory,

whichmanifeststhatsomedesirablebehavioursareheritabletocertaindegree,andselectivebreedingfor

temperamentisworthwhile.

“Geneticsisimportant,butitsrelativeimportanceisdifferentfordifferentbehaviouraltraits,9,saysGitanjali

fromEmoryUniversity.Besides,Hare'sworkalsoillustratesselectivebreedingcan'tguaranteesomehighlydesirable

traits,suchasagoodmemory.Sotheyhavedevisedtechniquesthatownerscanusetohelptraintheirpetsandbuild

betterrelationshipswiththem.

Onehabitthatisespeciallyimportantintrainingismakingeyecontact.46Thedog'sgazemaybeacausalfactor

ininducinggoodfeelingsintheowner”,saysKikusuiatAzabuUniversityinJapan,“andthelongeradoggazesat

itsowner,thestrongerthosegoodfeelingsbecome.9,Harealsofoundthatpupscouldsolvesome'"impossibletasks”

byappealingtohumanforhelp,andtheappealwasmadethrougheyecontact.Sohesuggestedpuppyownersfinish

""impossibletasks“withtheirpetseverytwoweekstostrengthentheemotionalconnectionwiththem."Doingsocan

helpyoulearnwhereyourdog'scognitivestrengthslie”,hesays.Andasthepuppykindergartenprojecthasmade

clear,dogtrainingaswellasselectivebreedingiscrucialtofosterthosebehaviourswewouldlikeourpetstoexhibit

inourhomes.

17.WhatcanwelearnfromHare'sresearch?

A.Servicedogswereobservedwhileacceptingtraining.

B.Geneticsmayexplaindifferencesindogs'self-control

C.Servicedogswerechosenfortheyweretrainedearlier.

D.Selectivebreedingdevelopsdogs5mostdesirabletraits.

18.Whafstheauthor'saimofquotingGitanjali^words?

A.TorevealthatHare'sresearchissuspicious.

B.Toprovethenecessityofselectivebreeding.

C.Toconfirmthevalueonreformingdogs'genes.

D.Tosuggestthatotherfactorsalsoneeddiscussing.

19.Whafsthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.ServiceDogs:AcquiringDesirableTraitsthroughBreeding

B.SmartDogs:AdaptingWelltoIndoorLifethroughTraining

C.ModernDogs:TrainingDesirableDogsthroughEyeContact

D.GoodDogs:EvolvingthroughSelectiveBreedingandTraining

（2025北京豐臺高三一模）RecentfindingsfromtheDarkEnergySpectroscopicInstrument（DESI）in

Arizona,whichproducedthelargest3Dmapoftheuniverse,suggestthatdarkenergy-themysteriousforcedriving

theuniverse'saccelerated（力口速的）expansion——mightchangeovertime.Thischallengesthestandardmodelof

cosmology（宇宙學(xué)）,whichassumesasteadyacceleration.

Darkenergyisthoughttomakeupnearly70%ofthecosmos,soifitsbehaviourreallyischangingastime

passes,itcouldhavesignificantimplicationsforourunderstandingoftheuniverse.

SincetheDESIdatacameout,researchershavebeenworkingonwaystoexplaintheapparentchangesinthe

universe'sexpansionrate.Darkenergyisn'tdirectlyobservable,sothereareseveraloptionsthatcouldfit.One

solutionsuggestedbyMichaelGardaattheFederalUniversityinBrazilandhiscolleaguesinvolveslettingdark

energyinteractwithdarkmatter,aninvisibleandabundantformofmatterthatoutweighsordinarymatter.This

interactionisforbiddeninthestandardmodel,butifenergycouldflowfromtheuniverse'sdarkmattertoitsdark

energy-essentiallychangingtheformertothelatter-theresearchers5simulations（模擬）showedthatthiswould

matchtheDESImeasurements.Yet,themechanismforsuchanenergytransferisn'tclear.

ThissolutionmightalsohelpresolvetheHubbletension,adifferenceinthewayswemeasuretheexpansion

rateofthecosmos.Measurementsofthismadebyanalysingnearbygalaxies（knownas“l(fā)ocal“measurements）give

anexpansionrate,orHubbleconstant,whichisslightlyhigherthantheoneobtainedfromthecosmicmicrowave

background（CMB）一theremainingradiationfromtheearlyuniverse.CMBmeasurementsrelyonatheoretical

modelofcosmicevolution,whichmayneedadjustmentifGarda'sproposaliscorrect.Byallowingenergytransfer

betweendarkmatteranddarkenergy,theadjustedmodelcouldbringCMB-basedestimatesmorecloselyintoline

withlocalmeasurements,potentiallyresolvingthetension.

Anotherproposedsolutioninvolvesdarkradiation,aninvisibleformofradiationsimilartolightbutcomposed

ofdarkphotons（光子）.TamarAllaliatBrownUniversityandhisteamsuggestthatdarkradiationcouldexplainthe

DESIdataandlessenedtheHubbletensionbyincreasingtheuniverse'sexpansionrateinitsearlystages.uIfyou

havemoreradiation,theexpansionisfasterintheearlyuniverse,9,saysAllali.Unlikeadjustmentstodarkenergy,

darkradiationintroducesanewcomponentwithoutchangingexistingphysicallaws,makingitamoreconservative

approach.AllalinotesthattheDESIdatadoesnotruleoutdarkradiationandevenshowsaslightpreferenceforit.

Bothmodels——interactingdarkenergyanddarkradiation——fittheDESIdata,butneitherhasbeenconfirmed.

ShawnSmithattheUniversityofEdinburgh,UK,pointsoutthatwhilemanyunconventionalmodelscouldexplain

theobservations,nonecurrentlycompetewiththestandardcosmologicalmodelfromafundamentalphysics

perspective.Nevertheless,thesemodelsserveascatalystsforprogress,ensuringthatcosmologyremainsadynamic

andevolvingfield.

20.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Thedevelopmentofscientificmodelstostudytheuniverse.

B.Thediscoveryofdarkenergyanditsimpactontheuniverse.

C.TheimportanceofDESIinstudyingtheuniverse'sbehavior.

D.Theattemptstoexplaintheuniverse'sunexpectedexpansion.

21.Whichofthefollowingmighttheauthoragreewith?

A.Garda'sproposaloutperformsAllali'sinitssimplicity.

B.Recentresearchhasfoundwaysfordarkenergytransfer.

C.TheDESIdatahasconfirmedtheexistenceofdarkradiation.

D.ThetwomodelssharesimilaritiesinreducingHubbletension.

22.Thepassageisorganizedinthepatternof.

A.cause-effect-solutionB.problem-solution-evaluation

C.example——analysis——conclusionD.introduction——comparison——result

（2025北京房山高三一模）Earthisabrightspotofvalueintheuniverse,partlybecauseitcontainshuman

beingswho,drivenbycuriosityandanon-instrumentaldesiretoaddresshardquestions,engageinphilosophy.

Philosophicalinquirymakestheentireplanetbetterthanitwouldotherwisebe.

Issciencebetterandmoresignificantthanphilosophy,morecentraltothespecialnessofEarth?Ofcourse,

sciencecanextendourlifespansandempowerustotransformtheenvironment.Butthelongevityandpowerofone

speciesaren'twhatmakeEarthspecial.Considerinstead,thegreatestachievementsofscience:theCopernican/

Galilean/Newtonianrevolution,Darwin'stheoryofnaturalselection,Einstein'stheoryofrelativity,quantum

mechanics,breakthroughsingeneticsandbrainscience.Thesetransformedourunderstandingoftheuniverseand

ourplacewithinit.Thedistinctivevalueofhumanscienceliesinitsphilosophicalstrength-itspowertoguideus

towardthebroadestandmostfoundationalquestionsaboutourselvesandtheuniverse.Artisthesame:atitsbest,it

goesbeyonddecorationandamusement,confrontinguswiththepuzzlesofhumanexistence.Intheirmostambitious

forms,theartsandsciencesmergeintophilosophy,expressingourphilosophicalurges.

Ametaphor:asthecircleoflightexpands,sotoodoestheringofdarknessaroundit.Philosophylivesinthat

ringofdarkness.Withinthecircleoflightlieswhatisstraightforwardlyknowablethroughcommonsense,

mainstreamscienceorotherestablishedmethods.Inthepenumbra（半影）aremattersofguessesorideas.There?sno

sharplinebetweenlightanddark,andnosharpbeginningorendtothepenumbra.

Asthelightgrows,thepenumbralringexpandstomatch.Therewillalwaysbedarknessbeyond,and

philosophicalquestioningwillchaseit.Wewillnevercompletetheprojectofunderstandingthefundamentalstructure

oftheworld.Generationsofphilosopherswilldiewithoutgettingsatisfactoryanswerstotheirmostsearching

questions.

Billionsofyearsago,starsexploded,formingplanets,andlifeemerged.Somebeingsdevelopedtheabilityto

wonderabouttheirplaceintheuniverse,theirvalues,andtheircapacityforreflection.Whenwephilosophize,we

becomeameansbywhichtheuniverse,afterbillionsofyears,momentarilythinksaboutitselfindoubtand

amazement.Nothingismorenaturallyvaluableorworthyofrespectandwonder.

23.WhatdoestheauthorintendtodobymentioningthebrightnessofEarth?

A.Makeanassumption.B.Presentanargument.C.Giveasuggestion.D.Raisea

question.

24.Whatdoesthephrase"mergeinto"underlinedinParagraph2probablymean?

A.Changeto.B.Replacewith.C.Standfor.D.Combineinto.

25.Whatcanbeinferredaboutphilosophyfromthemetaphorofpenumbra?

A.Itwilldeclineasknowledgeadvances.B.Itwillcontinueduetoexpandingunknowns.

C.Itaimstodistinguishbetweenlightanddark.D.Itremainsseparatefromestablishedmethods.

26.Theauthorbelievesthat.

A.thepursuitofendlessquestionsissignificant

B.humanbeingsareahighlyemotionalspecies

C.scienceistheprimarysourceofphilosophicalideas

D.thephysicalcharacteristicsofEarthmakeitexceptional

（2025）匕京川頁義高三——模）Imagineyou'redrivingdownthehighwayandnoticethatyouarerunninglow

onfuel.YourGPSshows10gasstationsaheadonyourroute.Naturally,youwantthecheapestoption.Doyou

continueexploringandriskregretforrejectingthebirdinhand?Youwon'tdoubleback,soyoufaceanow-or-never

choice.Whatstrategymaximizesyourchancesofpickingthecheapeststation?Researchershavestudiedthiscubest-

choiceproblem”,whichsuggeststhathumanstendtofallshortoftheoptimal（最優(yōu)的）strategy.

Amazingly,theoptimal