自考國際商務英語課后題

Whatdoesinternationalbusinessreferto?Pleasetell

thedifferencebetweeninternationalbusinessand

domesticbusiness.

1.Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionsbetween

partiesfromdiffirentcountries.

Therearefourmajordiffrencesbetweeninternational

businessanddomesticbusiness:

1)differencesinlegalsystem

2)differencesincurrencies

3)differencesincuturalbackground

4)differencesinnaturalandeconomicconditions

Pleaseexplainthedifferencesbetweenvisibletrade

andinvisibletrade.Whichisbecomingmoreand

moreimportantandaccountsforanincreasing

proportionininternationaltrade?

2.Commoditytrade,i.eexportingandimportinggoods

producedormanufacturedinonecountryfor

consumptionorresaleinanother.Thiskindoftradeis

alsoreferredtovisibletrade.Invisibletradeisinthe

formoftransportation,communication,banking,

insurance,consulting,informationetc.Invisibletrade

isbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccounts

foranincreasingproportionininternationaltrade.

Canyoucitesomeexamplestoillustratecultural

differencesininternationalbusiness?

3.Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,

traditions,religion,value,behavioretc.

Pleaseelaborateonthetwocategoriesofinternational

investment.Whatistheirmajordifference?

4.ForeigndirectinvestmentsorFDIforshortismadefor

returnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassets

investedinahostcountry.

Portfolioinvestmentreferstopurchasesofforeign

financialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.

Whatislicensing?Whydofirmssometimeschooseit

asmeansofenteringaforeignmarket?

5.Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseits

intellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.

Firmschooselicensingbecausetheydonotwantto

makecashpaymentstostartbusiness,andcansimply

receiveincomeintheformofroyalty.Besides,they

canbenefitfromlocationaladvantegesofforeign

operationwithoutanyobligationsinownershipor

management.

Whatisfranchising?Howisitdifferentfrom

licensing?

6.Underfranchising,afim,calledthefranchisee,is

allowedtooperateinthenameofanother,calledthe

franchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,

brandname,logos,andoperatingtechniquesfor

royalty.

Incomparisionwiththerelationbetweenthelicenser

andthelicensee,thefranchiserhasmorecontrolover

andprovidesmoresupportforthefranchisee.

Whatisamanagementcontract?Underwhat

conditionsisitmostapplicable?

7.Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffers

managerialorotherspecializedservicestoanother

withinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentora

percentageoftherelevantbusinessvolum.

Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipin

certainindustriesitconsiderstobeofstrategic

importancebutlackstheexpertiseforoperation,

managementcontractsmaybeapracticalchoice

enablingaforeigncompanytooperateintheindustry

withoutowningtheassets..

Whatisaninternationalturnkeyproject?Inwhat

wayisitsvariantBOTdifferentfromit?

8.Foraninterantionalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsa

contractwithaforeignpurchaserandundertakesall

thedesigning,contractingandfacilityequipingbefore

handingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.

ForaBOTproject,afirmoperateafacilityfora

periodoftimeafterbuildingitupbeforefinally

transferringittoaforeigncompany.

Makingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiod

isthemajordifferencebetweenBOTandthecommon

turnkeyproject.

Franchise:anarrangementbywhichamonopoly

producerorownergivesanotherpermissionforthe

exclusiverighttomanufactureorselltheproductsin

certainarea.

Royalty:moneypaidtotheownerofacopyrightfr

permissiontopublishcopyrightmaterialandtothe

ownerofapatentforpermissiontouseapatenteddesign,

usu,atanagreedpercentageofthesellingpriceofthe

product.

Patent:aspecialrighttoaninventortobetheonly

persontomakeandsell,ortoauthorizeotherstomake

andsellanewly-inventedmachineorprocess.

Non-tariffbarries:allformsofman-madeobstructions

tointernationaltradeotherthantariffs,including

prohibitionsandquotas,etc.

Portfolio:theentirecollectionofinvestmentsintheform

ofstocks,bonds,orcertificateofdepositsforpurposes

otherthancontrolling.

Thrnkeyproject:oneinwhichoneofthepartiesagrees

tosupply,atthecontractprice,acompleteproductready

foruse,suchasanewhome,factory,ship,etc.

Budget:anaccountofprobablefutureincomeand

expenditureduringastated,period,usu,ayearusedasa

guideinmakingfinancialarragements.

Return:thegainfromaninvestment,eitherasincomeor

yieldorasprofitonthesaleoftheinvestment.

Expertise:expertknowledgeorskill,esp.inaparticular

field;know-how

Licensor:apersonorcompanygrantingalicence

1.國際貿易一般指不同國家的當事人進行的交易，它

涉及到許多因素，因而比國內貿易要復雜得多。

Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetween

partiesfromdifferentcountries,itinvolesmorfactors

andthusismorecomplicatedthandomesticbusiness.

2.隨著經濟一體化進程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全

獨立于國際商務之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一

定的知識是十分必要的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有

益于個人的進步。

Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,few

peopleorcompaniescancompletelystayawayform

internationalbusiness.Someknowledgeinthisrespectis

necessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonal

advancement.

3.其他參與國際貿易的形式有管理合同、承包生產和

“交鑰匙”工程。

Otherformsforpaticipatingininternationalbusinessare

managementcontract,contractmanufaturingandturnkey

project.

4.國際貿易最初以商品貿易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國生

產或制造商品而出口或進口到另一國進行消費或轉

售。

Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommodity

trade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedor

manufacturedinonecountryforsonsumptionorresalein

another.

5.除了國際貿易和投資，國際許可和特許經營有時也

是進入國外市場的一種方式。

Besidestradeandinvestment,licensingandfranchising

aresometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeign

market.

二、

ExplaintheconceptsofGNPandGDPrespectively

andpointouttheirmajordifference.Canweuse

theminterchaeably?

1.GNPreferstothemarketvalueofgoodsandservices

producedtythepropertyandlaborownedbythe

residentsofaneconomy.

GDPmeasuresthemarketvalueofallgoodsand

servicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofan

economy.

ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPisthatthe

formerfocusesonownershipofthefactorsof

productionwhilethelatterconcentratesontheplace

whereproductiontakesplace.

ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPcanbeignored

sinceitisverysmallinmostcases,sowecanuse

theminterchangeably.

Whataremeantbyhighincome,middleincome,and

lowincomecountriesaccordingtotheWorldBank?

Citesomeexaplesforeachgroup.

2.Thoseenjoyingannualpercapitaincomeof$9386and

aboveareclassifiedashigh-incomecountries.This

groupcomprisesthreetypesofcountries.

a)mostmembersoftheOrganizationforEconomic

CooperationandDevelopment(OECD)

b)richoilproducingcontriesofthemiddleeast

(Kuwait,SaudiArabia,UnitedArabEmirates).

c)Small-industrializedcountriesorregionssuchas

Israel,Singapore,HongKongandTaiwan.

Countrieswithannualpercapitaincomebelow$9386

butabove$765areregardedasmiddle-income

countries.

1)mostEastEuropeancountriesandmostmembersof

theCommonwealthofIndependentStates,six

OECDmembers.(Czech,Greece,Hungary,Mexico,

Turkey)

2)quiteanumberofLatinAmericancountriesand

somecomparativelydevelopedcountriesin

Asia.(Indonesia,Malaysia,thePhilippines,

Thailand)

3)AmongtheAfricancountries,SouthAfricaand

oil-producingLibya,NigeriaandAlgeria.

Lowerincomecountriesarethosethathavepercapita

incomesofonly$765orevenless.

1)MostAfricancontries,someAsiancountriesanda

fewLatinAmericancountries.

Whyarehighincomecountriesimportanttotrade

andinvestment?Shouldweneglectlowincome

countriesininternationalbusiness?

3.High-incomecountriesoftenhavegoodinfrastructure,

highpurchasingpower,advancedtechnology,efficiet

management,andfavorableenvironmentfortradeand

investment.Theyofferprimemarketsforexpensive

consumergoodsandarebothattractivesourcesand

destinationsofinvestment.

Weshouldnotneglectlowincomecountriesin

internationalbusiness,becausetheyconstitutemarkets

forlower-pricedstaplegoods,providecheaplaborand

areoftenrichinresources.Whatismoreimportant,

marketissomethingtobedeveloped.Oncetapped,the

businesspotentialofthesecountrieswillonedaybecome

realbusinessopportunities.

InwhatdifferentwaysareGDPandpercapita

incomesigniflcantinassessingthepotentialofa

particularmarket?

4.TotalGDPindicatestheoverallsizeofaneconomy

whichisimportantinmarketassessmentfordurable

equipmentorbulkgoodssuchasgrain,steel,or

cement.PercapitaGDPrevealstheaverageincome

levelofconsumers,whichisimportantwhen

marketingconsumerdurables.

Waschinaalow-incomecountryafewyearsago?

Howaboutnow?

5.Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isa

middle-incomecountrythoughitwasalowincome

countryjustafewyearsago.

Whatdoestheterm“Traid”referto?Whatismeant

tyQuad?

6.ThetermTriadreferstothethreerichestregionsofthe

worldtheUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnionand

Japanthatofferthemostimportantbusiness

opportunities.

SomepeopleextendthescopeofTriadtoinclude

CanadaandnamethebroadenedgroupingQuad.

HowmuchdoyouknowaboutOECD?Pleasemakea

briefaccount.

7.OECDmeansOrganizationofEconomicCooperation

andDevelopmentwasestablishedin1961bythe

majorcapitalimcountrieswiththeheadquarterinParis.

Ithas29membercountries,amongwhich,23ofthem

arehigh-incomecountriesandtheothersare

middle-incomecountries.

WhatisthebestpolicyforChinatodevelopbusiness

opportunites?

8.Thebestpolicyistodevelopbusinessopportunities

whereveradvantageouswhilekeepinginmindthekey

markets.

Tap:totakewhatisneededform,toexploit

PPP:purchasintpowerparity

Consumerism:considerabledesiretomakepurchasefor

consumption

Recipient:apersonoranorganizationetc.thatreceives

something

Pruchasingpower:ofpersons,thepublic,havingthe

moneytobuygoodsandservices

Average:ofanordinary,commonorusualkindin

qualityoramount

Spur:tourgeorencourage

Productive:producinginhighefficiencyorinlarge

quantity

Assess:tojudgeanamountorvalue

Infrastructure:large-scalepublicservices,suchas

waterandpowersupplies,road,railandradio

communications,etc.neededtosupporteconomic

activity,esp.industry,tradeandcommerce

國民生產總值和國內生產總值是表明一國收入的兩個

重要概念。區(qū)別在于前者強調的是生產要素的所屬權

而后者著重于進行生產的國家。

GNPandGDParetwoimportantconceptsusedto

indicateacountry5stotalincome.Thedifferencebetween

GNDandGDPisthattheformerfocusesonownership

ofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentrates

ontheplacewhereproductiontakesplace.

要估評某一市場的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入水平,

因為它為那里居民的購買力高低提供了線索。

Inassessingthepotentialofamarket,peopleoftenlook

atitsincomelevelsinceitprovidescluesaboutthe

pruchasingpowerofitsresidents.

世界各國被世界銀行分為三大領域：高收入國家，中

等收入國家和低收入國家。

CountriesoftheworldaredividedbytheWorldBank

intothreecategoriesofhigh-income,middle-incomeand

low-incomeeconomies.

中國現(xiàn)在的年人均收入為1100美元以上，但幾年前它

還是個低收入國家。

Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isa

middle-incomecountrythoughitwasalowincome

countryjustafewyearsago.

就中國來說，周圍還有其他應特別關注的市場，如亞

洲四小虎、東盟國家、俄羅斯等國，這些國家都具有

前景看好的市場潛力，能為中國提供很好的商機。

SofarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshould

payparticularattentiontoarethosearoundus:theFour

Tigers,theASEANcountries,Russia,India,andabit

fartherawayAustralia.

1.Whatisafreetradearea?Makeabriefaccountof

themostnotablefreetradeareaintheworld.

Membersofafreetradearearemovesharriestothe

flowofgoodsandservicessmongthemselveswhile

eachmemberstilladoptsitsownpolicyasregardsto

tradewithoutsiders.

ThemostnotablefreetradeareaistheNorthAmerican

FreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),thelargestfree

marketformedbytheUnitedStates.

2.Inwhatwayisacustomsuniondifferentfroma

freetradearea?

CustomsUnionthatgoesastepfurtherbyadopting

thesametradepolicyforallthememberstoward

countriesoutsidetheirorganizationinadditionto

abolishingtradebarriersamongthemselves.

3.Whatarethecharacteristicsofacomonmarket?

Whichorganizationremainedacommonmarket

forsomeyearsinthepast?

Besidesfreemovementofgoodsandservicesand

adoptionofcommonexternaltradepolicy,factorsof

productionsuchaslabor,capitalandtechnologyare

freetomoveamongmemberssothattheycanbe

utilizedinamoreefficientandproductiveway.

Inthepast,theEuropeanCommunityremaineda

commonmarketforsomeyears.

4.Howmuchdoyouknowaboutaneconomicunion?

Canmembersofaneconomicunionkeepallof

theirnationalsovereignty?

Economicunionischaracterizedbyintegrationofthe

domesticpoliciesofitsmembersinrespectof

economy,financeetc.inadditiontoabsenceoftrade

barriers,practiceofcommonexternalpolicyandfree

productionfactormobility.

Themembercountriesofaneconomicunionare

requiredtosurrendersomeoftheirnational

sovereignty.

5.Makeabriefaccountoftheoriginand

developmentoftheEU.

Itshistorydatesbacktotheearlypost-waryears.The

firstcommunity,theEuropeanCoalandSteel

Community(ECSC)wasestablishedin1952whichset

thestageformoreambitiousintegrationefforts.The

signingofthemonumentalTreatyofRomein1957

markstheestablishmentoftheEuropeanEconomic

Communitywiththeaimofgraduallyrealizingthe

freemovementofgoods,services,laborandcapitalas

wellastheharmonizationofeconomicpoliciesofthe

membercountries.Tenyearslaterin1967,the

EuropeanCommunitywasformedbymergingEEC,

ECSCandtheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity

(EURATOM).1992wasalandmarkyearinthe

developmentoftheECwhenitbecameatruecommon

marketasenvisagedbytheSingleEropeanAct.Then

onJanuary1,1994theEuropeanUnion(EU)came

intobeingonthestrengthoftheMaastrichtTreaty.

6.WhatisthemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEU?

WhatistheexecutivebodyoftheEU?Howdoesit

operate?

ThemostPowerfulinstitutionoftheEUistheCouncil

ofMinisters.Ithasthefinalsayonallimportant

matters.Decisionsofthecouncilaremadebyvotes

allocatedtomembercountriesonthebasisoftheirsize.

Differentministersattendthecouncilmeetings

dependingonthemattersdiscussed.

ItsexecutivebodyistheEuropeanCommision

composedof20commissionersoverseeing23

departmentsinchargeofdifferentaffairs.

7.Explainbrieflythefivelayerorganizational

structureofAsia-PacificEconomicCooperation.

l)ThefirstistheInformalMeetingofEconomic

leadersheldannually.

2)ThesecondistheDual-MinisterialMeetingattended

byforeignministers(excludingChineseTaipeiand

HongKong)andministersinchargeofforeigntrade.

3)ThethirdistheMeetingforMinistersResponsible

forTrade.

4)ThefourthistheSeniorOfficialsMeeting(SOM)

attendedbyviceministers,departmentaldirectorsor

ambassadorstoimplementdecisionsbyeconomic

leadersandministerialmeetings.

5)Thefifthlayerreferstothefoursubordinate

committeesunderSOM,i.e.CommitteeofTradeand

Investment,EconomicCommittee,Economicand

TechnicalCooperationSubcommitteeofSOMand

BudgetManagementCommittee.

8.WhatarethetenetandobjectivesofAPEC?What

ismeantbyitstwowheels?

APEC-Asia-PacificEconomicCo-operation,itstenet

andobjectivesare"inter-dependence,mutualbenefits,

adheringtoanopenandmultilateraltradingsystem

andreductionofregionaltradebarriers”.

APECco-operationconcentratesontradeand

investmentliberationandfacilitation(TILF)and

economicandtechnicalcooperation(ECOTECH)that

arecommonlytermedas“thetwowheelsofApec”.

9.WhatarethenatureandobjectivesofOPEC?

ThenatureofOPECisacommoditycartel.

Byassigningproductionquotasamongitsmembers,

OPECtriedtolimittheoverallcrudeoilsupplyofthe

worldforthepurposeofmaintaininghigheroilprices.

Veto:righttorejectorforbidsomething

Detour:routethatavoidsablockedroad,deviation

Erode:wearaway,eatinto

Integration:combingintoawhole

Liberalization:oftrade,theactofgovernmentinlifting

controlsoverimportsandexports

Tariff:taxleviedbythecustoms

Envisage:picture(anevent,action,etc)inthemindasa

futurepossibility;imagine

Banknote:printedpapermoneyissuedbyabank,usu.

Thecountry5scentralbank

Mobility:capacitythatcanmoveorbemovedeasilyand

quicklyfromplacetoplace

Barriertotrade:anyactionbyagovernmenttolimitor

preventthefreeflowofgoodsinandoutofitscountry

1.過去的兒十年，地區(qū)經濟一體化越來越重要。

Thepastdecadeswitnessedincreasinglygrowing

importanceofregionaleconomicintegration.

2.最著名的自由貿易區(qū)是北美自由貿易區(qū)，它是由美

國、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。

ThemostnotablefreetradeareaistheNorthAmerican

FreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),itwasformedbythe

UnitedStates,CanadaandMexicoin1991.

3.經濟聯(lián)盟的成員國不僅要在稅收、政府開支、企業(yè)

策略等方面保持一致，而且還應使用同一的貨幣。

ThemembersofanEconomicUnionarerequirednot

onlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,government

expenditure,industrypolicies,etc.,butalsousethe

samecurrency.

4.歐洲委員會是歐盟的管理機構之一，此機構將提議

呈交給部長理事會做決定，并監(jiān)督各成員國根據所

制定的條約履行自已的義務。

EuropeanCommissionisoneoftheadministration

institutionsofEuropeanUnion,ithandsoverthe

proposestothecouncilofMinistersfordicisionand

overseesmembercountriestoimplementtheir

obligationsaccordingtotheenactingclauses.

5.APEC建立于在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開的一次部

長級會議上。當時有12位成員國出席，分別為澳大

利亞、美國、加拿大、日本、朝鮮、新西蘭和東盟

六國。

APECwassetupattheMinisterialMeetingheldin

theAustraliancapitalCanberraattendedby12

membersofAustralia,theUnitedStates,Canada,

Japan,RepublicofKorea,NewZealandandsix

ASEANcountries.

四、

1.Whatarethebasicfeatureandmajorroleof

economicglobalization?

Withthebasicfeatureoffreeflowofcomodity,capital,

technology,service,andinformationintheglobal

contextforoptimizedallocation,economic

globalizationgivingnewimpetusandproviding

opportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopmentand

meanwhilemakingthevariouseconomiesmoreand

moreinterdependentandinteractive.Ithasbecomean

objectivetrendinworldeconomicdevelopment.

2.Mentionsomeoftheprosandconsofeconomic

globalization.Whatistherightattitudetowardit?

Economicintegrationenablescountriesbenefitfrom

theboomofothercountriesbutalsomakesthemmore

vulnerabletotheadverseeventsacrosstheglobe.

Thebestpolicyforusistofollowthetrendclosely,

availingtheopportunitiesitofferstodevelopourselves

andavoidingitspoosibleimpacts.

3.Whatistheformaldeflnitionofamultinational

enterprise?Howcanyoutellwhethera

multinationalcorporationisaparentorjustan

affiliate?

Atypicalmultinationalenterpriseshallbedefinedasa

businessorganizationwhichowns(whetherwholyor

partly),controlsandmanagesassets,oftenincluding

productiveresources,inmorethanonecountry,

throughitsmembercompaniesincorporatedseparately

ineachofthesecountries.

IftheMNCistheoriginalinvestingcorporation,itis

knownastheparentMNC,whichisnormallyalsothe

internationalheadquartersoftheMNE.

IftheMNCisestablishedasaresultofinvestmentsby

theMNE,whetherthroughtheparentorthrough

anotherofitsalreadyestablishedMNC,itisan

affiliateMNC.

4.DescribebrieflythecharacteristicsofMNEs.

a.enormoussize

b.widegeographicalspread

c.longevityandrapidgrowth

5.Whatistheecommonlyrecognizedobjectiveof

MNEs?

Likemostbusinessorganizations,MNEsareformed

forprofit.

6.WhyissecuritysoimportanttoMNEs?

ProfitisuselessifitcannotbesecuredbytheMNE

andtransfeeedwhereveritsodesires.

7.Doyouthink“widegeographicalspread”ofMNEs

playsaveryimportantroleinthedevelopmentof

theirbusiness?Why?

a.enablesthemhaveawiderangeofoptionsinterms

ofdecisionsinareassuchassourcingandpricing.

b.Moreabletotakeadvantageofchangesinthe

internationaleconomicenvironment.

c.EnableMNEstoengageinworldwideintegrated

productionandmarketinggivingrisetoextensive

intra-MNEtransactionswhichconstituteavery

significantproportionoftotalinternationaltrade.

8.WhatistherelationshipbetweenMNEsandtheir

hostcountries?

HostgovernmentscananddowieldpoweroverMNCs

locatedwithintheirterritories.MNCsareunderthe

legaljurisdictionoftheirhostgovernmentswhichcan

imposevariousrules,regulations,andlawsonthe

MNCstotheextentofnationalizingalltheirassets.

9.Whatarethefourtypesofmultinational

enterprises?Describeeachofthembriefly.

a.multi-domesticcorporationthatisagroupof

relativelyindependentsubsidiaries.

b.Globalcorporationswhichoperatesunderan

oppositeprinciplefromthefirsttypeandviewsthe

worldmarketasanintegratedwhole.

10.Aretheremanyworldcompaniesatpresent?

Imaginetheirfutureroleincompleteglobalization?

No,veryfewcompanies,ifany,havereachedthis

levelofinternationalization.

Whensuchcompaniesbecomedominating,the

possiblilityofconflictsamongsovereignstatesmaybe

greatlyreduced.Possiblytheywillbeinstrumentalto

therealizationofcompleteglobalization.

Revenue:thetotalannualincomeofastate

Decentralize:distributetheadministrativepowersovera

lessconcentratedarea

Nationalize:tobringunderthecontrolorownershipofa

nation

Input:somethingthatisputinbusinessoperation

Welfare:well-being

Framework:organizationstructure

Facilities:somethingdesigned,builtorinstalledtoserve

aspecificfunctionorperformaparticularservice

Affiliate:asubsidiarycompanycontrolledbyanother

Worldcompany:amultinationalwhosenationalidentity

hasbeenblurred

Assets:totalresourcesofabusiness,ascash,accounts

receivable,realestatesetc.

1.經濟全球化為世界經濟發(fā)展提供了新的動力和機

會，同時也使各經濟體更加相互依賴、相互影響。

Economicglobalizationisgivingnewimpetusand

providingopportunitiestoworldeconomic

developmentandmeanwhilemakingthevarious

economiesmoreandmoreinterdependentand

interactive.

2.跨國公司是在一個以上國家擁有、控制和經營資產

的商業(yè)組織。

Multinationalenterpriseisabusinessorganization

whichowns,controlsandmanagesassetsinmorethan

onecountry.

3.許多人歡呼經濟全球化帶來的好處，但同進也有強

烈的反對聲音。

Whilemanypeopleareacclaimingthebenefits

broughtaboutbyeconomicglobalization,thereare

alsoloudvoicesofopposition.

4.跨國公司的內部交換占整個國際貿易的一個很大的

比例。

Intra-MNEtransactionsconstituteaverysignificant

proporttionoftotalinternationaltrade.

5.盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國企業(yè)的子公

司，但重要決策，如有關公司目標和新投資等都由

母公司來決定。

Althoughtheday-to-dayrunningofcorporate

operationsmaybedecentralizedtotheaffiliates,the

majordecisions,suchasthoseoncorporategoald,new

investmentsandtheirlocation,aremadebytheparent

company.

6.無論人們是否喜歡，經濟全球化已成為世界經濟發(fā)

展中的一個客觀趨勢。

Likeitornot,economicglobalizationhasbecomean

objectivetrendinworldeconomicdevelopment.

五、

1.Howwouldyoudefineinternationaltrade?

Internationaltradecanbedefinedastheexchangeof

goddsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththose

producedinanother.

2.Whydidinternationaltradefirstbegin?

Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbe

completelyself-sufficient.Thedistributionofnatural

resourcesisuneven.Somecountriesareabundantin

resources,whileelsewherereservesarescarceoreven

nonexistent.Andacountrymayberichinsome

resourcesbutpoorinothers.Thatisthereasonwhy

internationaltradefirstbegin.

3.Whatisthenewincentivefortradethatarosewith

thedevelopmentofmanufacturingandtechnology?

Internationalspecialization-onecountryproducing

moreofacommoditythanitusesitselfandsellingthe

remaindertoothercountries.

4.Accordingtothetheoryofabsoluteadvantage,

tradeoccursonlywhenacountryhasanabsolute

advantageoveranotherIsthatalwaystrue?

No.Becauseinreality,itisnotrarethatonecountry

hasnoabsoluteadvantageinanycommodity.

5.Whointroducedthetheoryofcomparative

advantage?Whichtheorymakesmoresense,

absoluteorcomparativeadvantage?

DavidRicardo.

Comparativeadvantage.

6.Explainbrieflywhytradetoexploitcomparative

advantagepromotesefficiencyamongcountries.

Sinceitcanmakeonecountrybetteroffwithout

makinganotherworseoff.

7.Iscomparativeadvantagesomethingstatic?Isit

purelydecidedbytheendowmentsofnature?Give

examplestoshowthedevelopmentofcomparative

advantagebycertaincountries.

Comparativeadvantageisnotastaticconcept.A

countrymaydevelopaparticularcomparative

advantagepurelythroughitsownactions,independent

oftheendowmentsofnature.Switzerland's

comparativeadvantageinwatchmakingisatypical

example.

Service:somethingdonetohelporbenefitothers

Aboundant:plentiful,morethanenough

Specialization:torestrictone'seconomicactivitiesto

certainparticularfields

Primarycommodities:thosecommoditiesnotprocessed,

oronlyslightlyprocessed,usuallyfarmproduceorraw

materials

Incentive:thatwhichincites,rousesorencouragesa

person

Alternative:thatmaybehad,usedetc.inplaceofsth

else

Intuitive:relatingtothepoweroftheimmediate

understandingofsomethingwithoutreasoningorstucty.

Efficient:producingadesiredorsatisfactoryresult;able

toperformdutieswell

Endowment:anaturalgiftorability

Exploit:todeveloptheuseof,makethebestuseof

1.在復雜的經濟世界中，沒有一個國家可以完全自給

自足。

Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbe

completelyself-sufficient.

2