英語詞匯學(xué)教程（第四版）課件：and Vocabulary

WordandVocabularyWhatisaword?1.1Whatisaword?

Fourcharacteristicsofaword:p2(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2)asoundunit;(3)aunitofmeaning;(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneina sentence.

1.1Whatisaword?

Definition:Awordisaminimal

freeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,

meaningandsyntactic（句法）function.1.1Whatisaword?

Simplexwords:sun,book,fine,eat,well1.1Whatisaword?

Complexwords:nationnationalinternationalinternationalizeinternationalization

-ation-izeinter--alVocabulary

1.2Vocabulary

What’sthedifferencebetweenwordandvocabulary?Allthewordsofalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary.vocabularyofabookvocabularyofaperiod:contemporaryV

1.2Vocabulary

personalvocabulary:5000-8000-10000passivevocabulary:10000activevocabulary:3000-3500SoundandMeaning1.3SoundandMeaning

Awordisalinguistic

symbolusedtorefertosomethingintheworld.dogwomanbirdtreeTheconnectionisarbitraryandconventional.1.3SoundandMeaning

arbitrary:decidedwithout

anyreason硬性規(guī)定conventional:usedasahabit約定俗成1.3SoundandMeaning

English Chinese d?g g?u`wum?n fùnǚ b?:d ni?o tri: shùSoundandForm

1.4SoundandForm

Form=writtenrecordoftheoralformThetwoformsofalanguageshouldagreewitheachother,suchasRussian,German,OldEnglish.

1.4SoundandForm

InmodernEnglish,sound(pronunciation)andform(spelling)havealotofdifferences.Indication:phonetictranscriptiontoshowthepronunciationofeachwordWhatarethereasons?

1.4SoundandForm

1.MorephonemesthanlettersNotenoughletterstorepresent phonemesphonemes≥letters

1.4SoundandForm

2.Quickerchangeofsoundthan spellingSoundandspellingdonotchange simultaneously.Printingstabilizedspellingwhilesound continuedtochange.

1.4SoundandForm

3.Spellingaffectedbyscribes

iuvmw

nmadehandwritingdifficulttorecognizeandthescribeschangedspellingforms.sumcumwumanwundermunk

somecomewomanwondermonk

1.4SoundandForm

4.Un-assimilatedborrowingsAlargeproportionofthemarenot assimilatedyet:

stimulus(L)

dénouement(F)fiesta(Sp)

eureka

(Gr)

kimono

(Jap)

ClassificationofWords1.5ClassificationofWords

Task1Whatarethefourcriteria標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

toclassifywords?1.usefrequency2.notion3.origin4.morphology1.5ClassificationofWords

Fillintheblanks:CriteriaClassesofwordsusefrequencynotionoriginmorphologybasicandnon-basicvocabularycontentandfunctionalwordsnativeandforeignwordssimplewords,compounds,derivatives1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

Basicvocabulary(wordstock)

WhatarethefivecharacteristicsofBV?1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

Task2Fivecharacteristics12345allnationalcharacterstabilityproductivitypolysemycollocability1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

Basicvocabulary(wordstock)

1.Allnationalcharacter

snow,fire,water,sunhand,face,father,motherapple,tree,horse,coweat,hear,good,old,I,you,in,outThesewordsareusedbyallthepeople.1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

2.

Stability

man,fire,mountain,water,sun,moonBUTbow,chariot,knight,rickshaw

(outofcommonuse)

plane,computer,internet,cellphone(incommonuse)Thisvocabularyisstablewithslowchange.1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

3.

Productivity

dog:doglike,doghood,dogcart,dog- cheap,dog-ear,dog-fall,dog-fight, doghole,dogpaddle,dogsleepThesewordscanbeusedtocreatenewwords.1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

4.

Polysemy

Mostcommonwordshaveplural meanings.

getgogive1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

5.

Collocability

搭配力強(qiáng)achangeofheart

改變主意afterone‘sheart

正中下懷a(bǔ)heartofgold

金子般的心atheart

在心底Thesewordscanformcollocationswithotherwords.1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

BUTNotallthewordsofthebasicvocabuaryhavethesecharacteristics.pronouns,numerals:-polysemy-productivity“Allnationalcharacter”isthemostimportantcharacteristic.1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

Non-basicvocabulary

Whattypesofwordsarenon-basic?1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

Task3MakealistoftypesofNBvocabulary.1234567terminologyjargonargotslangdialectalwordsarchaismsneologisms1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

1.Terminology

photoscanning

掃描

audiovisual

視聽

indigestion

消化不良

1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

2.Jargon=shoptalk行話tackling

搶球 slide

鏟球mark

盯人charging

沖撞throw-in

界外球 placekick

定位球punchingball

吊球 diving

撲救

1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

3.Slang

（sub-standard）

dough,bread=money

smoky,bear=police

drunk=elevated,merry,jolly, blue-eyed,paralyzed1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

4.Argot

/`ɑ:ɡou/(languageofthein-groupsorcriminals) 隱語,黑話

can-opener=all-purposekey萬能鑰匙

persuader=dagger匕首

smoke=kill

skirt=femalestudent

1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

5.Dialectalwords

station(AusE）=ranchauld(ScotE）=oldbluid(ScotE）=blood1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

6.Archaisms

古舊詞thou=you

ye=you(plural)

thee=you(objectivecase)

therefrom=fromthatorthere1.5.1Basicandnon-basic vocabulary

7.Neologisms

新詞

e-fiction=網(wǎng)絡(luò)小說

on-lineeducation=網(wǎng)上教育

netizen=網(wǎng)民

mooc=慕課（MassiveOpenOnline Course)

COVID-19=新冠病毒ContentWords

&FunctionalWords(by

Notion)1.5.2Contentwords

contentwords=notionalwordsfunctionalwords=form/emptywords1.5.2Contentwords

Task4ClassifyingContentWFunctionalW

adverb,prep,article,noun,pronoun,conjunction,verb,adjectivenounverbadjectiveadverbprepositionarticlepronounconjunction1.5.2Contentwords

Fillintheblanks:CharacteristicsContentW FunctionalW__________ ______________________ ______________________ ____________ 1.5.2Contentwords

Characteristics:ContentW FunctionalWNumerous

smallinnumbergrowing/changing

stable________lessfrequent

morefrequent_NativeandForeignWords(byOrigin)1.5.3Nativeandforeign words

Nativewords

WordsofAnglo-Saxonorigin(Germanictribes)50,000to60,000:1,000,0005%BUTthemainstreamofthebasicvocabulary1.5.3Nativeandforeign words

Task5HowmanyCharacteristicsdonativewordshave?Andwhatarethey?

1.allnationalcharacter2.stability3.productivity4.polysemy5.collocability6.neutralityinstyle7.higherfrequencyinuse71.5.3Nativeandforeign words

neutralityinstylebegin(

E)—

commence(F)brotherly(E)—

fraternal(F)kingly(E)—

royal(F)—

regal(L)rise(E)—

mount(F)—

ascend(L)1.5.3Nativeandforeign words

higherfrequencyinuse(Seestatisticsonpage12)1.5.3Nativeandforeign words

Borrowedwords/borrowings/loanwordsconstituting80%ofmodernEnglishV.1.5.3Nativeandforeign words

Task6Listthefourtypesofborrowings:1.2.3.4.denizenalienstranslationloanssemanticloans1.5.3Nativeandforeign words

Whatarethetwocriteriaofclassification?1.Degreeofassimilation（同化程度）2.Mannerofborrowing（借的方式）1.5.3Nativeandforeign words

1.Degreeofassimilation(1)denizens=

fullyassimilated同化詞

portus(L) port

skipta(ON) shift1.5.3Nativeandforeign words

(2)Aliens=unassimilatedwords非同化詞

décor(F) 裝飾風(fēng)格

blitzkrieg(G

) 閃電戰(zhàn)