《創(chuàng)新大學(xué)英語綜合教程 學(xué)生用書3》電子教案-綜合教程第三冊(cè)教案Unit5

UnitFiveE-commerceObjectivesStudentswillbeableto:Graspthemainidea(thatElectronicCommerceistheexchangeofgoodsandservicesbymeansoftheInternet)andstructureofthetext(introductionofthetopicbytheinformationofe-commerce;developmentofthearticlebytheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofe-commerce;conclusionofthearticlebyastatement);Appreciatehowtheauthorachievescoherenceoftheessay;Acquirethekeylanguagepointsandgrammaticalstructuresinthetext;Participateinaseriesofreading,listening,speakingandwritingactivitiesrelatedtothethemeoftheunit.SuggestedTeachingStepsLead-inTextAWordStudySentenceStudyStructureAfter-readingAdditionalmaterialsLead-inDirections:Watchavideoandanswerthequestions.1)Accordingtothevideo,whatise-commerce?ApurchaseofgoodsorservicesbyInternet.2)Whatarethe4categoriesofe-commerce?B2C,C2C,C2B,andB2B.TextA:ElectronicCommerce1.ElectronicCommerceore-commerceistheexchangeofgoodsandservicesbymeansoftheInternetorothercomputernetworks.E-commercefollowsthesamebasicprincipleastraditionalcommerce-thatis,buyersandsellerscometogethertoexchangegoodsformoney.Butratherthanconductingbusinessinthetraditionalway-instoresandother“bricks-andmortar"buildingsorthroughmailordercatalogsandtelephoneoperators-e-commercebuyersandsellerstransactbusinessovernetworkedcomputers.2.E-commerceoffersbuyersconvenience.TheycanvisittheWorldWideWebsitesofmultiplevendors24hoursadayandsevendaysaweektocomparepricesandmakepurchases.withouthavingtoleavetheirhomesorofficesInsomecasesconsumerscanimmediatelyobtainaproductorservice,suchasanelectronicbook,amusicfileoncomputersoftware,bydownloadingitovertheInternet.3.Forsellers,e-commerceoffersawaytocutcostsandexpandtheirmarkets.Theydonotneedtobuild,staff,ormaintainastore;orprintanddistributemailordercatalogues.Automatedordertrackingandbillingsystemscutadditionallabourcosts,andiftheproductorservicecanbedownloaded,e-commercefirmshavenodistributioncosts.BecausetheysellovertheglobalInternet,sellershavethepotentialtomarkettheirproductsorservicesgloballyandarenotlimitedbythephysicallocationofastore.Internettechnologiesalsopermitsellerstotracktheinterestsandpreferencesoftheircustomerswiththecustomerspermissionandthenusethisinformationtobuildanongoingrelationshipwiththecustomerbycustomizingproductsandservicestomeetthecustomer’sneeds.4.E-commercealsohassomedisadvantages,howeverConsumersarereluctanttobuysomeproductsonline.Onlinefurniturebusinesses,forexample,havefailedforthemostpartbecausecustomerswanttotestthecomfortofanexpensiveitemsuchasasofabeforetheypurchaseit.Manypeoplealsoconsidershoppingasocialexperience.Forinstance,theymayenjoygoingtoastoreorashoppingmallwithfriendsorfamily,anexperiencethattheycannotduplicateonline.Consumersalsoneedtobereassuredthatcreditcardtransactionsaresecureandthattheirprivacyisrespected.5.Avarietyofbusinessesareconductedonline,includingretailbusinessesthatsellproductstoconsumers,serviceprovidersthatsellservicestoconsumers,auctioneersthatcreateamarketplaceforproductsandservicesandbusiness-to-businesscommerceRetailtransactionsmakeupthelargestpartofe-commerce.Consumerscarfindcomputers,automobiles,clothing,books,music,airlineandeventtickets,food,andjustaboutanythingelseforsaleontheInternet.6.RetailWebsitestypicallyincludeelectroniccatalogsthatdescribeanddisplayproductsforsale.Consumerscansearchforindividualitemsorrandomlybrowseelectroniccatalogs,somemuchlargerthantheirmailorderprintedcounterparts.AnInternetbookretailer,forexample,canoffermillionsofdifferentbooktitlesforsaleonitsWebsitefarmoretitlesthancouldfitintoastoreorthatcouldbecost-effectivelyincludedinaprintedcatalogue.7.Othere-commercebusinessesofferservicesFinancialservicesrepresentalargesegmentofe-commerce.ForasmallfeeonlineinvestmentbrokeragestradestocksonbehalfoftheirclientsOnlinestockbrokeragestypicallychargecustomerslowerfeesthantraditionalstockbrokerages.Othersitesprovideconsumerswithawaytoresearchandobtainmortgagesandotherloansonline.8.Somee-commercesitesspecializeinbringingbuyersandsellerstogether,ratherthansellingproductsfromtheirowninventories.Onlineauctioneersprovidesellersawaytolistanddisplayitemsforsaleandtakebidsfrominterestedbuyers.Anonlineauctioneermaybringtogethermillionsofusersandfeaturemorethan700.000itemsatanygiventime.Inexchangefortheauctioneer’sservicessellerspaytheauctioneerasmallfixedfeeandaportionoftheproceedsfromthesale.Othersitesinvertthismodel.Thesesitesenablebidderstonamethepricetheyarewillingtopayforaparticularproductorserviceandthentrytofindasellerwhoiswillingtomeetthatprice.9.E-commercehelpstruckingandshippingcompaniesmatchshipmentswithshippers.Beforee-commerce,itwasnotuncommonfortrucksorshipstodropoffashipmentandthenreturntotheirbaseofoperationsempty.Thispracticewasinefficientandcostthetruckingorshippingcompanymoney.Specializede-commercesoftwarealongwiththeGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)enablestruckingfirmstotrackthewhereaboutsoftheirtrucksatalltimesandmakebetterdecisionsastohowtheirtrucksareroutedsotheycanrespondefficientlyandcost-effectivelytocompaniesthatneedtheirservicesdramaticallyreducingthenumberoftrucksreturningempty.WordStudyWordStudy:staff:v(usuallypassive)tobeorprovidetheworkersforanoffice,etc.為……配備人員;擔(dān)任……的工作人員e.g.Ourhospitalisstaffedby30doctors.Wemuststaffthecenterwithmenwithaformaltrainingstaff:n.thepeoplewhoworkforanorganization員工，雇員e.g.Hespokeonbehalfofallthemembersofthestaff.Inthelongertermthisapproachbenefitsstaffemployersandshareholdersalike.WordStudy:market:v.totrytopersuadepeopletobuyaproductbyadvertisingitinaparticularway.usingattractivepackaging,etc.推(促)銷e.g.Schoolmealsneedtobemarketedtochildreninthesamewayasotherfood.Ifyoucouldeverfigureouthowtomarketthis,you’dmakeafortune163.WordStudy:retail:n.sellingofgoods,whichareusuallynotforresale,insmallquantitiestothegeneralpublic零售(賣)e.g.Hemadethesweetshimselfandsoldthembyretail.Hedoeswholesalebusiness,whilehisbrotherisengagedinretailbusiness.retail:v.tosellgoodstothepublic,usuallythroughshops/stores零售e.g.Whatdothefamily-sizecartonsretailat?retailer:n.apersonorbusinessthatsellsgoodstocustomersinashop零售商;零售店e.g.AlotofmoneyisspentbyretailersonadvertisingIenjoyagoodbusinessrelationshipwithalltheleadingwholesalersandretailersinthatline.WordStudy:browse:v.tolookthroughthepagesofabook,magazineetc.withoutaparticularpurpose,justlookingatthemostinterestingparts瀏覽，隨意翻閱e.g.IfoundthearticlewhileIwasbrowsingthroughsomeoldmagazines.EverySaturdaymorningIbrowsethroughbooksinthepubliclibrary.browser:n.瀏覽器e.g.TheyjustsuggesthowtodisplaythecontentthroughaWebbrowserPointyourbrowsertoourwebsiteandbuyapairofjeans.WordStudy:mortgage:n.anagreementinwhichmoneyislentbyabuildingsociety,bank,etc.tobuyahouseorotherproperty,thepropertybeingthesecurity抵押，抵押貸款e.g.We’repayingS900amonthonourmortgage.Thisbankrefusedtoacceptanymortgageonland.mortgage:ntogivesb.thelegalrighttotakepossessionof(ahouseorsomeotherproperty)asasecurityforpaymentofmoneylent抵押，抵押貸款e.g.Hewillhavetomortgagehislandforaloan.Hemortgagedhishouseinordertostartabusiness.WordStudy:specialize:vi.(~insth.)tolimitallormostofyourstudy,business,etc.toaparticularsubjectoractivity專攻專門研究e.g.Graduatestudentsspecializeinaparticularfieldofstudy.Thelargehotelchainsemployarchitectsandinteriordecoratorswhospecializeinhotelworkspecialized:adj.trained,designed,ordevelopedforaparticularpurpose,typeofworkplace,etc.專門的特別的e.g.Beyondthese,morespecializedworkshavetobeconsulted.Thedetailsofspecializedsubjectsarebeyondthescopeofthistext.SentenceStudy1)(Para.1)Butratherthanconductingbusinessinthetraditionalway-instoresandother“bricks-and-mortar"buildingsorthroughmailordercatalogsandtelephoneoperators-e-commercebuyersandsellerstransactbusinessovernetworkedcomputers:Butinsteadofdoingbusinessinthetraditionalway-instoresandotherphysicalfacilitiesorthroughmailorderandtelephoneorderse-commercebuyersandsellerstradeovertheInternet.【譯文】電子商務(wù)與傳統(tǒng)的交易方式不同，它沒有店鋪或其他“磚頭水泥”建筑物等經(jīng)營場所，也不通過郵購目錄和話務(wù)員，而是買賣雙方通過連接到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行交易?！癰ricks-and-mortar”buildings:herereferstotheplaces(suchasshopsstandsetc.)whichareusedtoconducttraditionalbusiness.Thistermisusedtocontrastwithe-commercewhichdoesnotneedvisibleshopsorstores.(“磚頭水泥"建筑物，指固定的能看得見的建筑物，這里指具體的經(jīng)營場所)2)(Para.2)Insomecases,consumerscanimmediatelyobtainaproductorservice,suchasanelectronicbook,amusicfile,orcomputersoftware,bydownloadingitovertheInternet:Sometimesconsumerscaninstantlygetsuchproductsorservicesasanelectronicbook,amusicfileorcomputersoftwarebymeansofdownloadingitovertheInternet【譯文】有時(shí)，消費(fèi)者從因特網(wǎng)上下載，可馬上獲得產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，比如電子書、音樂文件，或計(jì)算機(jī)軟件等等。insomecases:insomesituationssometimes在某些情況下e.g.Insomecases,outputhasincreasedmorethanfourfoldThevisitorswerecourteousand,insomecases,helpfulinpointingoutminorerrors,allofwhichwaspartoftheirjob.3)(Para.3)Theydonotneedtobuild,staff,ormaintainastore;orprintanddistributemailordercatalogs:Itisn’tnecessaryforthemtobuild,recruitpersonnelfor,oroperateastore,ortoprintandhandoutmailorderlists.【譯文】他們無需創(chuàng)建店鋪、配備店員、維持店鋪經(jīng)營，也無需印刷和分發(fā)郵購目錄。4)(Para.3)BecausetheysellovertheglobalInternet,sellershavethepotentialtomarkettheirproductsonservicesgloballyandarenotlimitedbythephysicallocationofastore:Becausetheyselltheirproductsontheworld-wideInternet,sellershavethepossibleabilitytopromotetheirproductsorservicesallovertheworldandarenotlimitedbythegeographicallocationofastore【譯文】因?yàn)橘u方通過全球的因特網(wǎng)銷售，所以有潛力在全球范圍內(nèi)營銷產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，不會(huì)受到店鋪地理位置的限制?！皃hysicallocation"heremeansthegeographicalpositionofaparticularbuilding5)(Para.4)Manypeoplealsoconsidershoppingasocialexperience:Inmostpeople'seyesshoppingisalsoasocialexperience【譯文】許多人把購物視為一種社交體驗(yàn)。6)(Para.4)Forinstance,theymayenjoygoingtoastoreorashoppingmallwithfriendsorfamily,anexperiencethattheycannotduplicateonline:Forexample,theyarelikelytogetsomespecialpleasurewhentheygotoastoreorashoppingmallwithfriendsorfamily,andthisexperienceisnotreproducedwhileshoppingonline【譯文】比如，跟家人朋友逛店鋪或購物中心的樂趣，是無法在網(wǎng)上享受到的。7)(Para.5)Avarietyofbusinessesareconductedonlineincludingretailbusinessesthatsellproductstoconsumers,serviceprovidersthatsellservicestoconsumers,auctioneersthatcreateamarketplaceforproductsandservices,andbusiness-to-businesscommerce:ViatheInternet,manykindsofdealsaremaderangingfromsellingproducts,sellingservices,auctioneerscreatingmarketplaces,tobusiness-to-businesscommerce,whichisthebusinessbetweenamanufacturerandawholesalerorbetweenawholesalerandaretailer.【譯文】各式交易都可在網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行，包括銷售產(chǎn)品給消費(fèi)者的零售企業(yè)，給消費(fèi)者提供服務(wù)的服務(wù)業(yè)。為產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)創(chuàng)建市場的拍賣行，還有企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè)的商務(wù)活動(dòng)。Inanattributiveclause“that”canbeusedafteranounofsth.orsb.Here"retailbusinesses”,“serviceproviders”and“auctioneers”aresb.8)(Para.6)Consumerscansearchforindividualitemsorrandomlybrowseelectroniccatalogues,somemuchlargerthantheirmailorderprintedcounterparts:Consumerscanlookfortheirownfavouriteproductsorjustskimthroughtheelectroniclists,someofwhichhavemanymoreproductsthanthemailorderprintcatalogues.【譯文】消費(fèi)者可以搜尋個(gè)別商品或隨意瀏覽電子目錄，有的要比同類郵購印刷品豐富許多。9)(Para.6)AnInternetbookretailer.forexample,canoffermillionsofdifferentbooktitlesforsaleonitsWebsite,farmoretitlesthancouldfitintoastoreorthatcouldbecost-effectivelyincludedinaprintedcatalogue:Forexample,aretailerwhosellsbooksviatheInternetcanoffermillionsofdifferentbooktitlesonitswebsite,whichisafargreaternumberthanastoreoraprintedcataloguecanoffer.【譯文】比如，一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)書籍零售商可以在網(wǎng)站上提供幾百萬待售書籍的書名，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于一個(gè)書店涵蓋的圖書，或?yàn)橛行Э刂瞥杀径x擇印刷的紙質(zhì)書目。“farmoretitlesthancouldfitintoastoreorthatcouldbecost-effectivelyincludedinaprintedcatalogue”heremeansthenumberoftitlesofbooksavailableontheInternetismuchgreaterthanthenumberastoreprovidesoraprintedcataloguecaneconomicallyinclude.fitinto:適合(應(yīng))e.g.Traditionalrolesdonotfiteasilyintothenewworld.I'vebeentrainedasacarpenter,andIthinkdfitintothewoodcuttingbusiness.10)(Para.7)Othersitesprovideconsumerswithawaytoresearchandobtainmortgagesandotherloansonline:OtherwebsitesenablecustomerstoresearchandgetmortgagesandotherloansviatheInternet.【譯文】有些網(wǎng)站也給消費(fèi)者提供在線搜尋、獲取抵押貸款及其他貸款這樣的服務(wù)。11)(Para.8)Somee-commercesitesspecializeinbringingbuyersandsellerstogether,ratherthansellingproductsfromtheirowninventories:Somee-commercewebsitesactasintermediariesbringingbuyersandsellerstogether,insteadofsellingproductsincludedintheirownlistsofgoods.【譯文】一些電子商務(wù)網(wǎng)站并不售貨，而是專門撮合買賣雙方。12)(Para.9)Specializede-commercesoftwarealongwiththeGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS),enablestruckingfirmstotrackthewhereaboutsoftheirtrucksatalltimesandmakebetterdecisionsastohowtheirtrucksareroutedsotheycanrespondefficientlyandcost-effectivelytocompaniesthatneedtheirservices,dramaticallyreducingthenumberoftrucksreturningempty:Withthehelpoftheprofession,ae-commercesoftwareandtheGPStruckingfirmsalwaysknowthelocationsoftheirtrucks,allowingthemtomakebetterdecisionsaboutplanningtheirroutes.Inthisway,theycanofferefficientservicestocompanieswithgoodsneedingtransporting.whiledrasticallyreducingthecost.【譯文】專業(yè)化的電子商務(wù)軟件，連同全球定位系統(tǒng)，使得運(yùn)輸公司可以全程跟蹤定位自己公司的卡車，更好地規(guī)劃行車路線，以便為需要服務(wù)的其他公司提供高效的、節(jié)約成本的服務(wù)，由此大幅減少了空載而歸的卡車數(shù)量。alongwithsb./sth.:和……一起e.g.Shelostherjobwhenthefactoryclosedalongwithhundredsofothers另外，“alongwith”加在主語后，補(bǔ)充的內(nèi)容不改變主語的單復(fù)數(shù)概念，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與主語一致句子中的“software”是單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)第三人稱e.g.She,alongwithhundredsofothersgoestoworkinthatbigfactory166enablesb./sth.todosth.:tomakeitpossibleforsb.todosth.orforsth.tohappen使……能e.g.Igavehimdirectionstoenablehimtofindthehouse.Thispassenablesmetotravelhalf-priceontrains.whereabouts:n.theplaceorareawheresomeoneorsomethingis下落，去向e.g.Shehastoldthemnothingthatcouldshedlightonherhusbandswhereabouts.Ittookyearsofworktoinvestigatethewhereaboutsofthearttreasures.whereabouts:adj.usedtoaskthegeneralareawheresb./sth.is在什么地方，在哪里e.g.Whereaboutsdidyoufindit?WhereaboutsdidIleavemybag?astosth./asregardssth.:usedwhenyouarereferringtosth.關(guān)(至)于e.g.Astotax,thatwillbedeductedfromyoursalary.Astowriting,wedonotencouragethemtoscrawltooearly.StructureStructure:Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.1)Whatisthebasicprincipleofe-commerce?Buyersandsellerscometogethertoexchangegoodsorservicesformoneytransactingbusinessworkedcomputers.2)Whycane-commercehelpsellerstocutcostsandexpandmarkets?Becausesellersdonotneedtobuild,stafformaintainastoreorprintanddistributemailordercatalogs;andcomputertechnologiescanenablesellerstocustomizeproductsandservicestomeetthecustomer'sneeds.3)Whyaresomecustomersreluctanttobuyproductsonline?Becausesomepeoplewishtotesttheexpensiveproducts.somepeopleenjoygoingtoastorewithfamilyandfriends,andsomepeopleareconcernedaboutthesecurityoftransactionsandtheprotectionoftheirprivacy.4)Whydoesasellerpaytheauctioneerforthesale?Asellerpaystheauctioneerbecausetheauctioneerhasbroughtthebuyerandsellertogether.5)Howdoese-commercehelptruckingandshippingcompanies?Specializede-commercesoftware,alongwiththeGPSenablesthemtorespondefficientlyandcost-effectivelytocompaniesthatneedtheirservices.

Directions:Thetextcanbedividedintofourparts.Filltheblankswithappropriatewordsfromthetexttocompletethemainideaofeachpart.KeytoExercises—Vocabulary1.1）specialize2）reassured3）electronic4）convenience5）counterparts6）automated7）transacted8）inventor/catalogue9）Browsing10）segment2.1)Thecenterisstaffedmostlybyhighlytrainedphysicians.2)Wewilltrytomatchtheapplicantswithappropriatevacancies.3)Theexhibitionfeaturespaintingsbycontemporaryartists.4)Letusbrieflyconsiderhowyoumightanalysethisclaimbymeansofthescientificmethod.5)Theybegantoregretthepurchaseofsuchalargehouse.6)Despitenumeroussearchesandenquiries,westilldonotknowtheirwhereabouts.7)Manyelderlypeopleexpressedapreferencetoliveintheirownhomes.8)Becomingadonorisasimpleprocess,butmanypeopleremainreluctant.KeytoExercises—Structure1.1）ratherthanacceptthenewrules2）tostudyaforeignlanguageratherthancivilengineering3）ratherthanstandupandgiveaspeech4）Ratherthanriskbreakinguphismarriage5）Ratherthandrivingaroundlookingforsomewheretopark2.1)Heconsidershimselfanexpertinthesubject.2)Peopleconsideredtheseworkersahigh-riskgroup.3)Manypeopleconsiderthisstrangecreatureamonster.4)Heconsidersthisawardagreathonourforhisfamily.5)Hisfellowcitizensconsiderhistenorvoicethefinestone.KeytoExercises—ComprehensiveExercises1）Ashock2）Iinterested3）Jreference4）Chardest5）Opositive6）Himmigrants7）Fintensified8）Gvary9）Ddeprived10）Ksolution2.Tomakeafairevaluation,wecannotstopatdiscussingthedisadvantagesofe-commerce.Inmanycases,customerswanttoexperiencetheproductbeforepurchase.Bute-commercedoesnotallowthat.Youcannottouchthefabricofthegarmentyouwanttobuy.Youcannotcheckhowtheshoesfeelonyourfeet.Youcannot“test”theperfumethatyouwanttobuy.Inadditionconsumersalsoneedtobereassuredthatcreditcardtransactionsaresecureandtheirprivacyisrespected.AfterReadingActivityActivityOneTalkDirections:E-commerceisthebuyingandsellingofgoodsandservicesontheInternet.Haveyouevertriedit?Someshoppingwebsitesarefamiliartoalmosteveryone.Sharewhatyouknowaboutthemandyourshoppingexperienceonthemwithyourclassmates.ActivityTwoPairWorkDirections:Tenyearsago,fewpeopleboughtthingsovertheInternet.Fewthoughtitwassafe.Tenyearslater,anestimatedfiveoutoftenChineseyouthhaveusedacomputertobuysomething.Whatmakese-commercesopopularamongus?Listtheadvantagesofe-commerceinthetablebelow.ActivityThreeGroupDiscussionDirections:EverydaymoreofusareturningtotheInternettoorderanythingfromelectronicproductstoclothes,foodtoflights.E-commercemakesthestreetstoresworriedaboutthefutureofshopping.Doyouthinkwe’llsoonbedoingallourshoppingontheInternet?Doesthismeanthedeathofthetraditionalcommerce?Discusswithyourgroupmembersandbereadytopresentyourideainclass.AdditionalMaterialsActivityOneDirections:AsofDecember2018,thenumberofChina’sonlineshoppershit610million.Areyouoneofthem?Pleasefillouttheflowchartbelowanddescribetheonlineshoppingprocess.1.browseproducts2.viewproductdetails3.addtocart4.confirmtheorder5.fillouttheshippinginformation6.selectthepaymentmethod7.submittheorderBackgroundinformation1.TheWorldWideWebTheWorldWideWeb(commonlyabbreviatedtothe“Web”)isasystemofinterlinkedhypertextdocumentsaccessedviatheInternet.WithaWebbrowser,onecanviewWebpagesthatmaycontaintext,images,videos,andothermultimedia;andnavigatebetweenthemusinghyperlinks.UsingconceptsfromearlierhypertextsystemstheWorldWideWebwasinventedin1989bytheEnglishphysicistSirTimBemers-Lee,nowtheDirectoroftheWorldWideWebConsortium,andlaterassistedbyRobertCailliau,aBelgiancomputerscientist,whilebothwereworkingatCERNinGeneva,Switzerland.In1990,theyproposedbuildinga“webofnodes”storing"hypertextpagesviewedby“browsers"onanetwork,andreleasedthatwebinDecember.ConnectedbytheexistingInternet,otherwebsiteswerecreatedaroundtheworld,addinginternationalstandardsfordomainnamesandtheHTMLlanguage.TheWorldWideWebenablesthespreadofinformationovertheInternetthroughaneasy-to-useandflexibleformat.ItthusplaysanimportantroleinpopularizinguseoftheInternet.Althoughthetwotermsaresometimesconflatedinpopularuse,theWorldWideWebisnotsynonymouswiththeInternet.TheWebisanapplicationbuiltontopoftheInternet.2.TheInternetTheInternetisaglobalsystemofinterconnectedcomputernetworksthatusethestandardizedInternetProtocolSuite(TCP/IP).Itisanetworkofnetworksthatconsistsofmillionsofprivateandpublic,academicbusiness,andgovernmentnetworksoflocaltoglobalscopethatarelinkedbycopperwires,fibre-opticcableswirelessconnections,