沖刺2025年高考英語(yǔ)大題突破+限時(shí)集訓(xùn)（新高考）大題03 閱讀理解說(shuō)明文 (解析版)

大題03閱讀理解說(shuō)明文歷年考情說(shuō)明文閱讀理解一般作為全國(guó)卷閱談理解中的CD篇，主要分為兩種類型：實(shí)驗(yàn)研究和介紹說(shuō)明型。說(shuō)明文是對(duì)事物的形狀，性質(zhì)，特征，成果或公用等進(jìn)行介紹，解釋或闡述的文章，把我所說(shuō)明事物的特征和本質(zhì)是理解說(shuō)明文的關(guān)鍵，說(shuō)明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定義法，解釋法，比較法，比喻法，數(shù)字法，圖標(biāo)法，引用法和距離法等。說(shuō)明文的特點(diǎn)是客觀、簡(jiǎn)潔、準(zhǔn)確、清晰，文章很少表達(dá)作者的情感傾向。閱讀說(shuō)明文的重點(diǎn)在于讀懂它說(shuō)明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質(zhì)、結(jié)構(gòu)、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意義和特征等。命題規(guī)律說(shuō)明文所選材料題材豐富多樣，涉及社會(huì)、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生態(tài)、安全等方面。在高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中，說(shuō)明文所占比重尤為突出。它既要求考生能熟練運(yùn)用詞匯和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)、理解文章語(yǔ)句、把握語(yǔ)篇整體結(jié)構(gòu)，還要求學(xué)生有大量的閱讀積淀和知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備，熟悉不同的話題和不同的題目考查方式。即便是細(xì)節(jié)理解題，大多數(shù)情況下考生也無(wú)法從文章中直接找到與選項(xiàng)表述完全一致的信息，而是需要在理解文章細(xì)節(jié)信息后作出歸納和判斷。通常一套卷中主旨大意、詞義猜測(cè)、寫作意圖/觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度類高難度試題的考查數(shù)量為2道左右，說(shuō)明文考查此類題目的頻率較高，且命題點(diǎn)呈多樣化?？枷蝾A(yù)測(cè)預(yù)測(cè)2025年高考說(shuō)明文閱讀理解試題難度會(huì)保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定，主要考查題型仍然為細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題為主，主旨大意題和詞義猜測(cè)題為輔?！?024全國(guó)甲卷】Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuallylike.Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉動(dòng)物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!4.Whatcanbelearnedaboutcats'meowingfromthefirstparagraph?A.It'sasurvivalskill. B.It'staughtbymothercats.C.It'shardtointerpret. D.It'sgettinglouderwithage.5.Howdoesapetcatassessdifferentsituations?A.Bylisteningforsounds. B.Bytouchingfamiliarobjects.C.Bycheckingonsmells. D.Bycommunicatingwithothercats.6.Whichbestexplainsthephrase"take...upnotch"inparagraph3?A.Performappropriately. B.Movefaster. C.Actstrangely. D.Dobetter.7.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TipsonFindingaSmartCat B.UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC.HaveFunwithYourCat D.HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy【答案】4.A5.C6.D7.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了貓通過(guò)叫聲、嗅覺(jué)和帶回禮物來(lái)表達(dá)需求、評(píng)估環(huán)境和展示愛(ài)意?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.(動(dòng)物可以用很多方式來(lái)表達(dá)他們的需求。例如，幾乎所有的動(dòng)物都有獨(dú)特的聲音，它們依靠這些聲音來(lái)尋求幫助，嚇跑危險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物或?qū)ふ冶幼o(hù)。)”和“Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother’sattentionandbefed.(貓寶寶一出生就開(kāi)始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是為了引起媽媽的注意和被喂食。)”可知，貓叫聲是一種生存技能。故選A?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.(貓有許多敏銳的感官，但它們的嗅覺(jué)令人印象深刻。它們用鼻子來(lái)評(píng)估周圍的環(huán)境，尋找任何危險(xiǎn)的跡象。)”可知，寵物貓通過(guò)檢查氣味來(lái)評(píng)估不同情況。故選C。【6題詳解】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段劃線詞前半句“Dogs

are

known

for

their

impressive

fetching

habit,

(狗以其令人印象深刻的抓取習(xí)慣而聞名)”和后句“Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.(許多貓會(huì)在外面隨意找到一些東西，并把它們帶給主人。)”可知，狗以取回東西而聞名，但貓可以從外邊找到東西帶回來(lái)，因此在這一行為上更上一層樓。短語(yǔ)take

...

up

a

notch是用來(lái)形容貓?jiān)趲Щ貣|西這一行為上做得更好或更出色。故選D。【7題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Animals

can

express

their

needs

using

a

lot

of

ways.(動(dòng)物可以用很多方式來(lái)表達(dá)他們的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介紹和解釋貓的各種行為方式，包括叫聲、嗅覺(jué)和帶回禮物的習(xí)慣，以及這些行為背后的原因和意義。所以“UnderstandingYourCat’sBehavior(了解你的貓的行為)”作文文章標(biāo)題最為合適。故選B。說(shuō)明文閱讀量大，生僻詞匯多，句式結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，這就需要考生有方法有技巧地去閱讀。一般我們采用的方法有三個(gè)：細(xì)讀、略讀和跳讀。（1）細(xì)讀重點(diǎn)。重點(diǎn)，就原文而言，就是文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容和態(tài)度；就答題而言，就是問(wèn)題所對(duì)應(yīng)的題源句。以這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量，需要重點(diǎn)閱讀的原文詞句就不會(huì)很多。宏觀方面：文章結(jié)構(gòu)；文章主題句；各段首末句；體現(xiàn)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句。微觀方面：有轉(zhuǎn)折處；重要標(biāo)點(diǎn)；句子主干。（2）有選擇地略讀或跳讀。在快速瀏覽了題干，初步把握了文章大意及結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，可大膽進(jìn)行略讀或跳讀，這樣不但可以加快閱讀速度，還更容易總體把握全文。在閱讀中可略讀或跳讀的內(nèi)容包括：①繁瑣的例證。為了說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，作者可能會(huì)借用形象的例子，有時(shí)候會(huì)比較繁瑣，雖能說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，但需要讀者花很多時(shí)間去閱讀。如果例子所說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題不明了，可通過(guò)略讀來(lái)理解；若例子所說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題比較明了，則例子部分可一帶而過(guò)。②并列多項(xiàng)列舉。有時(shí)許多功能相同的項(xiàng)目并列列舉，那么只讀其中一兩項(xiàng)即可，無(wú)需全讀。③無(wú)關(guān)大局的生僻詞匯。閱讀中經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到一些生詞，如果這些生詞對(duì)理解全文沒(méi)有影響或影響不大就可略過(guò)。④較長(zhǎng)的人名、地名。有許多較長(zhǎng)的表示人名、地名等的專有名詞，閱讀時(shí)可一掃而過(guò)或干脆用其首字母代替，不必試圖把整個(gè)專有名詞讀出來(lái)。在略讀過(guò)程中，要特別注意對(duì)解題有重要意義的詞、句、段等，并將其儲(chǔ)存在大腦里，以免回頭再查看費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力?！?025屆河北省石家莊市第一中學(xué)高三下學(xué)期一?！縀nvisionafuturisticrooftopgardensoastutethatitiscapableofdiscerningtheoptimalmomentstohoardwaterinanticipationofaridconditions,andwhentoexpelwatertoavertinundation.Now,suchintelligentroofsaretransitioningfromtherealmoffantasytorealityintheNetherlands.Withasubstantialportionofthenationsituatedbelowsealevel,theNetherlandshaslongbeenacquaintedwiththeperilsofflooding.Theadventofclimatechangehasusheredinaneraofmoreextrememeteorologicalphenomena,includingtorrentialdownpoursandperiodsofdrought,compellingthecityofAmsterdamtocontemplatenovelstrategiesforself-preservation,anditiswithinthiscontextthatResilioemergesasapivotalplayer.Aspertheassertionsontheirofficialwebsite,Resilioisengagedintheconstructionofblue-greenroofsacrosstheexpanseofAmsterdam.Inconjunctionwiththelocalgovernmentalauthorities,fromtheyears2018throughto2022,theyhaveinstalledspecializedroofingsystemsintheneighborhoodsofAmsterdamthataremostvulnerabletotheravagesofflooddamage.Theseroofsarecomposedofamultitudeofstrata.Paramountamongtheselayersisthewaterretentionlayer.Duringepisodesofcopiousrainfall,thislayerservestoaccumulatetherainwaterthatwouldotherwiseinundatethestreets,andintimesofdrought,itchannelsitsstoredwatertonourishthegardensituatedontheuppermostlayer.Itisthisparticularlayerthatdistinguishestheblue-greenroofsfromtheirconventionalgreencounterparts.Researchindicatesthatblue-greenroofspossessthecapacitytocaptureasmuchas97%ofextremerainfall,instarkcontrasttothemere12%thatregulargreenroofscanretain.However,whattrulysetsResilioroofsapartistheirsophisticatedsystems.Anarrayofblue-greenroofsareinterconnectedviaadigitalcommunicationnetwork,therebyenablingeachrooftobemanipulatedindependently,respondingtothevolumeofwateramassedonthatspecificroofasthesituationdemands.EachroofisalsoequippedwithavalvethatislinkedtoacomputerizedsystemknownastheDecisionSupportSystem(DSS).TheDSSinterfaceswithlocalweatherprognosticationstodeterminewhetherthevalveonaparticularroofshouldbeopened,allowingwatertobedischargedinacontrolledandgradualmannerintotheseweragesystem,orwhetheritshouldremainsealedtocollecttheimpendingrain.TheseinnovationsarethehallmarksthatrenderResiliotrulyrevolutionary.Blue-greenroofsexemplifythattheremediestothehazardsposedbyclimatechangenecessitateablendofcreativityandamultifacetedapproach,operatingonvariouslevelstomitigatetheadverseeffectsofourchangingenvironment.8．WhatmaydirectlyleadtothebuildingofResilioroofsinAmsterdam?A．Theincreasingdisasters. B．Thecity’sfinancialsuffering.C．Theever-risingsealevel. D．Thecity’sgeographicadvantage.9．WhatdoweknowaboutthewaterretentionlayerofResilioroofs?A．Theyareslowtodrought. B．Theyareabsolutelyperfect.C．Theyserveadoublepurpose. D．Theycantrapsolarenergy.10．WhatisthemainfunctionoftheDSSaccordingtothetext?A．Tocollectweatherinformation. B．Tocontroltheuseofthevalve.C．Tohelpthesewersystemwork. D．Toconnectthedigitalnetwork.11．Whatmightbethebesttitleofthispassage?A．SmartroofsystemsbecomingarealityinAucklandB．Resilioblue-greenroofsystemspreventingdisastersC．Theworkingprincipleoftheblue-greenroofsystemsD．ThedifferencesbetweenResilioroofsandregulargreenroofs【答案】8．A9．C10．B11．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了荷蘭阿姆斯特丹的Resilio公司如何通過(guò)建設(shè)藍(lán)綠屋頂系統(tǒng)來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化帶來(lái)的洪水和干旱問(wèn)題。8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Theadventofclimatechangehasusheredinaneraofmoreextrememeteorologicalphenomena,includingtorrentialdownpoursandperiodsofdrought,compellingthecityofAmsterdamtocontemplatenovelstrategiesforself-preservation,anditiswithinthiscontextthatResilioemergesasapivotalplayer.(氣候變化的到來(lái)開(kāi)啟了一個(gè)更極端氣象現(xiàn)象的時(shí)代，包括暴雨和干旱期，迫使阿姆斯特丹市考慮新的自我保護(hù)策略，Resilio在這一背景下成為關(guān)鍵角色)”可知，建造Resilio屋頂?shù)闹苯釉蚴侨找嬖黾拥臑?zāi)害。故選A項(xiàng)。9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Duringepisodesofcopiousrainfall,thislayerservestoaccumulatetherainwaterthatwouldotherwiseinundatethestreets,andintimesofdrought,itchannelsitsstoredwatertonourishthegardensituatedontheuppermostlayer.(在大量降雨期間，這一層會(huì)積聚本會(huì)淹沒(méi)街道的雨水，在干旱時(shí)期，它將儲(chǔ)存的水引導(dǎo)到最上層的花園中)”可知，蓄水層具有雙重功能。故選C項(xiàng)。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中“TheDSSinterfaceswithlocalweatherprognosticationstodeterminewhetherthevalveonaparticularroofshouldbeopened,allowingwatertobedischargedinacontrolledandgradualmannerintotheseweragesystem,orwhetheritshouldremainsealedtocollecttheimpendingrain.(DSS與當(dāng)?shù)靥鞖忸A(yù)測(cè)接口，以確定特定屋頂上的閥門是否應(yīng)該打開(kāi)，允許水以受控和漸進(jìn)的方式排放到下水道系統(tǒng)，或者是否應(yīng)該保持密封以收集即將到來(lái)的雨水)”可知，DSS的主要功能是控制閥門的使用。故選B項(xiàng)。11．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章大意以及第一段“Envisionafuturisticrooftopgardensoastutethatitiscapableofdiscerningtheoptimalmomentstohoardwaterinanticipationofaridconditions,andwhentoexpelwatertoavertinundation.Now,suchintelligentroofsaretransitioningfromtherealmoffantasytorealityintheNetherlands.(設(shè)想一個(gè)未來(lái)的屋頂花園，它是如此精明，能夠辨別出在干旱條件下儲(chǔ)存水的最佳時(shí)機(jī)，以及何時(shí)排水以避免洪水泛濫。現(xiàn)在，在荷蘭，這種智能屋頂正從幻想變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí))”可知，整篇文章都在介紹Resilio的藍(lán)綠屋頂系統(tǒng)如何防止災(zāi)害。文章詳細(xì)討論了這些屋頂?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)、功能和創(chuàng)新之處。由此可知，B選項(xiàng)Resilioblue-greenroofsystemspreventingdisasters(防止災(zāi)害的彈性藍(lán)綠屋頂系統(tǒng))適合作本文最佳標(biāo)題。故選B項(xiàng)。Passage（1）【2025屆河南省鄭州市中原區(qū)鄭州中學(xué)高三上學(xué)期12月模擬預(yù)測(cè)】Sadfishing,whichresearchersdefinedintheJournalofAmericanCollegeHealthin2021,referstothetrendofexaggeratingpersonalstrugglesonlinetogeneratesympathy.Itcouldbeintheformofasadphoto,anominousquote,orapostwithafoggymeaning.Weallmaybeguiltyofpostingsomethingweakandemotionalonsocialmediafromtimetotime,whichisn’tabadthing.Butpostingrepeatedlycouldbeasignofalargermentalhealthissueinteensoracryforhelp.JournalistRebeccaReidcoinedthetermin2019afteraquestionableInstagrampostbyKendallJenner.Inthepost,Jennerdescribeda“painfulstruggle”withacneandreceivedalargeamountofsympatheticresponsesfromherfollowers.However,itwaslaterrevealedthatherpostwasjustacomplicatedmarketingplotforherskincarepartnershipwithProactiv,andReidlabeledherbehaviorassadfishing.Expertssaysadfishingislikelyduetothefactthatachildorteenisstrugglingwithsomethingandwantstoletothersknow.Inthesecases,theyoftendon’tfeeltheyhaveapersontheyfeelcomfortablewithtosharetheirstruggleswithsotheyturntothesocialmediaworld.A2023studyfoundthatteenswhoparticipatedinsadfishingexhibitedsignsofanxietyanddepression,whilelowsocialsupportwasalargecontributingfactor.Researchersalsofoundthatboysreported“highersadfishingtendencies”thangirlsatage12,butthetrenddecreasedastheygotolder.Forgirls,thetrendincreasedwithage.Researchersfoundthat,inmostcases,responsestosadfishingpostswerepositiveandhelpful.Butinsomecases,therewerenegativeresponseswhichcouldleadtoincreasedstressoranxiety.“Whenasocialmediapostisunsuccessfulinseekingsympatheticresponses,itcanalsocausethepersonpostingittobemocked,”Dr.Nissim-Matheiswarns.“Especiallyifthepostisauthentic.”Andwhileanyresponseissupportiveforachild/teenwhofeelsunseenandunheard,itmayopenthemuptoprivacyviolationsandviolentbehavior.28．What’stheintentionofasocialmediauser’ssadfishing?A．Toshareanopinion. B．Todemonstrateonlineskills.C．Tomakeacomplaint. D．Tosatisfyanemotionalneed.29．WhatcanweinferaboutJenner’sInstagramfollowers?A．Theyhadlittleknowledgeofacne.B．TheyhadtrustinProactiv’sproducts.C．TheywereprobablymisledbyJenner’sstory.D．Theywereencouragedbyonlineinformation.30．Whatdoweknowaboutteenagers’sadfishingtrends?A．Theypeakatage12forboys. B．Theydeclineafterage12forgirls.C．Theygenerallydecreaseasoneages. D．Theydisappearbeforeone’sadulthood.31．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“mocked”inthelastparagraphmean?A．Calledon. B．Laughedat. C．Promoted. D．Supported.【答案】28．D29．C30．A31．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。針對(duì)青少年在社交平臺(tái)上較為普遍的sadfishing這一現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了分析探討。28．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Sadfishing,whichresearchersdefinedintheJournalofAmericanCollegeHealthin2021,referstothetrendofexaggeratingpersonalstrugglesonlinetogeneratesympathy.Itcouldbeintheformofasadphoto,anominousquote,orapostwithafoggymeaning.(研究人員在2021年的《美國(guó)大學(xué)健康雜志》上定義了“Sadfishing”，指的是在網(wǎng)上夸大個(gè)人掙扎以獲得同情的趨勢(shì)。它可以是一張悲傷的照片，一句不祥的名言，或者一篇意義模糊的帖子。)”可知，對(duì)于在社交平臺(tái)上發(fā)布sadfishing帖子的人來(lái)說(shuō)，他們的主要目的就是激起其他網(wǎng)民對(duì)自己的同情，滿足自己情緒上的需求。故選D項(xiàng)。29．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Inthepost,Jennerdescribeda“painfulstruggle”withacneandreceivedalargeamountofsympatheticresponsesfromherfollowers.However,itwaslaterrevealedthatherpostwasjustacomplicatedmarketingplotforherskincarepartnershipwithProactiv,andReidlabeledherbehaviorassadfishing.(在帖子中，Jenner描述了與痤瘡的“痛苦斗爭(zhēng)”，并得到了她的粉絲的大量同情回應(yīng)。然而，后來(lái)被揭露，她的帖子只是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的營(yíng)銷陰謀，是她與Proactiv的護(hù)膚合作，里德稱她的行為是sadfishing。)”可知，Jenner發(fā)布的有關(guān)自己治療痤瘡的虛假內(nèi)容收到了很多粉絲們的同情回復(fù)。由此可推斷，她的這些粉絲們很可能被Jenner的故事誤導(dǎo)。故選C項(xiàng)。30．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Researchersalsofoundthatboysreported‘highersadfishingtendencies’thangirlsatage12,butthetrenddecreasedastheygotolder.(研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn)，在12歲時(shí)，男孩比女孩有“更高的sadfishing傾向”，但隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，這種趨勢(shì)會(huì)減弱。)”可知，根據(jù)調(diào)查，男孩在12歲時(shí)具有最高的sadfishing傾向，然后此傾向會(huì)隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)逐漸減少。故選A項(xiàng)。31．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段“Researchersfoundthat,inmostcases,responsestosadfishingpostswerepositiveandhelpful.Butinsomecases,therewerenegativeresponseswhichcouldleadtoincreasedstressoranxiety.“Whenasocialmediapostisunsuccessfulinseekingsympatheticresponses,itcanalsocausethepersonpostingittobemocked,”Dr.Nissim-Matheiswarns.(研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，在大多數(shù)情況下，對(duì)sadfishing帖子的回應(yīng)是積極和有益的。但在某些情況下，負(fù)面反應(yīng)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致壓力或焦慮增加。尼西姆-馬蒂斯博士警告說(shuō)：“當(dāng)一篇社交媒體帖子未能獲得同情回應(yīng)時(shí)，它也可能導(dǎo)致發(fā)帖者被mocked?！?”可知，在大多數(shù)情況下，對(duì)sadfishing帖子的回應(yīng)是積極和有益的，但當(dāng)一個(gè)帖子在社交平臺(tái)上不能帶來(lái)同情的回復(fù)時(shí)，會(huì)引起消極的反應(yīng)，故推知，它的發(fā)布者可能會(huì)被嘲笑。由此可推斷，畫線詞與Laughedat意思一致。故選B項(xiàng)。Passage（2）【2025屆黑龍江省“六校聯(lián)盟”高三上學(xué)期聯(lián)合適應(yīng)性考試】EngineersatPrincetonUniversityhavemeasuredthecoolingbenefitsofasimplesolutionforbeatingurbanheat:reflectingsunlightbackfromwhereitcamebyequippingbuildingwallsandroadwaysinurbancenterswithretroreflective(反光的)materials.“Withclimatechangeandtheincreasingfrequencyandpersistenceofextremeheatevents,morepeopleintheU.S.diefromextremeheatthanfromanyotherweather-relateddisaster-heatkillsmorethantornadoes,tsunamis,andhurricanescombined,”saidElieBou-Zeid,professorofcivilandenvironmentalengineering.Severaltechnologieshavebeenraisedtofightagainsttheissueofurbanoverheating,includingcoolpavementsandroofcoatings.However,whensunlighthitsthesecoolingtechnologies,itcanbekickedbackinanynumberofdirectionsinsteadofinonefocuseddirection,whichmeansthathighlyreflectivematerialscouldhaveanoppositeresultifappliedbecausesunlightcouldbereflectedontotheground,walls,andeventhepassers-by.“Actually,retroreflectivematerialsarealreadyusedintransportation,wheretheyarecommonlyfoundinroadsignsandpainttoimprovenighttimevisibility,butanimportantquestionishowefficientwecanmakethemandwhetherwecanengineerthemtohavetheperformanceswewant,”saidJyotirmoyMandal,assistantprofessorofcivilandenvironmentalengineering.Unlikecommonhighlyreflectivematerials,retroreflectorscanreflectincomingsunlightwithlimitedscattering(散射).Consequently,mostsunlighthittingaretroreflectoronabuildingwallorcitystreetwouldbedirectedbackinthesamedirectionitcamefrom-andoutoftheurbancanyon.Inthisway,theretroreflectorscanreleasethesunlightthatwouldotherwisebestuckintheurbancanyonandexacerbatetheurbanoverheatingproblem.Ultimately,theywanttocreateasetofguidelinesforpolicymakers,planners,andmaterialsengineers.Ifyou’reanurbanplanner,forexample,andyouknowthelatitudeofyourcity,thewidth-heightratioandthedirectionofyourstreets,youcaneasilyusetheirresultstopickthesuitablesurfacesforapplyingtheseretroreflectivematerialsandestimatethecoolingbenefitsyoumightreceiveindoingso.8．WhatmayElieBou-Zeidwarnpeopleofinparagraph2?A．Thefrequencyofnaturaldisasters. B．Thieurgencyofkeepingpeoplecool.C．Theunpredictabilityofclimatechange. D．Thenecessityoftemperaturemonitoring.9．Whatisthelimitationofcurrentcoolingtechnologies?A．Influenceuponthecity’sappearance. B．Disturbanceoftheviewofpasses-by.C．Productionofsomethingpoisonoustohumans. D．Inabilitytocontrolthedirectionofreflectedlight.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exacerbate”inparagraph5probablymean?A．Relieve. B．Cause. C．Intensify. D．Address.11．Whatisprobablythefinalgoaloftheengineers?A．Toincreaseurbangreenspaces. B．Topersonalizereflectivematerials.C．Tosimplifyexistingbuildingdesigns. D．Toreducecostsofconstructionmaterials.【答案】8．B9．D10．C11．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了普林斯頓大學(xué)工程師測(cè)量用反光材料反射陽(yáng)光以緩解城市熱島效應(yīng)的降溫效果，分析了現(xiàn)有降溫技術(shù)的局限，闡述了反光材料的優(yōu)勢(shì)及工程師的最終目標(biāo)。8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中ElieBou-Zeid的話“Withclimatechangeandtheincreasingfrequencyandpersistenceofextremeheatevents,morepeopleintheU.S.diefromextremeheatthanfromanyotherweatherrelateddisasterheatkillsmorethantornadoes,tsunamis,andhurricanescombined(隨著氣候變化以及極端高溫事件發(fā)生頻率和持續(xù)時(shí)間的增加，美國(guó)死于極端高溫的人數(shù)比死于任何其他與天氣相關(guān)災(zāi)害的人數(shù)都多——高溫造成的死亡人數(shù)比龍卷風(fēng)、海嘯和颶風(fēng)加起來(lái)還多)”可知，極端高溫造成了很多人死亡，情況十分危急，由此可推斷出，ElieBou-Zeid是在警告給人們降溫的緊迫性。故選B項(xiàng)。9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“However,whensunlighthitsthesecoolingtechnologies,itcanbekickedbackinanynumberofdirectionsinsteadofinonefocuseddirection,whichmeansthathighlyreflectivematerialscouldhaveanoppositeresultifappliedbecausesunlightcouldbereflectedontotheground,walls,andeventhepassersby.(然而，當(dāng)陽(yáng)光照射到這些降溫技術(shù)時(shí)，它可以被反射到任意方向，而不是集中在一個(gè)方向上，這意味著如果使用高反射材料，可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生相反的效果，因?yàn)殛?yáng)光可能會(huì)被反射到地面、墻壁，甚至行人身上)”可知，目前的降溫技術(shù)不能控制反射光的方向。故選D項(xiàng)。10．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞前文“Inthisway,theretroreflectorscanreleasethesunlightthatwouldotherwisebestuckintheurbancanyon...(通過(guò)這種方式，反向反射器可以釋放原本困在城市峽谷中的陽(yáng)光……)”可知，陽(yáng)光原本會(huì)被困在城市峽谷中，進(jìn)而加劇城市過(guò)熱問(wèn)題，故劃線詞exacerbate的意思是“加劇”，與intensify同義。故選C項(xiàng)。11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Ultimately,theywanttocreateasetofguidelinesforpolicymakers,planners,andmaterialsengineers.Ifyou’reanurbanplanner,forexample,andyouknowthelatitudeofyourcity,thewidthheightratioandthedirectionofyourstreets,youcaneasilyusetheirresultstopickthesuitablesurfacesforapplyingtheseretroreflectivematerialsandestimatethecoolingbenefitsyoumightreceiveindoingso.(最終，他們想為政策制定者、規(guī)劃者和材料工程師制定一套指導(dǎo)方針。例如，如果你是一名城市規(guī)劃師，并且你知道你所在城市的緯度、街道的寬高比和方向，你可以很容易地利用他們的研究結(jié)果來(lái)選擇適合應(yīng)用這些反光材料的表面，并估算這樣做可能獲得的降溫效果)”可知，工程師們的最終目標(biāo)是根據(jù)不同城市的具體情況，為不同的表面選擇合適的反光材料，也就是使反光材料個(gè)性化。故選B項(xiàng)。Passage（3）【2025屆山東省日照市高三下學(xué)期一模】Everytimewemakeanewvideoorsendanemail,orpostaphotoofourlatestmeal,it’sliketurningonasmalllightbulb(燈泡)that’llneverbeturnedoff.Thispointstoanuncomfortableandextremelymodernquestion:Tohelpsavetheplanet,shouldwebeusinglessdata?Givenhowmuchofmodernlifedependsondigitaldata,theanswercouldbeakeyaspecttolivingnoblyintheAIage.Whydopostsproducecarbonatall?WhenyousendapostonMoments,itgoesalongachainofenergy-burningelectronics.YourWi-Firoutersendsthesignalalongwirestothelocalexchange—theboxonthestreetcorner—andfromtheretoatelecomscompany,andfromtheretohugedatacentersoperatedbythetechgiants.Eachofthoserunsonelectricity,anditalladdsup.Today,about400millionhomesworldwidehaveatleastone“smart”device—curtains,electriccookers,refrigerators,andpads.By2028,thatfigureisexpectedtonearlydouble.Weare,inotherwords,beingtakenintoaworldwhereit’shardertodoanythingwithoutturningonadigitallightbulb.Thisputseco-consciousconsumersinabind.Afterall,whowouldliketobesomeonethatcan’tgettheirinformationproperlybecausethey’retoobusykeepingthecarbonfootprintoftheirsearchesdown?Intheabsenceofsystemicchange,worryingoverourindividualdata-usagedecisionsis“l(fā)iketryingtoholdbackafloodwithabucketandspade(鐵鏟).”Still,there’ssomethingwecando.Whenwefaceadigitaldecision,thelessdata-thirstyoptionwilloftenbethesmarterone.Blockingthird-partytrackingwhenwe’reontheweb,forexample,notonlyreducesthepowerconsumptionofinternetbrowsing;it’salsogoodforyourprivacy.Morefundamentally,maybewedon’tneedtoturneverythingintodata.IfIputdownmyphonethenexttimeI’monatrain,itwon’tsavetheplanet.ButI’llbelookingoutthewindowwithmyowneyes,creatingamemorythatreleasesnocarbonatall.8．Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutdatausage?A．Itisenergy-consuming.B．Itiseasyandconvenient.C．Itsnegativeeffectsareignored.D．Itsbenefitsareunderestimated.9．Whatisthefunctionofparagraph2?A．Toentertain. B．Toinform.C．Topersuade. D．Toinspire.10．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“inabind”meaninparagraph3?A．Atrisk. B．Ataloss.C．Atease. D．Atadisadvantage.11．Whatdoestheauthoremphasizeconcerningcarbonreductioninthelastparagraph?A．Theremovalofdigitaldata.B．Thepromotionofecotourism.C．Thevalueofpersonalcontribution.D．Thesignificanceofsystemicchange.【答案】8．A9．B10．B11．C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是說(shuō)明文。文章主要探討了數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)使用對(duì)環(huán)境的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)了在AI時(shí)代減少碳排放的必要性。文章通過(guò)分析數(shù)據(jù)傳輸過(guò)程中的碳排放問(wèn)題，指出隨著智能設(shè)備的普及，數(shù)據(jù)使用對(duì)環(huán)境的影響日益顯著。盡管系統(tǒng)性變革是關(guān)鍵，但個(gè)人在數(shù)據(jù)使用上的選擇也能對(duì)環(huán)保產(chǎn)生積極影響。8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Everytimewemakeanewvideoorsendanemail,orpostaphotoofourlatestmeal,it’sliketurningonasmalllightbulb(燈泡)that’llneverbeturnedoff.Thispointstoanuncomfortableandextremelymodernquestion:Tohelpsavetheplanet,shouldwebeusinglessdata?Givenhowmuchofmodernlifedependsondigitaldata,theanswercouldbeakeyaspecttolivingnoblyintheAIage.(每次我們制作一個(gè)新視頻、發(fā)一封電子郵件、發(fā)布一張我們最近吃的飯的照片，就像打開(kāi)了一個(gè)永遠(yuǎn)關(guān)不掉的小燈泡。這就引出了一個(gè)讓人不舒服但又非?，F(xiàn)代的問(wèn)題：為了拯救地球，我們應(yīng)該減少數(shù)據(jù)的使用嗎？考慮到現(xiàn)代生活在很大程度上依賴于數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)，這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案可能是在人工智能時(shí)代高尚生活的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵方面。)”和第二段的“WhenyousendapostonMoments,itgoesalongachainofenergy-burningelectronics.YourWi-Firoutersendsthesignalalongwirestothelocalexchange—theboxonthestreetcorner—andfromtheretoatelecomscompany,andfromtheretohugedatacentersoperatedbythetechgiants.Eachofthoserunsonelectricity,anditalladdsup.(當(dāng)你在朋友圈發(fā)一條帖子時(shí)，它會(huì)通過(guò)一系列耗能的電子設(shè)備。你的Wi-Fi路由器通過(guò)電線將信號(hào)發(fā)送到本地交換機(jī)——街角的盒子——然后從那里發(fā)送到電信公司，再?gòu)哪抢锇l(fā)送到由科技巨頭運(yùn)營(yíng)的大型數(shù)據(jù)中心。每一個(gè)都是用電運(yùn)行的，這些都加起來(lái)了。)”可知，作者指出每一次發(fā)送信總、發(fā)布照片等行為都會(huì)產(chǎn)生碳排放，因?yàn)檫@些行為都依賴于一系列耗電的電了設(shè)備。故選A。9．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“Whydopostsproducecarbonatall?WhenyousendapostonMoments,itgoesalongachainofenergy-burningelectronics.YourWi-Firoutersendsthesignalalongwirestothelocalexchange—theboxonthestreetcorner—andfromtheretoatelecomscompany,andfromtheretohugedatacentersoperatedbythetechgiants.Eachofthoserunsonelectricity,anditalladdsup.(為什么帖子會(huì)產(chǎn)生碳呢？當(dāng)你在朋友圈發(fā)一條帖子時(shí)，它會(huì)通過(guò)一系列耗能的電子設(shè)備。你的Wi-Fi路由器通過(guò)電線將信號(hào)發(fā)送到本地交換機(jī)——街角的盒子——然后從那里發(fā)送到電信公司，再?gòu)哪抢锇l(fā)送到由科技巨頭運(yùn)營(yíng)的大型數(shù)據(jù)中心。每一個(gè)都是用電運(yùn)行的，這些都加起來(lái)了。)”詳細(xì)解釋了數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)布過(guò)程小能源消耗的具體環(huán)節(jié)，包括數(shù)據(jù)從用戶設(shè)備傳輸?shù)綌?shù)據(jù)中心的路徑及共對(duì)電力的依賴。因此推斷這一段的主要目的是向讀者傳遞信息，解釋數(shù)據(jù)使用為何會(huì)產(chǎn)生碳排放。故選B。10．詞義獵測(cè)題。根據(jù)下文“Afterall,whowouldliketobesomeonethatcan’tgettheirinformationproperlybecausethey’retoobusykeepingthecarbonfootprintoftheirsearchesdown?(畢竟，誰(shuí)愿意成為一個(gè)因?yàn)槊τ诮档退阉鞯奶甲阚E而無(wú)法正確獲取信息的人呢？)”和作者提到“Thisputseco-consciousconsumersinabind.（這讓有環(huán)保意識(shí)的消費(fèi)者陷入了困境。)”環(huán)保意識(shí)的消費(fèi)者會(huì)inabind可推斷，他們既希望減少碳足跡，又不想錯(cuò)過(guò)獲取信息的機(jī)會(huì)。因此，“inabind”可以理解為“陷入困境”。故選B。11．推理判斷題。最后一段“Still,there’ssomethingwecando.Whenwefaceadigitaldecision,thelessdata-thirstyoptionwilloftenbethesmarterone.Blockingthird-partytrackingwhenwe’reontheweb,forexample,notonlyreducesthepowerconsumptionofinternetbrowsing;it’salsogoodforyourprivacy.Morefundamentally,maybewedon’tneedtoturneverythingintodata.IfIputdownmyphonethenexttimeI’monatrain,itwon’tsavetheplanet.ButI’llbelookingoutthewindowwithmyowneyes,creatingamemorythatreleasesnocarbonatall.(不過(guò)，我們還是有辦法的。當(dāng)我們面臨數(shù)字化決策時(shí)，對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)需求較少的選擇往往是更明智的選擇。例如，當(dāng)我們上網(wǎng)時(shí)阻止第三方跟蹤，不僅減少了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)瀏覽的功耗；這對(duì)你的隱私也有好處。更根本的是，也許我們不需要把所有東西都變成數(shù)據(jù)。如果我下次在火車上放下手機(jī)，那也不能拯救地球。但我會(huì)用自己的眼睛看著窗外，創(chuàng)造一段完全不釋放碳的記憶。)”提到，盡管個(gè)人行為對(duì)整體環(huán)境影響有限，們我們?nèi)钥梢栽诳诔Ｉ钚∽龀龈h(huán)保的選擇，例如減少數(shù)據(jù)使用或關(guān)閉第一方追蹤。因此推斷作者強(qiáng)調(diào)即使個(gè)人頁(yè)獻(xiàn)微小，也有價(jià)值。故選C。Passage（4）【2025屆山東省日照市高三下學(xué)期一?！縀verytimewemakeanewvideoorsendanemail,orpostaphotoofourlatestmeal,it’sliketurningonasmalllightbulb(燈泡)that’llneverbeturnedoff.Thispointstoanuncomfortableandextremelymodernquestion:Tohelpsavetheplanet,shouldwebeusinglessdata?Givenhowmuchofmodernlifedependsondigitaldata,theanswercouldbeakeyaspecttolivingnoblyintheAIage.Whydopostsproducecarbonatall?WhenyousendapostonMoments,itgoesalongachainofenergy-burningelectronics.YourWi-Firoutersendsthesignalalongwirestothelocalexchange—theboxonthestreetcorner—andfromtheretoatelecomscompany,andfromtheretohugedatacentersoperatedbythetechgiants.Eachofthoserunsonelectricity,anditalladdsup.Today,about400millionhomesworldwidehaveatleastone“smart”device—curtains,electriccookers,refrigerators,andpads.By2028,thatfigureisexpectedtonearlydouble.Weare,inotherwords,beingtakenintoaworldwhereit’shardertodoanythingwithoutturningonadigitallightbulb.Thisputseco-consciousconsumersinabind.Afterall,whowouldliketobesomeonethatcan’tgettheirinformationproperlybecausethey’retoobusykeepingthecarbonfootprintoftheirsearchesdown?Intheabsenceofsystemicchange,worryingoverourindividualdata-usagedecisionsis“l(fā)iketryingtoholdbackafloodwithabucketandspade(鐵鏟).”Still,there’ssomethingw