研究生英語綜合教程第二冊課后答案

Unit1.......................................................................................................................................................................................3

I.Backgroundinformation......................................................................................................................................3

II.Languagepoints..................................................................................................................................................4

III.Keytotheexercises............................................................................................................................................6

Unit2.......................................................................................................................................................................................9

I.Backgroundinformation......................................................................................................................................9

II.Languagepoints................................................................................................................................................11

III.Keytotheexercises..........................................................................................................................................14

Unit3.....................................................................................................................................................................................17

I.Backgroundinformation.....................................................................................................................................17

II.Languagepoints................................................................................................................................................18

III.Keytotheexercises..........................................................................................................................................20

unit4......................................................................................................................................................................................23

I.Backgroundinformation....................................................................................................................................24

II.Languagepoints................................................................................................................................................29

III.Keytotheexercises..........................................................................................................................................30

Unit5.....................................................................................................................................................................................33

I.Backgroundinformation....................................................................................................................................33

Il.Languagepoints................................................................................................................................................35

111.Keytotheexercises..........................................................................................................................................37

Unit6.....................................................................................................................................................................................40

I.Backgroundinformation....................................................................................................................................40

II.Languagepoints................................................................................................................................................45

III.Referencematerials..........................................................................................................................................46

III.Keytotheexercises........................................................................................................................................48

Unit7.....................................................................................................................................................................................53

I.Backgroundinfonnation....................................................................................................................................53

II.Languagepoints................................................................................................................................................53

III.Keytotheexercises..........................................................................................................................................55

Unit8.....................................................................................................................................................................................56

I.Backgroundinformation....................................................................................................................................56

II.Languagepoints................................................................................................................................................60

III.Keytotheexercises..........................................................................................................................................62

Unit9.....................................................................................................................................................................................64

I.Backgroundinformation....................................................................................................................................64

II.Languagepoints...........................................................................................................................................66

HI.Keytotheexercises........................................................................................................................................68

Unit10...................................................................................................................................................................................70

I.Languagepoints...........................................................................................................................................70

II.Keytotheexercises........................................................................................................................................71

Unit11...................................................................................................................................................................................75

I.Backgroundinformation....................................................................................................................................75

II.Languagepoints................................................................................................................................................76

111.Keytotheexercises..........................................................................................................................................78

Unit12...................................................................................................................................................................................82

LBackgroundinformation......................................................................................................................................82

II.Languagepoints................................................................................................................................................82

III.Keytotheexercises..........................................................................................................................................85

Unitl

TextAPuttinginaGoodWordforGuilt

I.Backgroundinformation

I.EllenGoodmanAsyndicatedcolumnistwhosewritingappearsinoverfourhundrednewspapers,Ellen

Goodmanbeganherworkingcareerin1963.GoodmanbegannewspaperwritingattheDetroitFreePress,where

sheworkedasageneralreporterandnewsfeaturewriteronthecitydesk.

In1980,GoodmanwasawardedthePulitzerPrizeforDistinguishedCommentary.Goodman'sworkhaswon

manyotherawards,includingtheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsDistinguishedWritingAwardin1980.

ShereceivedtheHubertH.HumphreyCivilRightsAwardfromtheLeadershipConferenceonCivilRightsin

1988.In1993,atitsSeventhAnnualExceptionalMeritMediaAwardCeremony,theNationalWomen'sPolitical

CaucusgaveherthePresident'sAward.In1994,theWomen'sResearch&EducationInstitutepresentedherwith

theirAmericanWomanAward.

2.FreudFreudmayjustlybecalledthemostinfluentialintellectuallegislatorofhisage.Hiscreationof

psychoanalysiswasatonceatheoryofthehumanpsyche,atherapyforthereliefofitsills,andanopticforthe

interpretationofcultureandsociety.Despiterepeatedcriticisms,attemptedrefutations,andqualificationsof

Freud'swork,itsspellremainedpowerfulwellafterhisdeathandinfieldsfarremovedfrompsychologyasitis

narrowlydefined.If,astheAmericansociologistPhilipRieffoncecontended,^psychologicalman”replacedsuch

earliernotionsaspolitical,religious,oreconomicmanasthe20thcentury'sdominantselfimage,itisinnosmall

measureduetothepowerofFreud'svisionandtheseeminginexhaustibilityoftheintellectuallegacyheleft

behind.

3.KarlMenninger(18931990)founderoftheMennhgerFoundationfbrPsychiatricEducationandResearch.

Asdirectorofeducationofthefoundation,besidestrainingothertheapists,hewrotemanyworks,amongwhich

areTheHumanMind(1930),ManAgainstHimself(1938),andWhateverBecameOfSin?(1973)

4.ReverendTillotsonJohnTillotson(16301694),chaplaiitoChartesIIandaprominantpreacherofhisage.He

supportedtheRevolutionof1688andwasapointedArchbishopofCanterburyin1691.

5.DavidRiesmanAmericansociologistandauthormostnotedforTheLonelyCrowd:AStudyoftheChanging

AmericanCharacter(withReuelDenneyandNathanGlazer,1950),aworkdealingprimarilywiththesocial

characteroftheurbanmiddleclass.4iThelonelycrowd“becameacatchphrasedenotingmodemurbansocietyin

whichtheindividualfeelsalienated.Alsoenteringcommonspeechwerethelabelsheappliedtotwoofthethree

charactertypesthatheidentifiedinthebook:"innerdirected“and8therdirected.M

AccordingtoRiesman'stheory,inpreindustrialsocietieshavingahighpotentialforpopulationgrowth(e.g.,

medievalEurope),thetypicalindividualis“traditioidirected,“hispersonalvaluesbeiigdetenuTiedbythe

traditionsofahighlystructuredsocietyorbypowerrelationswithinitsmajordivisions,suchasclasses,

professions,castes,orclans.Thesevaluesarecharacteristicallypassedintactfromonegenerationtoanother.When

thepopulationisgrowingbuthasnotreachedthestageofcrowding(e.g.,westernEuropefromtheRenaissanceto

theearly20thcentury),the“innerdirected”hdividualpredominates.Hispeisonalvaluesaredeterminedear卜

byhisimmediatefamily,arenotnecessarilyrelatedtoanywidersocialforces,andarealsolikelytoremain

unchanged.Inheavilyindustrializedsocieties,wherethepopulationisdenseandperhapsbeginningtodecline,the

“otherdirected”individualemeiges.Hislifeisinlargepartshapedbyf5eergroupswofpereonswhomhe

resemblesinage,socialclass,orotherwise,andheadjustshisvaluestoconformtothoseofhisgroupinaconstant

processofchange.

n.Languagepoints

1.Feelingguiltyisnothingtofeelguiltyabout,(para.1)Ybudon'thavetobeconsciouslyuncomfortableifyou

havethesenseofguilt.

2.Yes,guiltcanbetheexcessbaggagethatkeepsusparalyzedunlesswedumpit.(para.l)Sure,guiltcanbethe

overbadedburdenthattorturesusifwedon'tgetridofit

paralyzev.tomakeunabletomoveoract

e.g.Thechildwasparalyzedbyfearwhenthethundercame.

打雷的時(shí)候，這孩子被嚇得不能動(dòng)彈。

3.IgiveupguiltforLent.(para.2)Igiveupguiltinordertobeabetterperson.

giveupsth.forLenttogetridofsth.(usuallyabadhabit)forthesakeofbettermorality

4.ButthenitoccurredtomethatthisparticularLenthasbeentoolengthy,(para.3)Butthenitcametomymind

thatpeoplehavegivenupguiltfortoolongatime.

occurtocometo(mind)閃現(xiàn)

thisparticularLentHereitreferstothepracticeofgivingupguiltasmentionedabove.

5.Forthepastdecadeormore,thepoppsychologistswhousebookjacketsratherthancouchesallwerebusy

tellingusthatIamokay,youareokayandwhateverwedoisokay,(para.3)Duringthepasttenyearsormore,

thosewelcomepsychologistssolvepeople'smentalproblemsbywritingbooksinsteadofclinicaltreatment.And

theyaretryingtoadvocatetheconceptthatnobodyshouldfeelguiltyforanything.在過去這十年或更久的一段

時(shí)間里，通過出書而非實(shí)際診查給人治療的心理醫(yī)生很受歡迎，他們忙不迭地告訴大家，說什么我好，你

好，大家做什么都沒關(guān)系。

bookjackets皮書套Hereitreferstothemethodofwritingbooksinpsychologicaltherapy.

couchAsofaonwhichapatientlieswhileundergoingpsychoanalysisorpsychiatrictreatment.Hereitrepresents

thetreatingmethodthatthepsychologiststalktothepatientsinaveryrelaxedcondition,whichwaswidelyusedin

traditionalmentaltherapy.

6.Therewasapopularnotion,infact,thatsdMvebeganbyshyhgone'sguilt(para.5)Inpast,itwas

commonlythoughtthattoloveoneself,everyoneshouldfirstgiveuphisguilt.其實(shí)以前就有個(gè)比較流行的看

法，認(rèn)為欲愛己需先消滅內(nèi)疚感。

7.Peopleallaroundusspentagreatportionofthelastdecadetryingtotuneoutguiltinsteadofdecodingits

messageandlearningwhatitwastryingtotellus.(para.5)Forthemostpartofthepasttenyears,people

deliberatelyignorethesenseofguiltwithoutunderstandingitsmeaningandsignificance.

我們周圍的人過去十年大部分時(shí)間?直想把內(nèi)疚感拋在腦后，而不去探究內(nèi)疚的含意，不去從中悟出些什

么。

8.Withthatsortofsuccess,guiltwasripeforrevival.(para.6)Whenguiltissuccessfullyeliminated,it'salsothe

timeforittobebroughtback.

9.Furthermore,wedidnotwanttojointhelegionswhoconqueredtheirguiltenroutetonewdepthsofnarcissistic

rottenness,(para.6)Whal'smore,wewouldneverbeoneofthosewhogiveuptheirguiltwhilebecomingmore

andmoredeterioratedintheirexcessiveadmirationofthemselves.

再說了，有很多征服內(nèi)疚感的人在自我陶醉的深淵中越陷越深，我們是不愿與之為伍的。

10.Itis,asLadyMacbethobsessivelyknew,thespotthatnooneelsemaysee.(para.7)InMacbeth,the

famousShakespearetragedy,LadyMacbethkilledtheKingDuncanandalwayshadtheideathattherewereblood

spotinherhands.

11.Tlielastthingweneedmoreofislessconscience,(para.8)

我們什么不要都可以，唯獨(dú)不能不要良知。

Weshouldbynomeansabandonconscience.

lasta.leastlikelyorexpected

e.g.Heisthelastpersonwewouldhavesuspected.我們是絕不會(huì)懷疑他的。

12.Asregardsconscience,Godhasdoneanunevenandcarelesspieceofwork.(para.9)Intheaspectof

conscience,noteveryonehasbeengiventhesameamountofitwhenbeingbornasifGodiscarelessandunfair,

asregardsad.asto在...方面

13.therehastobesomelinebetween...(para.10)thereshouldbesomedifferencebetween：weshould

separate...from...

14.theoppressedhave“chosen”[heirlotinlife.(para.10)Thepeoplewhosufferintheirlifearedeterminedtobe

soattheverybeginning.

15.thosewhooffernoguidance,no—gulp—moralorethicalpointofview.(para.11)

gulpv.tochokebackbyorasifbyswallowing

Heretheauthorischokedasifthefollowingwordsaredifficulttoutter.

16.feelguiltyjustforbeingalive(para.13)feelguiltyonlybecausetheyarealive；feelguiltyfornothing

17.thetrickisn'ttobecomeflaccidlynonjudgmental(para.14)Theimportantthingweshoulddoisnottobe

afraidofmakingjudgment.

18....nothingelsebuttroublearisinginourmindfromourconsciousnessofhavingdonecontrarytowhatwearc

verilypersuadedwasourDuty.(para.15)...simplythediscomfortappearinginourinnerheartwhenwehave

donesomethingthatisnotrightaccordingourresponsibility

19.Wearealsoparticularlyvulnerabletofeelingsofdutyinatimeofchange.Todayanolderandingrainedsense

ofwhatweshoulddomayconflictwithanewone.Inthegapsthatopenbetweenwhatweonceweretaughtand

whatwenowbelievegrowsarichcropofguilt,(para.17)Insuchachangeableworld,oursenseofdutyisvery

likelytochangeourfeeling.Nowoldconceptmayconflictwiththenewoneonwhatweshoulddo.Thereisgreat

differencebetweenourbeliefandtheeducationwegot,andthatdifferenceresultsinthesenseofguilt.

在這個(gè)瞬息萬變的時(shí)代我們固有的責(zé)任感格外容易被推翻。什么該做什么不該做，今天一個(gè)新觀念就可能

和根深蒂固的老觀念相沖突。過去所受的教育和今天的認(rèn)識(shí)之間有很大差距，由此也生出各種內(nèi)疚感。

20.Ifguiltisastrugglebetweenouracceptanceofshouldsandshouldnote,itisapowerfulandhtenselyhuman

one.(para.20)Ifguiltrepresentsthecontradictionofourstandardofbehaviors,itisagoodthingfullofstrength

andhumanness.

如果說責(zé)任感是我們接受什么該做、什么不該做之間的斗爭，這個(gè)斗爭是強(qiáng)大的、充滿人性的斗爭。

21.Thisworstemotion,inasense,helpsbringoutthebestinus.Thedesiretoavoidfeelingguiltymakesusavoid

theworstsortofbehavior.(para.21)Insomeaspect,thesocalledbadfeelingreflectsthebestnatureofhuman

being.Justbecausewedon'twanttofeelguilty,wewillnotdobadthings.

從某個(gè)角度講，這種最糟糕的情感烘托出人類最美好的一面。為避免內(nèi)疚于心，我們便不去做壞事。

22.Inthatsenseguiltisthegreatcivilizer,theinternalcommandmentthathelpsuschoosetobekindtoeachother

ratherthantojoininastampedeofmefirsts.Gara.22)Inthataspect,guiltcanniakeuscivilizedandforceus

byconsciencetobegoodpeopleinsteadofputtingourselvesinthefirstplaceurgently.

這樣說來，內(nèi)疚感對促進(jìn)人類文明有巨大作用，它是人類內(nèi)心的戒律，幫助我們與人為善而非一股腦地你

爭我搶。

23.atremendoussurgeofyoungpeopleoverpoweredtheadultsinthesixties(para.22)theeffectofadrastic

boomofyoungpeopleovercamethevaluesofadultsin1960s

24.thebarbarianstookRome(para.22)thesavagepeopletookthecontrol

TliisidiomcomesfromthehistoricalfactthatthegreatRomanEmpirewasoverthrownbycthkbdio

barbarianswhomRomanpeoplethoughtwerelesscivilizedthanthem,sothisidiomisoftenusedinliteratureto

refertoashameordegradationofcivilization.

25.Wemayresolveonebychangingourviewofitandanotherbychangingourbehavior,(para.25)lbsolvethe

problemofguilt,wecaneitherchangeourdefinitionofitsothatwemayfeelbetter,orchangewhatwewilldoto

avoidsenseofguilt.

26.livewithmyself(para.28)tobecomfortablewithmyconscience:tobeunashamed

27.Strivingtofollowtheirleadislikeacceptingacatatonicasyourrolemodel,(para.30)lbremainguiltlessare

notpropertothesamedegree.

28.Guiltisoneofthemosthumanofdilemmas,(para.31)

themosthumanofHerethephrasealtogetherfunctionsasanadjective.

29.Itistheclaimofothersontheself,(para.31)Itmeanstosatisfyothers^eedsatthecostofone'sowninterest.

這意味著舍己為人。

HLKeytotheexercises

1.Readingcomprehension

(1)Theythinkguiltisabadthingforone'spsychology,andifyouwanttolivewithtrueliberation,youshouldget

ridofthesenseofguiltandtrytobelieveeverythingandeverybodyisOK,nomatterwhatyouhavedone.

(2)Underthiskindofconception,peopletrytoignorethesenseofguiltwithoutfindingoutitsrealmeaninginlife.

Andit'ssomewhatlikeselfdeceivingtosayeverythingisokbecausehdeeperconscience,peoplewillstillfeel

uneasyifsenseofguiltisnotdealtwithproperly.

(3)BecauseLadyMacbethwasdrivenmadbyhersenseofguiltaftersheconspiredtokillKingDuncan,soshe

wasusedheretoportraythe“horrible,pitofthestomachsense”oftheguilt

(5)Thesetwofriendsbothfeltguiltyforneglectingtheirmothers,butastotherealfactoftheneglecting,onejust

didn'tcallhomeeveryday;whiletheotherhadn'tchattedwithhermothersinceChristmas.Thisbestillustrates

thatpeoplemayhave“wildlydifferent“senseofdutyandguilt./Somepeoplecangothroughtheirliveswithouta

momentofguilt,whiletheothergroupofpeoplemayfeelguiltyjustforbeingalive.

(6)Asenseofguilt,aswellasasenseofduty,canurgeustodotherightthingwhenwemaynotfeellikedoingit.

Inthatway,asenseofguiltisthegreatcivilizerofourbasicconscienceandthemaintainerofourbehavior.

(7)BecausetheyoungpeopleinthesixtiesinAmerica,alsoknownasthebabyboomersandtheBeatGeneration,

werethegenerationbomaftertheWorldWarII,whowereveryrebellioustotheoldtraditionalmoralsystemby

callingforlivingattheirownwillandwhooutnumberedtheirfathergeneration,sotherewasadeclinationin

traditionalmorality("thebarbarianstookRome")inthatperiodoftime.Butinthe1980s,whenthearticlewas

written,thenumberofadultsgrewbigger,andtheyweretryingtorestoresomeoldmores.That'stheexactreason

whyMguiltiscomingback.^^

(8)Ybucaneitherchangetheopinionofaperfectimagesothatyou'llfeellessguiltywhenfailingtoachieve

something,ortochangethebehaviorinawaythatismoreaccordanttoyourrightconscience.

2.Vocabulary

(1)assortment(2)narcissistic(3)obsessively(4)slaying

(5)legion(6)instilled(7)ingraincd(8)hustled

(9)stampede(lO)qualms

3.Paraphrase

(1)Butthenitcametomymindthatpeoplehavegivenupguiltfortoolongatime.Duringthatperiodoftimeof

abouttenyearsormore,thosewelcomepsychologistssolvedpeople'smentalproblemsbywritingbooksinstead

ofgivingclinicaltreatment.Andtheyaretryingtoadvocatetheconceptthatnobodyshouldfeelguiltyfor

anything.

(2)Inthepast,itwascommonlythoughtthattolovehimself,everyoneshouldfirstgiveuphisguilt.Forthemost

partofthepasttenyears,peopledeliberatelyignoredthesenseofguiltwithoutunderstandingitsmeaningand

significance.

(3)What'smore,wewouldneverbeoneofthosewhogiveuptheirguiltwhilebecomingmoreandmore

deterioratedinexcessiveadmirationofthemselves.

(4)Therearepeoplewhoaretorturedbyunreasonableguilt.Ofcoursewearenotwillingtobeoneofthemor

guideourchildrentobeoneofthem.

(5)Insuchachangeableworld,oursenseofdutyisverylikelytochangeourfeeling.Nowanoldconceptmay

conflictwithanewoneonwhatweshoulddo.Thereisagreatdifferencebetweenourbeliefandtheeducation

wegot,andthatdifferenceresultsinthesenseofguilt.

(6)Ifguiltrepresentsthecontradictionofourstandardsofbehavior,itisagoodthingfullofstrengthand

humanness.

(7)Insomeaspect,thesocalledbadfeelrigreflectsthebestnaturcofhumanbehg.Becausewedon'twant

feelguilty,wewillnotdobadthings.

(8)Inthataspect,guiltcanmakeuscivilizedandforceusbyconsciencetobegoodpeopleinsteadofputting

ourselvesinthefirstplaceurgently.

4.Cloze

(2)responsibility(3)reason(4)triggered(5)anxiety(6)committed(7)criticism(8)empathy(9)develop(lO)

violates(ll)value(12)against(13)fulfill(14)generally(15)failing(16)intended(17)biochemical(18)judged(19)

since(20)nature

5.Translation

A.Translate由efollowingparagraphintoChinese.

(1)人要想快樂，首先必須感到自由，其次，必須感到自己重要。假如迫于社會(huì)壓力做自己不樂意做的事，

或者樂于做的事被認(rèn)為一文不值，毫不重要，得不到社會(huì)的承認(rèn)，那么這樣的人是不可能真正快樂的。倘

若一個(gè)人對社會(huì)給予他的差事不感興趣，干下去只是出于謀生和養(yǎng)家糊口的需要，那么此人就只是個(gè)雇傭

勞動(dòng)者。倘若一個(gè)人打心眼里對社會(huì)掏錢讓他干的差事感興趣，那么他就是一個(gè)工作者。一件差事究竟是

勞動(dòng)還是工作并不取決于差事本身，而是取決于干這個(gè)差事的人的喜好。這種差異并不等同于體力和腦力

勞動(dòng)之間的區(qū)別。從一個(gè)人對休閑的態(tài)度可以看出他屬于哪類人。對工作者而言，休閑不過是放松休息幾

個(gè)小時(shí)，為的是工作起來效率更高。所以他很可能花很少的時(shí)間休息，而不是很多。對勞動(dòng)者而言恰恰相

反，休閑意味著擺脫了羈絆，他總盼著少干多玩，工作時(shí)間越短越好，這種想法也在情理之中。

究其最深層最徹底的含義，內(nèi)疚感是我們心中一個(gè)渴望被捕獲的罪犯。做錯(cuò)了事就產(chǎn)生這種可怕的、發(fā)

自內(nèi)心的感覺。這正如麥克白夫人滿腦子想的那個(gè)別人看不到的血點(diǎn)一樣……而且我們還不能四處張望。

沒有內(nèi)疚就等于沒有良知。感覺不到內(nèi)疚的人給他人造成痛苦后心情照樣不錯(cuò)，結(jié)果他們就心安理得地接

著給別人制造痛苦。我們什么不要都可以，唯獨(dú)不能不要良知。

弗洛伊德曾說過：“上帝在良知方面處理不當(dāng)，有些粗心，大多數(shù)人生來良知就不算多，或者說少的不值

一提。”

這里說明一點(diǎn)，我并不是建議每個(gè)人報(bào)名參加尋找內(nèi)疚之旅。然而，我們必須對以下兩種觀點(diǎn)加以區(qū)分：

一種認(rèn)為我們所有人都應(yīng)該為諸如貧困或種族主義感到內(nèi)疚；另一種則斷言受壓迫者是“命里注定

B.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

(1)Peopleappealedtothegovernmenttoputinagoodwordfortherealheroafterthetruthcameout.

(2)OnthecomingoftheNewYear,itoccurredtoSamthatheshouldputasidehisworkfbrawhileandcallhis

parents.

(3)Inatimeofchange,youngpeopleoftenputselfriterestinthefirstplaceandtuneoutsocialcommitment.

(4)Thegovernmenthasrealizedthatserioussocialproblemsmayarisefromwealthpolarization,andmeasures

havebeentakentoshortenthedistance.

(5)Asthecostofbeingfamous,starsareparticularlyvulnerabletocriticism,becausepeoplealwayshavehigher

expectationsofthem.

(6)Aftertheterroristattackwassuccessfullysuppressed,thehorrorstrickenhostageswereshephendedacrossa

secretpassagetothesafetyzone.

(7)Finally,theauthorchosetoretorttherumornotbecauseofanypersonaloffense,butratherinresponseto

injuriesinflictedonothers.

(8)Thecriminalexplainstohislawyerthathiswillissonaturallyfragilethathisphysicalneedsoftenoverpower

hisfeeling,whichleadstothetheftofhisacquaintance.

(9)Whenhergrandma,theonlypersonwholovedherintheworld,passedaway,herheartwasfilledwithnothing

elsebutdeepsorrowandregret.

TextBAmbition

I.Backgroundinformation

1.Spinoza(16321677)Dutchphibsopherandtheologianwhosecontroveisialpantheisticdoctrheadvocatedan

intellectualloveofGod.HisbestknownwoikisEthics(1671).

Amemberoftherationalistschoolofphilosophy,BaruchSpinozapursuedknowledgethroughdeductivereasoning

ratherthaninductionfromsensoiyexperience.Spinozaappliedthetheoreticalmethodofmathematicstoother

realmsofinquiry.FollowingtheformatofEuclid'sElements,Spinoza'sEthicsorganizedmoralityandreligion

intodefinitions,axioms,andpostulates.

2.JaneGoodall(1934)Bntishethologist(生態(tài)學(xué)家)andauthorityonwildchimpanzees.BorninLondonand

educatedinBournemouth,GoodallworkedinAfricafortheBritKfenyanLouisS.B.Leakey,atwhose

s