2025屆福建省永春縣第一中學(xué)高三下學(xué)期聯(lián)考英語(yǔ)試題含答案

2025屆福建省永春縣第一中學(xué)高三下學(xué)期聯(lián)考英語(yǔ)試題含答案請(qǐng)考生注意：1．請(qǐng)用2B鉛筆將選擇題答案涂填在答題紙相應(yīng)位置上，請(qǐng)用0．5毫米及以上黑色字跡的鋼筆或簽字筆將主觀題的答案寫(xiě)在答題紙相應(yīng)的答題區(qū)內(nèi)。寫(xiě)在試題卷、草稿紙上均無(wú)效。2．答題前，認(rèn)真閱讀答題紙上的《注意事項(xiàng)》，按規(guī)定答題。第一部分（共20小題，每小題1.5分，滿分30分）1．Forallthefailureofhisbusiness,heremainsoptimisticand________untroubledbyhisproblems.A．hopefully B．seeminglyC．rarely D．frequently2．Thebusdroppedmeoffandpulledaway_____IrealizedIhadleftmybagonit.A．whileB．beforeC．a(chǎn)fterD．since3．Theycarryout________checksonmilkproductstomakesurethattheyareofhighquality.A．commonB．naturalC．ordinaryD．regular4．Fortunatelysomebodywhohappenedtobepassingbycalledtheemergencyaidthetrafficaccidentoccurred.A．hurriedly B．quickly C．immediately D．shortly5．Youshouldsetagoalandsee________youcanachieveitinthecomingexam.A．which B．whatC．whether D．when6．________yourblog,Iwouldhavewrittenbacktwodaysago.A．IfIread B．ShouldIreadC．HadIread D．IfIcouldhaveread7．—Don'tputthewasteontheground,youngman.—Oh,I'msorry.I______thedustbinthere.A．hadn'tseen

B．haven’tseen

C．didn'tsee

D．wasn'tseeing8．Iwishyouwouldn'tbeso________；youmakefacesateverythingIsay.A．weirdB．politeC．reluctantD．serious9．________WuhuwithShanghai,tobefrank,andyou'llfindit'smoreconvenienttoliveintheformer.A．Tocompare B．ComparingC．Compare D．Compared10．Ifithadnotbeenfortheheroes’contributionsandsacrifices,we_____suchahappylife.A．wouldn’thaveled B．wouldn’tbeleadingC．haven’tled D．a(chǎn)renotleading11．It'salwaysagoodideatohaveasecondkeysomewhere________youlosethefirstone.A．incase B．nowthatC．eventhough D．a(chǎn)slongas12．Theaccidenthavebeencausedbyadogrunningacrosstheroad,butwedon’tknowforsure.A．might B．shouldC．will D．must13．Inthismoviegoingseason,womenaredrivingticketsalestoadegree,ifever,seenbefore.A．really B．frequentlyC．rarely D．never14．Theconflictbetweeneconomicdevelopmentandenvironmentalprotection,ifnotappropriately_________,cancausedisastrousconsequencesindailylifesettings.A．beingmanaged B．tomanageC．managed D．managing15．Thebooksonthedesk,coversareshiny,areprizesforus.A．which B．what C．whose D．that16．Duetothecountry’sgrowingrateofurbanization,China’smigrantpopulation_______tobeover200millionby2020.A．predictsB．ispredictedC．willhavebeenpredictedD．willbepredicted17．Theteacher’svoicestillremainedcalm______shewasgettingannoyed.A．a(chǎn)slongasB．evenifC．a(chǎn)sifD．nowthat18．Whenhewasrunningafterhisbrother,theboylosthis___andhadabadfall.A．balance B．chanceC．memory D．place19．Whichdoyouprefer,teaorcoffee?—_______.Ireallydon’tmind.A．Both B．None C．Neither D．Either20．—Iforgottoregisterforthecourses.I’monedaylateandmostoftheclassesarefull.WhatshallIdo?—________Youcan’tdoanythingaboutthat.A．Takeyourtime. B．Pooryou!C．Sowhat? D．Noway!第二部分閱讀理解（滿分40分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。21．（6分）Tulou,thespecialresidentialarchitectureofFujianProvincewasincludedontheUNESCO’sWorldHeritageListduringthe32ndsessionoftheWorldHeritageCommitteeinQuebec,Canada.Inthefourthcentury,HanChineselivingintheCentralPlainsareabegantomigratesouth,graduallygatheringinFujianandformingtheHakkacommunities.Asadefenceagainstenemies,theHakkaschosetoliveincompact(緊湊的)communities,andthetulouwastheirpreferredhouses.TensofthousandsofsuchearthenstructureswereconstructedinFujianProvince.Mosttulousaretobefoundinthevalleys,surroundedbyhighmountains,andsomeareinthedepthsofthegreatmountains.Mostarethreetofourstorieshigh,andlooklikecircularblockhouses（堡壘）.Roomsonthefirstfloorareusedaskitchens,roomsonthesecondfloorareusedasbarns(谷倉(cāng)),androomsonthethirdandfourthfloorsareforbedroomsandlivingrooms.Fordefensivepurposes,theroomsonthefirstfloorhavenowindows.Rawmaterialsforthetulouwereobtainedlocally.Theirmainbuildingmaterialwasamixtureofclay,sand,limeandwater,andeggwhites,brownsugarandricewaterwereaddedasadhesiveagents（粘合劑）.Itwasthenmixedtoformthewalls.Oncetheydried,thewallsweresohardthatdrivinganailintothemwouldhavebeendifficult.Firbranches,whichareextremelystronganddonotrot,wereusedtostrengthenthem,andmanycenturieslatertheyhaveremainedtheiroriginallook.Tulousarelocatedinaregionwhereearthquakeshappenfrequently,andtheircircularconstructionhelpsthemresisttheregularshocks.TheprovendesigneveninspiredonefamousPeruvianarchitect,whopaidseveralvisitstoYongding,tobuildatuloubackhome.Notlongafter,anearthquakestruckonly10kilometersaway,andwhileallthehousesaroundtheearthenbuildingfelldown,histulouremained.1、Fromthepassage,weknowthatTulou______.A．isaspecialresidentialarchitectureofHanChineseinFujianeventodayB．wasoncetheplacewheretheHakkaschosetolivetogetherC．standsinthevalleysandisalsomodernpeople’spreferredhousesD．lookslikecircularblockhousesbuteasytofalldownintheearthquake2、WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．HakkasbuilttulouswhentheylivedintheCentralPlainsarea.B．Rawmaterialsforthetulouwereobtainedfromfaraway.C．Itisdifficulttodigaholeintothewallsofthetulou.D．Firbranchesmayhelpthemresisttheregularshocks.3、Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．OneofUNESCO’sWorldHeritageListB．TheFunctionofTulousC．YongdingCountyandTheHakkasD．ThespecialEarthenArchitectureofFujian22．（8分）ScientistsaretryingtosavePuertoRico’sendangeredAmazonparrotsafterHurricaneMariadestroyedthebirds’habitatsandfoodsources(來(lái)源).ElYunqueisalargenationalforestontheeasternpartofPuertoRico.Justtwoofthe56wildparrotsthatoncelivedtheresurvivedMaria,theCategory-4stormthatstruckPuertoRicoinSeptember2017.Scientistsreportotherforestshaveseengreatdropsinparrotpopulationsaswell.Inthe1800s,thereweremorethanamillionofthebrightgreenparrotslivinginthewildinPuertoRico.Bythe1970s,thenumberwasdowntojust13birdsafteryearsofforestclearing.Aspecialprogramwasstartedin1972tohelpincreasetheparrotpopulation,whichledtothecreationofthreebreeding(繁殖)centers.JustweeksbeforeHurricaneMariahit,scientistscounted56wildparrotsatElYunque.Thatwasthehighestnumberintheprogram’shistory.Scientistssaythateventhoughseveralparrotshavebeenbornincaptivity(籠養(yǎng))andinthewildsinceMaria,thespeciesisstillindanger.ThePuertoRicanAmazonistheisland’sonlyremainingnativeparrot.Morethan460ofthebirdsarekeptinsidethebreedingcentersatElYunqueandtheRioAbajoforest.Scientistshavenotreleased(釋放)anyofthebirdssinceHurricaneMaria.Athirdbreedingcenter,inaforestinthewesternareaofMaricao,hasnotbeeninoperationsincethestorm.Scientistsareconsideringwhethertocatchsomeoftheremainingwildparrotsandputtheminthesamecageasthebirdsthataresettobereleased.Thisway,thecaptivebirdscanlearnfromthewildbirdshowtosurviveintheforests.AnotherconsiderationistoreleasesomecaptiveparrotsinMaricao,whichwasnotasheavilydamagedbyMaria.1、Whyhastheparrotpopulationgreatlydecreasedinthepast200years?A．BecauseofHurricaneMaria.B．Becauseoftoomuchhunting.C．Becauseofthelossofforests.D．Becauseoflackofbreedingcenters.2、WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutHurricaneMaria?A．Itkilled56wildparrotsatElYunque.B．Itgreatlyaffectedparrotsincaptivity.C．Itreducedthenumberofwildparrots.D．Itledtothecreationofthreebreedingcenters.3、WhatcanweinferaboutAmazonparrotsincaptivity?A．Theyhavethehighestnumberinthehistory.B．TheyhavebeenreleasedsinceHurricaneMaria.C．Theyareusedtolivinginthewild.D．Theyarelargerinnumberthanthoseinthewild.4、Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ScientistsWorktoSavePuertoRicanParrots.B．AmazonParrotsareinDangerofDisappearing.C．ASpecialProgramHelpsIncreasetheParrotPopulation.D．HurricaneMariaReducedtheNumberofAmazonParrots.23．（8分）AnewstudyexploresthecustomoftippingintheUnitedStates.ManyAmericansgivetipstopeoplewhoperformajobforthem,especiallyworkersintheserviceindustry.Theypayalittleextratopeoplecuttingtheirhair,drivingthemacrosstownorservingthemamealatarestaurant.Theresearchersfoundthatmengivebiggertipstorestaurantworkersthanwomen.AndpeoplewholiveinthenorthernUSaremoregenerouswithtipsthanthoselivingintheSouth.Peoplewhoearn$50,000ormoreayeargivebiggertipsthanthosewhoearnlessthan$50,000.Thereisonelikelyreason:thewealthierAmericanshavemoremoneytospend.MichaelLynnisaprofessorofconsumerbehaviorandmarketingattheCornellUniversitySchoolofHotelAdministrationinNewYork.Inotherwords,heknowsalotabouttheissueoftipping.Inearliersurveys,Lynnsaidhefoundmixedresultsonthegenerosityofmenandwomenwhenitcomestotipping.Insomestudies,mengavebiggertipsthanwomen.Inothers,womengavemoremoney.Lynn’sownresearchinAmericanrestaurantsfoundthatmengivebiggertipswhentherestaurantserverisawomanandwomengivemorewhentheserverisaman.Tipsareveryimportanttoserviceemployees.Peoplewhoworkatrestaurantsoftengetmostoftheirearningsfromtips.Nationwide,Americansgenerallytipbetween15to20percentatrestaurantsandleavefrom$2toS10adayforthepeoplewhocleantheirhotelrooms.Tipsof15percentofthereadingonthemeter(計(jì)價(jià)器)arealsocommonforpeoplewhodrivetaxis.Buthereissomethingtokeepinmind.Ifyouareabletogivethepersonservingyouatiporabiggeronethanwhatisexpected,yourgenerositywillbewelcome.Manyserviceworkersdonotmakemuchmoney,andevenanextradollarortwocanmakeadifferenceintheirlives.1、WhatisparagraphImainlyabout?A．Astudyinarestaurant. B．Ajobofferingalotoftips.C．TheserviceindustryintheUS. D．ThecustomoftippingintheUS.2、WhatisLynn’sfindinginAmericanrestaurants?A．Peoplegivemoretipstotheoppositesexserver.B．Peoplearealwaysmoregeneroustoserviceemployers.C．Mengivethesametipstothewomenrestaurantserversaswomen.D．Menalwaysgivemoretipstothemenrestaurantserversthanwomen.3、HowmuchtipsdoAmericansgenerallypayifthereadingonthetaximeteris$100?A．$2. B．$10.C．$15. D．$20.4、Whatistheauthorsattitudetowardstipping?A．Doubtful. B．Critical.C．Uncaring. D．Supportive.24．（8分）Onthedaythetornadohit,therewasnosignsevereweatherwasonitsway—theskywasblueandthesunhadbeenout.MyhusbandJimmyandIwerewatchingTVupstairs.Nosoonerhadwegotthecoverageofthetornadothanitwasontopofus.ItwastheloudestthingIhaveeverheard.Thebonesofthehouseshook,andthepowerwentout.Wehadthreeflightsofstepstogetthroughtogettotherelativesafetyofthefirstfloor.Aswestruggledtoreachthelastflightofsteps,ourfrontdoorblewout.Piecesofglassthatlookedlikecrushedicefleweverywhere.Suddenly,athree-foot-longtreebranchflewoverourheads,missingusbyinches.Hadwebeenonestepup,itwouldhaveimpaledus.BythetimeIreachedthecloset,Jimmypushedmedowntotheclosetfloor,buthecouldn’tgetinsidehimselfbecauseofthewind.IgraspedJimmy’sarmandtriedtobringJimmywithit.Mykneesandheadwerefullofglass,butinthatmoment,Ifeltnopain.IfIhadletgo,Jimmywouldhaveflownrightoutthebackofthehouseandintothebay.“Holdon!Holdon!”heyelled.Buttherewasnothinginthisclosettoholdonto.Allofasudden,Jimmyliftedoffhisfeetlikepeopleintornadoesdointhemovies.Ithoughthewasgone.Andtheneverythingstopped.Helandedonhisfeet.Inthosefirstquietmoments,Icouldn’tbelieveitwasover.Jimmysaidhe’dgooutsidetocheck.“No,”Isaid.“Don’tleaveme.Don’tleaveme.”O(jiān)urneighborsaysthestormlastedfourminutes.Inthattime,fourofthetwelvetownhousesinourunitwerecompletelydestroyed.Ofthehousesleftstanding,ourssufferedthemostdamage.Amazingly,noneofuswereseverelyinjured.1、WhichofthefollowingsentencesisNOTtheevidencetoshowthetornadoisviolent?A．ItwastheloudestthingIhaveeverheard.B．Thebonesofthehouseshook,andthepowerwentout.C．Ourneighborsaysthestormlastedfourminutes.D．Piecesofglassthatlookedlikecrushedicefleweverywhere.2、Fromthepassage,wecaninferthat______.A．Thecouplehadpredictedthearrivalofthetornadoinadvance.B．Jimmyflewrightoutthebackofthehouseandintothebayduringthetornado.C．Thethree-foot-treeflewoverthecouple’sheadandinjuredthembadly.D．Theauthorstillfeltscaredwhenthetornadowassuddenlyover.3、Whydidtheauthorfeel“nopain”inparagraph4?A．Shedidn’thurtbadlyenoughtosensethepain.B．Shewasseverelyinjuredandfailedtosensethepain.C．Herattentionwasfullyfocusedonherhusband.D．Shehadletherhusbandgoawayfromherhand.4、Whichofthefollowingphrasesbestdescribesthecouple’sexperienceinthistornado?A．AthrillingadventureB．AnarrowescapeC．AriskyattemptD．Aseriousaccident25．（10分）Theadvancementofhumancivilizationispossiblejustbecauseofenormouscontributionmadebyscientists.Theyareoneofthemostinfluentialpeopleoftoday’sworld.Withpracticaladvantagesinengineering,medicine,andtechnology,theyhavehelpedustogrowbetterunderstandingabouttheworldanddifferentworkingphenomenonthatgovernsus.Theirnamesarerememberedinthesandsoftimefortheirworkinthewelfareofmankindwithdifferentinventionsthathasmadeourmodernliveseasy.Hereisalistofthefourgreatscientistswe’veeverseenwhochangedtheworld.LouisPasteur(1822-1895)Pasteurcontributedgreatlytowardstheadvancementofmedicalsciencesdevelopingcuresforrabies,anthraxandotherinfectiousdiseases.Healsoinventedtheprocessofpasteurization（加熱殺菌法）tomakemilksafertodrink.Heprobablysavedmorelivesthananyotherperson.OttoHahn(1879-1968)HahnwasaGermanchemistwhodiscoverednuclearfission（裂變）in1939.Hewasapioneeringscientistinthefieldofradio-chemistry,anddiscoveredradioactiveelementsin1921.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforChemistryin1944.NikolaTesla(1856-1943)Teslaworkedonelectro-magnetismandACcurrent.Heobtainedaround300patentsworldwideforhisinventionsfromelectricitytoradiotransmission,butmanyinventionsdevelopedbyTeslawerenotputintopatentprotection.Heplayedakeyroleinthedevelopmentofmodernelectricity.JamesClerkMaxwell(1831-1879)Maxwellmadegreatprogressinunderstandingelectro-magnetism.Hisresearchinelectricityandkineticslaidthefoundationforquantum（量子）physics.EinsteinsaidofMaxwell,“TheworkofJamesClerkMaxwellchangedtheworldforever.”1、WhatcontributiondidLouisPasteurmaketosociety?A．Thedevelopmentofmedicine.B．Radio-chemistry.C．Modernelectricity.D．Quantumphysics.2、WhowasthoughthighlyofbyEinstein?A．LouisPasteur.B．OttoHahn.C．NikolaTesla.D．JamesClerkMaxwell.3、Whatcanweinferaboutthefourpeople?A．Theyaremedicalpioneers.B．TheyareNobelPrizewinners.C．Theyaregreatcontributorstosociety.D．Theyarefoundersofmodernphysics.第三部分語(yǔ)言知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分30分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)．26．（30分）Ioftenthoughtthatpolitenesswasoutoffashion.VeryrarelyhaveImetso1apersoninsuchabusyandnoisy2.Lately,Iwouldhavetochangemy3.Notlongago,whenIwenttoacoffeeplacewithtwoofmygrown-up4,I5suchahumanbeingfacetoface.Theplacewasfullof6asusualandwehadtoclimbsteep(陡峭)stairsinordertofindanemptytable.7enjoyingcoffeeandsnacks,wewentdownthe8stairs,wheretherewashardlyanyspaceforanotherpersontoeitherclimbuporcomedown.JustasIwasinthe9ofthestairs,agentleman10themainentranceofthecaféwhichwasrightinfrontofthestaircase.IwassureIwouldbe11roughlybythismangoingup.IkeptcomingdownasfastasIcould.Mydaughterswerealreadydown.Theylookedupatme12,hopingIwouldreachthembeforethestrangerstartedwalkingupthestairs.Nearlyreachingthem,Inoticedthemanstillstandingnearthedoor.I13mydaughtersandpassedthestrangerattheentrancedoorwhichhekeptholdingopen.Ilookedbackthinkinghewasstillatthedoor,14whethertogoinorfindanotherless15place.Isawhimgoingupthestairs,twostepsatatime.Itoldmydaughtersaboutitandallthreeofusfelt16thatwedidnoteven17thepolitegentlemanwhowasactuallyholdingthedooropenforus18topassthroughbeforegoingup.Suchwell-manneredpeopleare19tofindthesedays,whenpushingisvery20inouradvancedbutaggressivesociety.Weapplaudedforhisgentlemanspirit.1、A．impoliteB．politeC．helpfulD．selfless2、A．societyB．streetC．marketD．restaurant3、A．positionB．impressionC．feelingD．opinion4、A．neighborsB．friendsC．daughtersD．nieces5、A．cameacrossB．wentthroughC．gotacrossD．passedby6、A．customersB．guestsC．strangersD．children7、A．WhenB．AsC．BeforeD．After8、A．smoothB．narrowC．wideD．solid9、A．beginningB．middleC．endD．front10、A．leftB．passedC．enteredD．a(chǎn)rrived11、A．interruptedB．stoppedC．pushedD．pulled12、A．excitedlyB．worriedlyC．delightedlyD．disappointedly13、A．a(chǎn)pproachedB．desertedC．walkedD．signaled14、A．doubtingB．whisperingC．expectingD．deciding15、A．a(chǎn)wkwardB．quietC．crowdedD．interesting16、A．gladB．a(chǎn)ngryC．nervousD．bad17、A．greetB．a(chǎn)ppreciateC．praiseD．thank18、A．ladiesB．strangersC．friendsD．daughters19、A．easyB．hardC．likelyD．impossible20、A．normalB．usualC．commonD．ordinary第二節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。27．（15分）TheChineseGovernment1．(create)theChineseFarmers’HarvestFestivalin2018,2．(make)itthefirsttimethatanationalfestivalhasbeenspeciallysetupforfarmers.Thefestivalwillbecelebrated3．(annual)ontheautumnalequinox(秋分).Theactionshowsthegovernment’sconcernaboutagricultureanditspeopletodrawthewholesociety’sattentiontoChinesefarmers,4．workhardtostrengthenthecountry’sdevelopment.Thefestivalfallingontheautumnalequinoxalsoshowsrespect5．traditional24solartermswhich6．(follow)byChinesepeoplesinceabout2,200yearsago.Meanwhile,itmirrorsChinesepeople’sknowledgeofseasonalchangesinnatureandtheirwillingnesstoadapttonaturalrules.Althoughclimatesandcropsdifferin7．(difference)partsofChina,mostcropsmatureinautumn,andthusit’sthebesttimetocelebratetheharvest.Thefestival8．(accompany)bycertainrituals(儀式)isespeciallyimportanttoChina,anagriculturalcountrywith9．(thousand)ofyearsofhistory.Awholeyear’shardworkbringsbigharvests,fillingfannerswithjoy.Notonlywillthisfestivalcelebrateharvests10．itwillbeareminderthatmoreattentionneedstobepaidtoagricultureandfarmers,aswellastraditionalculture.第四部分寫(xiě)作（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)短文改錯(cuò)（滿分10分）28．（10分）假定英語(yǔ)課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫(xiě)的以下作文。文中共有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)（∧），并在其下面寫(xiě)出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（＼）劃掉。修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫(xiě)出修改后的詞。注意：1、每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均限一詞;2、只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計(jì)分。Iusedtogotocountrysidetodrawanimalsandplants、OnedayIwaswalkingacrossafieldlookingforrabbitstodrawthem、Lostinthought,Ihadn’tnoticeabullrunningtowardsme、About100metreaheadwasatreeunderthatIwouldsitanddraw、Sudden,Iheardanoisebehindme、Iturnedandsawthebull、Knowingabullcanrunfastthanaman,Iquicklyreachedthetreebutclimbedup、FromthereIsawthebullkickingmyfoodbagbyitsfeet、Itkeptdonethisfor15minutesandfinallymovedaway、第二節(jié)書(shū)面表達(dá)（滿分25分）29．（25分）最近，我校就同學(xué)們的習(xí)慣養(yǎng)成問(wèn)題展開(kāi)了討論。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下表所提示的信息，用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)一篇題為Agoodhabit,asuccessfullife的短文，發(fā)表在學(xué)校的網(wǎng)站上。注意：1.對(duì)所有要點(diǎn)逐一陳述，適當(dāng)發(fā)揮，不要簡(jiǎn)單翻譯；2.詞數(shù)120左右。開(kāi)頭已寫(xiě)好，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)；3.作文中不得提及有關(guān)考生個(gè)人身份的任何信息，如校名，人名等；4.參考詞匯：自習(xí)independentstudy。Agoodhabit,asuccessfullifeAhabitissomethingthatyoudooftenorregularlyalmostwithoutthinking,especiallysomethingthatishardtostopdoing._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________