英國大學市場營銷講義(一)2

Lecture2:BuyerBehaviourinConsumerandOrganisationalMarkets

LectureObjectivesBuyerBehaviourConsumerDecisionMakingProcessCharacteristicsofOrganisationalBuying2UnderstandingcustomersHowdotheybuy?Whataretheirchoicecriteria?CustomersWhoisimportant?Wheredotheybuy?Whendotheybuy?TheConsumerDecision-MakingProcessNeedrecognition/problemawareness9InformationsearchEvaluationOfalternativesPurchasePost-purchaseevaluationofalternativesChoiceCriteriaUsedWhenEvaluatingAlternatives5Technical-ReliabilityDurabilityPerformanceStyle/looksComfortDeliveryConvenienceTasteEconomic-PriceValueformoneyRunningcostsResidualvalueLifestylecostsSocial-StatusSocialbelongingConventionFashionPersonal-Self-imageMoralsEmotions8DeterminantsoftheextentofproblemsolvingSelf-imagePerceivedriskSocialfactorsHedonismDifferentiationandnumberofalternativesLevelofinvolvementTimepressureExtentofproblemsolvingTheconsumerdecision-makingprocessandlevelofpurchaseinvolvement10StageLowInvolvementHighInvolvementNeedrecognitionproblemawarenessMinorMajorpersonalityimportantInformationsearchLimitedsearchExtensivesearchEvaluationofalternativesandthepurchaseFewalternativesevaluatedonfewchoicecriteriaManyalternativesevaluatedonmanychoicecriteriaPost-purchaseevaluationofthedecisionLimitedevaluationmediasearchExtensiveevaluationincludingmediasearchSonyTheimportanceofemotionandtherelationshipbetweenfeelingsandrationalisationsishighlightedinthisSonyad.4

Orange

Marketersusecolourtoconveymeaninginthisadvertisement1112FordKaMarketersusecolourtoconveymeaninginthisadvertise-mentConsumerorOrganisationalProducts

WhywastheproductPurchased?

ForpersonalorhouseholduseForuseintheoperationofabusinessororganisation.TomanufactureotherproductsForresaletoothersORGANISATIONAL

PRODUCTCONSUMERPRODUCT2SomeExamplesofOrganisationalBuyingPapercupsbyMcDonald'sComputerchipsbyToshibaConcretebyLocalAuthoritiesOilbyElectricityGeneratorsFertiliserbyFarmersAccountancyservicesbyLtd..CompaniesTV’sbyCometorDixons34CharacteristicsofOrganisationalBuyingDeriveddemandNegotiationsRisksReciprocalbuyingNatureandsizeofcustomersComplexityofbuyingEconomicandtechnicalchoicecriteriaBuyingtospecificrequirementsOrganisationalPurchasesTheBuyingCentreBuyerDecider(DecisionMaker)UserGatekeeperInfluencer5Usersactuallyusetheproduct.Theymaybetheonewhoinitiatesthepurchaseprocessandmaydeveloptheproductspecification.Influencers

supplyinformationandadvice.Outsiderssuchasconsultantssometimesperformtherole.Gatekeeperscontroltheflowofinformationtothebuyingcentre.PurchasingdepartmentStafffrequentlyfilltherolebutitcouldbeanymemberoftheorganisation.Buyerschoosesuppliersandnegotiatepurchasetermsoftenreducingtheactualpurchasetoaclericaltask.Deciders(DecisionMakers)

havetheauthoritytoapprovethepurchase.6Buyphases:theorganizationaldecision-makingprocessRecognitionofaproblem(need)DeterminationofspecificationandquantityofneededitemSearchforandqualificationofpotentialsourcesAcquisitionandanalysisofproposalsEvaluationofproposalsandselectionofsupplier(s)SelectionofanorderroutinePerformancefeedbackandevaluation8VodaphoneVodaphonerecognisetheimportanceofeconomicchoicecriteriainorganisationalbuying9Influencesonorganizationalpurchasingbehaviourstraight

re-buymodifiedre-buynewtaskBuyclassOrganizationalbuyerproductconstituentsproductfacilitiesMROsProducttypeImportanceofpurchaseNewTaskBuyingTheorganisationmakesaninitialpurchaseofanitemtobeusedtoperformanewjobortosolveanewproblem.Oftenthisinvolvesdevelopmentofspecificationsforproductsandsuppliersaswellasproceduresforfuturepurchases.Highinformationrequirementfrommanysuppliers.Example:newITfacility11ModifiedRebuyWhenanewtaskpurchaseischangedonrepeatpurchases.Thebuyermayrequirefasterdeliverylowerpricesormodifiedspecifications.Regularsuppliersbecomemorecompetitiveandnewsuppliersmaybeincludedintheselection.Moderateamountsofinformationarerequired.Example:upgradingofficesoftware12StraightRebuyThebuyerpurchasesthesameproductsagainroutinelyunderapproximatelythesametermsofsale.Suppliersarefamiliar,haveprovidedsatisfactoryserviceinthepastandmayevenhavesetupautomaticre-orderingsystems.Littleinformationisrequired.Example:re-orderingphotocopyingpaper13BuyingSituationImplicationsTimetakenfordecisionNoofpeopleinvolvedinbuyingcentreStraightRebuyNewTaskModifiedRebuy1014ReversemarketingSupplierBuyerSuppliersellsbytakinginitiativeBuyertakesinitiativetopersuadesuppliertoprovideTraditionalmarketingReversemarketing15SiemensSiemensbuildsrelationshipswithcompaniesaroundtheworld9、春去春又回，新桃換舊符。在那桃花盛開的地方，在這醉人芬芳的季節(jié)，愿你生活像春天一樣陽光，心情像桃花一樣美麗，日子像桃子一樣甜蜜。12月-2412月-24Tuesday,December17,202410、人的志向通常和他們的能力成正比例。23:17:4123:17:4123:1712/17/202411:17:41PM11、夫學須志也，才須學也，非學無以廣才，非志無以成學。12月-2423:17:4123:17Dec-2417-Dec-2412、越是無能的人，越喜歡挑剔別人的錯兒。23:17:4123:17:4123:17Tuesday,December17,20241