高中英語閱讀(附答案)及高中英語語法最重要知識匯總

第21頁共41頁高三英語閱讀專練ANewtechnologylinkstheworldasneverbefore.Ourplanethasshrunk.It’snowa“globalvillage”wherecountriesareonlysecondsawaybyfaxorphoneorsatellitelink.And,ofcourse,ourabilitytobenefitfromthishigh-techcommunicationsequipmentisgreatlyincreasedbyforeignlanguageskills.Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyisakindofmodernbusinesspeoplewhohaveagrowingrespectfortheeconomicvalueofdoingbusinessabroad.Inmodernmarkets,successoverseasoftenhelpssupportdomesticbusinessefforts.Overseasassignmentsarebecomingincreasinglyimportanttoadvancementwithinexecutiveranks.Theexecutivestationedinanothercountrynolongerneedfearbeing“outofsightandoutofmind.”Heorshecanbesurethattheoverseaseffortiscentraltothecompany’splanforsuccess,andthatpromotionsoftenfolloworaccompanyanassignmentabroad.Ifanemployeecansucceedinadifficultassignmentoverseas,superiorswillhavegreaterconfidenceinhisorherabilitytomanagebackintheUnitedStateswherecross-culturalconsiderationsandforeignlanguageissuesarebecomingmoreandmorecommon.Thankstoavarietyofrelativelyinexpensivecommunicationsdeviceswithbusinessapplications,evensmallbusinessesintheUnitedStatesareabletogetintointernationalmarkets.Englishisstilltheinternationallanguageofbusiness.Butthereisanever-growingneedforpeoplewhocanspeakanotherlanguage.Asecondlanguageisn’tgenerallyrequiredtogetajobinbusiness,buthavinglanguageskillsgivesacandidatetheedgewhenotherqualificationsappeartobeequal.Theemployeepostedabroadwhospeaksthecountry’slanguagehasanopportunitytofast-forwardcertainnegotiations,andcanhavetheculturalinsighttoknowwhenitisbettertomovemoreslowly.Theemployeeatthehomeofficewhocancommunicatewellwithforeigncustomersoverthetelephoneorbyfaxmachineisanobviousassettothefirm.56. Withtheincreaseduseofhigh-techcommunicationsequipment,businesspeople________.A.areeagertoworkoverseasB.havetogetfamiliarwithmoderntechnologyC.aregainingmoreeconomicbenefitsfromdomesticoperationsD.areattachingmoreimportancetotheiroverseasbusiness57.Inthispassage,“outofsightandoutofmind”(Line3,Para.3)probablymeans________.A.leavingallcareandworrybehindB.beingunabletothinkproperlyforlackofinsightC.beingtotallyoutoftouchwithbusinessathomeD.missingopportunitiesforpromotionwhenabroad58. Accordingtothepassage,whatisanimportantconsiderationofinternationalcorporationsinemployingpeopletoday?A.Abilitytospeakthecustomer’slanguage.

B.Connectionswithbusinessesoverseas.

C.Technicalknow-how.

D.Businessexperience.59.Theadvantageofemployeeshavingforeignlanguageskillsisthattheycan________.A.fast-forwardtheirproposalstoheadquarters

B.bettercontrolthewholenegotiationprocess

C.easilymakefriendswithbusinesspeopleabroad

D.easilyfindnewapproachestomeetmarketneedsBWhenanantdies,otherantstakeitoutofthenest,oftenwithinanhourafteritsdeath.Thisbehaviorinterestsscientistsandtheywonderhowantsknowforsure—andsosoon—thatanotherantisdead.Onescientistrecentlycameupwithawaytoexplainthisantbehavior.Dong-HwanChoeisabiologist,ascientistwhostudiesanimalsandplants.Hefoundthatantshaveachemicalontheoutsideoftheirbodiesthatsignalstootherants,“I'mdead—takemeaway”whenitisdead.Butthere'saquestiontoanswer:Asweknow,ifanantisdead,itstopsmoving.Butwhenanantissleepingorknockedunconscious,itisalsonotmoving.However,otherantsdon'tmovethelivingantoutofthenest.Howdotheyknowthisantisnotdead?Choefoundthatantshaveanotherchemicalontheirbodies,whichtellsnearbyantssomethinglike,“Wait—I'mnotdeadyet”whenitisnotdead.Choesuspectsthatwhenanantdies,thechemicalthatsays,“Wait—I'mnotdeadyet”quicklygoesaway.Whenotherantsdetectthe“dead”chemicalwithoutthe“notdeadyet”chemical,theymoveawaythebody.Totesthistheory,Choeandhisteamputdifferentchemicalsonants.Whenthescientistsusedthe“I'mdead”chemical,otherantsquicklymovedthetreatedantaway.Whenthescientistsusedthe“Wait—I'mnotdeadyet”chemical,otherantsleftthetreatedantalone.Choebelievesthisbehaviorshowsthatthe“notdeadyet”chemicaloverridesthe“dead”chemicalwhenpickedupbyotherants.Andthatwhenanantdies,the“notdeadyet”chemicalfadesaway.Othernearbyantsthendetecttheremaining“dead”chemicalandremovethebodyfromthenest.Understandingthisbehaviorcanhelpscientistsfigureouthowtostopantsfrominvadingnewplacesandcausingproblems.60.Whatisthefunctionofthefirstparagraph?A.Leadingthefollowingparagraphs.B.Showingthemainideaofthepassage.C.Introducingthebackgroundofthepassage. D.Givingasummaryofthepassage.61.Whichofthefollowinghastheclosestmeaningtotheunderlinedword“overrides”inthefourthparagraph?A.isweakerthan B.isstrongerthanC.isbetterthanD.isworsethan62.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Livingantscanalsobetakenawaywhentheyarenotmoving.B.Whenanantdies,itcantellothersusingacertainchemical.C.Alivingantcanpretendtobedeadusingaspecialchemical.D.Antsoftenusechemicalstocommunicatewitheachother.63.WhichofthefollowingdescriptionsaboutDong-HwanChoeisright?A.Choedidthisstudyinordertostopantsfrominvadingnewplaces.B.Choeisabiologistwhoisonlyinterestedinanimals,especiallyinants.C.Choefirstcameupwithanideatoexplainthisantbehavior，andthendidsometeststoprovehistheory.D.Choedidtheresearchonthisantbehavioronhisown。CEachtimeIseeaballoon,mymindfliesbacktoamemoryofwhenIwasasix-year-oldgirl.ItwasarainySundayandmyfatherhadrecentlydied.IaskedmymomifDadhadgonetoheaven."Yes,honey.Ofcourse."shesaid."Canwewritehimaletter?"Shepaused,thelongestpauseofmyshortlife,andanswered,"Yes."Myheartjumped."How?Doesthemailmangothere?"Iasked."No,butIhaveanidea."Momdrovetoapartystoreandreturnedwitharedballoon.Iaskedherwhatitwasfor."Justwait,honey.You'llsee."Momtoldmetowritemyletter.Eagerly,Igotmyfavoritepen,andpouredoutmysix-year-oldheartintheformofblueink.Iwroteaboutmyday,whatIlearnedatschool,howMomwasdoing,andevenaboutwhathappenedinastoryIhadread.ForafewminutesitwasasifDadwerestillalive.IgavethelettertoMom.Shereaditover,andasmilecrossedherface.Shemadeaholeinthecorneroftheletterwheresheloopedtheballoonstring.Wewentoutsideandshegavemetheballoon.Itwasstillraining."Okay,onthecountofthree,letgo.One,two,three."Theballoon,carryingmyletter,dartedupwardagainsttherain.Wewatcheduntilitwasswallowedbythemassofclouds.LaterIrealized,liketheballoon,thatDadhadneverlethissicknessgethimdown.Hewasstrong.Nomatterwhathesuffered,he'dpersevere,dartup,andfinallytranscendthiscoldworldandhissickbody.Heroseintoskyandbecamesomethingbeautiful.IwatcheduntiltheballoondisappearedintothegrayandwhiteandIprayedthathisstrengthwashereditary.Iprayedtobeaballoon.64．Whenthegirlaskedhermotheriftheycouldwritetoherfather,hermother_________. A．feltithardtoanswer B．thoughtheracreativegirl C．believediteasytodoso D．founditeasytolie65．Whenthegirlwastoldthatshecouldsendalettertoherfather,she_________. A．jumpedwithjoy B．becameexcited C．startedwritingimmediatelyD.wasworriedthatitcouldn'tbedelivered66．Intheeyesoftheauthor,whatwastherainlike? A．Anincurabledisease. B．Anunforgettablememory. C．Thehardtimeherfatherhad.D．Thefailuresherfatherexperienced.67．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．Anunforgettableexperience B．Thestrongredballoon C．FlytoparadiseD．AgreatfatherDWeallknowhowimportanthumanlifeis—it’spriceless.Itdoesn’tmatterwhereyouarefromorwhatthecolorofyourskinsis—allpeoplearehumanbeings.Firstly,wecantellyouthatthelivesofyourrelativescoulddependonyourabilitytogivefirstaid.Ifyouthinkhighlyofhuman’slife,thiswebsiteisforyou!Hereyoucanfindinformationaboutfirstaid.Theveryfirstthingthatyoushoulddowhenyouseeanaccidentistoevaluatethesituationandpreventfurtherdangerousincidents.Firstofall,youhavetorecognizewhathashappenedandwhatthedangerstorescuersandvictimsare.Thinkabouthowtotakecareofthevictims.Helpingusuallytakesplaceinverydifficultconditionsandinjuriescanbeverybad.Therefore,youcannotbetooafraidofmakingmistakestohelp.Sometimesyouhavetofacethefactthatregardlessofyouractionsandyoureffortsthevictim’sconditionmightnotimprove—heorshecouldevendie.Insomecasesevenprofessionalmedicalaidmaynotsucceed.Ifyouhavedoneeverythingyouthinkyoushoulddo,youshouldn’tfeelguilty.Donotexposeyourselftodanger.Givingfirstaidcanbedangerous.Whiletryingtohelpavictim,donotforgetaboutyourownsafety.Ifsomethinghappenstoyou,youwon’tbeabletohelpanyone.Callforhelpafteryoufindouttheconditionofavictim.Butrememberifavictimfaintsduetobreathingfailurecausedbydrowning,chokingorpoisoning,youshouldfirsttakeactionsthathelptobringbacktheheartbeatandbreathing.Whilecalling,talkshortlybutclearly.Alwaysprovidethefollowinginformation:thelocationoftheaccident,thekindofaccident,thenumberoftheinjuredandyourfullnameandphonenumberandsoon.68.Theunderlinedword“evaluate”inParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto________.A.leaveB.protectC.avoidD.judge69.What’sthemainideaofParagraph3?A.Youshouldlearnsomeprofessionalknowledgeaboutfirstaid.B.Youshouldn’tfeelguiltyifyoudon’tknowaboutfirstaid.C.Tryyourbesttogivefirstaidanddon’tbeafraidofmakingmistakesD.Don’tmakemistakeswhenyouaregivingfirstaid.70.Theauthorthinksthathelpingavictimcanbe____________.A.riskyB.shockingC.excitingD.boring71.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat__________.A.everyonemustlearnhowtogivefirstaidB.youshouldforgetaboutyourownsafetywhilegivingfirstaid.C.whenyouseeanaccidentyoushoulddonothingbutcallthepolice.D.whencallingforhelpyoushouldgiveallrelevantdetails.EMinimalism(簡約主義)isatermthatdescribesmovementsinvariousformsofartanddesign,especiallyvisualartandmusic,wheretheworkisreducedtoitsmostbasicfeatures.Asforme,minimalismfunctionswellnotinartordesign,butinmydailylife.WhenIwaspackingforuniversity,IfounditextremelydifficulttoletgoofsomeofthethingsIowned.IknewIcouldn’ttakeeverythingwithme,butIkeptaskingmyself“howcouldIpossiblythrowthisaway?”,“whatifIneeditoneday?”,and“whataboutallofthememories?”NowthatI’vemoved,andleftthatstuffbehind,Idon’tevenmissit.WhetherornotIgotridofit,itbarelymakesabitofdifferencetomenow.I’velearnedthatovertimepeopleforget,ortheirneedforaparticularobjecteventuallydisappears.Eithertheystoreitawayortheygetridofit.Youmightthinknostalgically（懷舊的）aboutthetoysyoucaredaboutwhenyouwereachild,butwhatismakingyousmilenowisnotthethingitselfbutthememoryofit.I’vehearditahundredtimes,“youdon’tneedthingstomakeyouhappy.”Ittakessomethinglife-changinglikemovingacrossthecountrytorealizehowtruethisis.Speakingofwhich,foralotofpeople,minimalismisaboutabletomove.It’saboutbeingabletogoalmostanywhereatanytimebecauseyoudon’thavemanypossessionstocarry.Whenyoukeepthingsyoudon’tneedtheybecomeaburdenthattiesyoutoaplace.Movingtouniversitywasagoodtimetoletgoofalotofstuff.AndwhenIvisitfortheholidays,I’llprobablygetridofevenmore,tolightentheburden.Ofcoursethereareexceptions.Therearesomethingsthatareirreplaceable,veryrareorexpensiveorwesimplyloveandcherishforsomereasonoranother,sincewearehumans.Butafterwekeepthose,howmuchisleftthatwedon’treallyneed?Hence,minimalism.Andwhydoesminimalismbringhappiness?Thatwasabitofaroundaboutwayofsayingthat,it’sbecausewhatreallymakesmehappyisfreedom.Andthekeytofreedomisminimalismbecauseminimalismreducesourattachmenttothings.Attachmenttotoomanyobjectscreatesagreatmessandcanseverelyholdbackourfreedomtodowhateverwewant,whileminimalismhelpsusstartnewprojects,move,travel,learnnewthings,work,expand,bedebt-free,behealthy–reallylivinglifetoourfullpotential.Ileftthenesttoflyonwardsandupwards,Ican’tdoitwitholdthingsweighingmedown.AndthatiswhyIhaveadoptedminimalismwithopenarms.72.Inparagraphl,thewritergivesthedefinitionofminimalismto.A.introduceatopic B.presenthisownbackgroundC.describeascene D.offeranargument73.Manypeopledon’twanttoletgoofsomeoftheirbelongingsbecause.A.theyhaven’thadanylife-changingexperiencesB.theyfeartheirmemorieswillbegonewiththethrown-awaystuffC.theyhopetolivelifetotheirfullpotentialbystoringthingsawayD.theymayhavetochangetheirlifestylebecauseofthelossofthem74.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonwhythewriterfavors“minimalism”inlife?A.Ittakestheburdenoffherwhilesheismoving.B.Itreducesherattachmenttoherpersonalthings.C.Itenableshertogainthefreedomthatshedesires.D.Ithelpshertorealizehowtruelifeis.75.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A.Minimalismbringshappiness.B.Minimalismisappliedinmanyfields.C.Minimalismmakespeoplethinknostalgically.D.Minimalismisaboutabletomove.答案：56-59DDAB60-63ABBC64-67ABCB68-71DCAD72-75ABDA按：本套資料省去了名詞、代詞、形容詞等部分，保留了最最核心的句型和動詞。希望能有所幫助。第一章名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組,它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。一．主語從句主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1.It作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較It作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時也可用who/whom。例如：a)Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.你不去看那場電影真可惜。b)Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.我對你成功與否不感興趣。c)Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）d)ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.是John打碎的窗戶。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）2.用it作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)(1)Itis＋名詞＋從句Itisafactthat…;Itisanhonorthat…;Itiscommonknowledgethat…(2)Itis＋形容詞＋從句Itisnaturalthat…Itisstrangethat…(3)Itis＋不及物動詞＋從句Itseemsthat…Ithappenedthat…Itappearsthat…(4)It＋過去分詞＋從句Itisreportedthat…Ithasbeenprovedthat…Itissaidthat…3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：（1）if引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。（2）Itissaid/reported…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek.錯誤表達(dá)：ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.（3）Ithappens/occurs…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.錯誤表達(dá)：Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.（4）Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.錯誤表達(dá)：Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.（5）含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如：正確表達(dá)：Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?錯誤表達(dá)：Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?4.what與that在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別what引導(dǎo)主語從句時在句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語．賓語．表語，而that則不然。例如：a)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.b)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation二．賓語從句賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞)或介詞之后。1.作動詞的賓語(1)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that通?？梢允÷?,例如：Iheardthathejoinedthearmy.我聽說他參軍了。(2)由what,whether(if)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，例如：a)Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么。b)Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。(3)動詞＋間接賓語＋賓語從句。例如：Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.她對我說她會接受我的邀請。2.作介詞的賓語，例如：Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。3.作形容詞的賓語，例如：Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個錯誤。注意：that引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以將此類詞后的that從句的看作原因狀語從句。4.it可以作為形式賓語it不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。例如：Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我聽說她下個朋就會結(jié)婚了。5.*后邊不能直接跟that從句的動詞這類動詞有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如：正確表達(dá)：Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.錯誤表達(dá)：Iadmirethattheywonthematch.6.*不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞有些動詞不可用于“動詞＋間接賓語＋that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如：正確表達(dá)：Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.錯誤表達(dá)：Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.7.否定的轉(zhuǎn)移若主句謂語動詞為think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如：Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。三.表語從句表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句”?？梢越颖碚Z從句的連系動詞有be,look,remain,seem等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that?？墒÷浴Ａ硗?，常用的還有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1)△Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.3)But△thefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4)△Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四.同位語從句同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。1.同位語從句的功能同位語從句對于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如：1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位語在句子中的位置同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如：HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別(1)定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。(2)定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。例如：1)ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語）2)ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分）第二章定語從句定語從句在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子。被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。關(guān)系代詞有：who,whom,whose,that,which,as。關(guān)系副詞有：when,where,why,how。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接作用，同時又可做定語從句的一個成分。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語時可以省略。定語從句中的謂語動詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致。定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。1、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1)who,whom,that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?（who/that在從句中作主語）Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.（whom/that在從句中作賓語）2)whose用來指人或物，（只用作定語，若指物，它還可以同ofwhich互換），例如：Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.3)which,that它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如：Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.（which/that在句中作賓語）Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.(which/that在句中作賓語)△關(guān)系代詞that和which都可以指物，that和Who都可以指人，其用法區(qū)別：△1)不用that的情況：a)在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(錯)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b)介詞后不能用Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.c)多用who的情況①關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語Afriendwhohelpsyouintimeofneedisarealfriend.②先行詞為those,people時Thosewhowereeitherfoolsorunfitfortheirofficescouldnotseethecloth.③先行詞為all,anyone,ones,one指人時Onewhodoesn'tworkhardwillneversucceedinhiswork.④在Therebe句型中Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou.⑤在被分隔的定語從句中AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.⑥在有兩個定語從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個以上的并列定語從句時，后一個必須重復(fù)前一個關(guān)系代詞。Thestudentwhowaspraisedatthemeetingisthemonitorthatisverymodestandstudiesveryhard.Thereisateacherwhoisalwaysreadytohelpothersandwhoenjoyswhathedoes.△2)只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況a)在不定代詞，如：anything,nothing,everything,all,much,few,any,little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.b)先行詞有theonly,thevery,thejust修飾時，只用that。Heistheverymanthathelpedthegirloutofthewater.c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞(thelast)、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。ThefirstEnglishbookthatIreadwas"ThePrinceandthePauper"byMarkTwin.d)先行詞既有人，又有物時。Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathevisited.e)當(dāng)主句是以who或which開始的特殊疑問句時，用that以避免重復(fù)。Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate.f)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.2、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點(diǎn)、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。關(guān)系副詞when,where,why,how的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?I'msurprisedthewayhow(bywhich)heworksouttheproblem.注意：①在非限制性定語從句中，"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞。如：Theysetupastatefortheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.②含有介詞短語的動詞一般不能拆開，介詞仍放在動詞后面。Isthisthebookwhich(that)shewaslookingfor?3、名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞/形容詞最高級+介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句Shehaswrittenabook,thenameofwhichIhaveforgotten.Therearefifty-fivestudentsinourclass,allofwhomareworkinghard.Therearefivecontinentsintheworld,thelargestofwhichisAsia.4、as,which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的差別由as,which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當(dāng)于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首，which在句中。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”的意思。Asisknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.用法區(qū)別：(1)as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。Asweallknow,heneversmokes.(2)as代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。(3)非限定性定語從句中出現(xiàn)expect,think,suppose等表示猜測、想象、預(yù)料等時。Shesucceededinherdoingtheresearchwork,asweexpected.(4)As的用法thesame…as;such…as中的as是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu),和……一樣……。Ishouldliketousethesametoolasisusedhere.Weshouldhavesuchadictionaryasheisusing.第三章狀語從句狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子。通常由副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞和從句等擔(dān)當(dāng)。例如：

1.

Naturally,ourgrandparentswerepleasedtogetourphonecall.(副詞)

2.

Weworkedhard,fromsunrisetosunset.(介詞狀短語)

3.

Tohelpmydisabledaunt,Ispendanhourworkinginherhouseeveryday.(不定式)

4.

Seenfromadistance,thefarmhouselookeddeserted.(過去分詞)

5.

IknowhowtolightacampfirebecauseIhaddoneitbefore.（原因狀語從句）

狀語的位置比較靈活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作狀語修飾形容詞和副詞時必須后置。狀語從句主要用來修飾主句或主句的謂語。一般可分為九大類，分別表示時間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。盡管種類較多，但由于狀語從句與漢語結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不難。狀語從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)分別列舉如下:

1．

時間狀語從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：when,as,while,assoonas,while,before,after,since,till,until

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,theday，theinstant,immediately,directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when

Ididn’trealizehowspecialmymotherwasuntilIbecameanadult.

WhileJohnwaswatchingTV,hiswifewascooking.

Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchard(果園)themomenttheysawtheguard.

NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.

EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.

2．

地點(diǎn)狀語從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：where

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever,anywhere,everywhere

Generally,airwillbeheavilypollutedwheretherearefactories.

Whereveryougo,youshouldworkhard.

3．

原因狀語從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：because,since,as,since

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeingthat,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat,giventhat,consideringthat,

MyfriendsdislikemebecauseI’mhandsomeandsuccessful.

Nowthateverybodyhascome,let’sbeginourconference.

Thehigherincometaxisharmfulinthatitmaydiscouragepeoplefromtryingtoearnmore.

Consideringthatheisnomorethan12yearsold,hisheightof1.80misquiteremarkable.

4．

目的狀語從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：sothat,inorderthat

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest,incase,forfearthat，inthehopethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat

Thebossaskedthesecretarytohurryupwiththeletterssothathecouldsignthem.

Theteacherraisedhisvoiceonpurposethatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.

5．

結(jié)果狀語從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：so…that,so…that,such…that,

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat,

Hegotupsoearlythathecaughtthefirstbus.

It’ssuchagoodchancethatwemustnotmissit.

Tosuchandegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tsleeplastnight.

6．

條件狀語從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：if,unless,

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,supposethat,incasethat,onconditionthat

We’llstartourprojectifthepresidentagrees.

Youwillcertainlysucceedsolongasyoukeepontrying.

Providedthatthereisnoopposition,weshallholdthemeetinghere.

7．

讓步狀語從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：though,although,evenif,eventhough

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：

as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)，while(

一般用在句首

)，nomatter…，

inspiteofthefactthat,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever

MuchasIrespecthim,Ican’tagreetohisproposal.

盡管我很尊敬他，

我卻不同意他的建議。

Theoldmanalwaysenjoysswimmingeventhoughtheweatherisrough.

Nomatterhowhardhetried,shecouldnotchangehermind.

Hewon’tlistenwhateveryoumaysay.

8．

比較狀語從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：as(同級比較),than(不同程度的比較)

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：themore…themore…;justas…，

so…;AistoBwhat/asXistoY;no…morethan;notAsomuchasB

Sheisasbad-temperedashermother.

Thehouseisthreetimesasbigasours.

Themoreyouexercise,thehealthieryouwillbe.

Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.

食物之于人，猶如油之于機(jī)器。

9．

方式狀語從句

常用引導(dǎo)詞：as,asif,how

特殊引導(dǎo)詞：theway

WheninRome,doastheRomando.

Shebehavedasifsheweretheboss.

Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.☆10.

狀語從句的簡化

狀語從句的省略

狀語從句同時具備下列兩個條件:①主句和從句的主語一致，或從句主語為it；②從句主要動詞是be的某種形式。從句中的主語和be動詞常可省略。例如：

When(themuseumis)completed,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.

He’llgototheseasideforhisholidayif(itis)po