自然保育學課件

自然保育學

Sustainabledevelopment鄭先祐(Ayo)國立臺南大學環(huán)境與生態(tài)學院生態(tài)科學與技術學系教授自然保育學

Sustainabledevelopment1ContentsWhatissustainabledevelopment?Howsuccessfularesustainabledevelopmentprojectsatconservingbiodiversity?Howcanwebestpromotesustainability?2ContentsWhatissustainabledWhatissustainabledevelopment?Inthe1980s,theconceptofsustainabledevelopmentemergedasthemeansbywhichbiodiversityandnaturalecosystemswouldbesavedwhileenablinghumanitytocontinuetoprosper.TheconceptwasfirstpromotedbytheWorldConservationStrategy(IUCN/UNEP/WWF1980),aglobalconservationblueprintthatgrewfromtheUnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironment,heldinStockholmin1972.3WhatissustainabledevelopmenThisreportwasfollowedbyOurCommonFuture,alsocalledtheBrundtlandCommissionReport,followedbyfurtherelaborationsmadeforandafterthenexttwomajorUnitedNationsconferencesinRiodeJanieroin1992andinJohannesburgin2019.TheJohannesburgDeclarationonSustainableDevelopmentandJohannesburgPlanofImplementationhavebeenadoptedbymanygovernmentsandglobalinstitutionsasaguidetoenvironmentallycompatibledevelopment.4ThisreportwasfollowedbyOuWhatissustainabledevelopment?Despitethreedecadesofdiscussionandpractice,disagreementaboutwhatsustainabledevelopmentcananddoesachievecontinues.Sustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedinmanyways.(Table16.1)Mostdefinitionshavebeenlargelyanthropocentric,focusingonhumanaspirationsandwell-being,withthenaturalenvironmentprovidingthemeansbywhichthiswastobeaccomplished.5WhatissustainabledevelopmenTable16.1AlistofcommonconceptsincludedindefinitionsofsustainabledevelopmentWhatistobesustainedNatureHumancommunities(groups,places)WhatistobedevelopedPeople(childsurvival,lifeexpectancy,health,foodsecurity,equity,education)Economy(livingwage,wealth,consumption)Society(stabilizedpopulation,housing,institutionalcapacity,socialcapital,states,regions)6Table16.1AlistofcommoncoAnthropocentricvs.biosphereinitiativeSustainabledevelopmentisalmostexclusivelyananthropocentricconcept,andmoreoveronethatpromotescontinuedandevenexpandedeconomicprosperity.Suchdefinitionsareutilitarian.Thedefinitionsdonotpromotebiologicalsustainabilityforitownsake.TheEcologicalSocietyofAmericaproduceda“SustainableBiosphereInitiative”inwhicharesearchagendawasproposedtohelpmovetheworldtowardsustainability.7Anthropocentricvs.biosphereGrowthvs.developmentGrowthisaquantitativeincreaseinthesizeofasystemDevelopmentisaqualitativechangeinitscomplexityandconfiguration.Aneconomic,social,political,orbiophysicalsystemcandevelopwithoutgrowing,andthuscanbesustainable.8Growthvs.developmentGrowthiHowaresustainabledevelopmentprojectsstructured?Sustainabledevelopmenteffortshavemanyadditionalnames,includingintegratedconservationanddevelopmentprojects(ICDP),community-basedconservation(CBC),communityadaptationandsustainablelivelihoods(CASL)projects,sustainableuse,compatibleuse,andsustainablepractices.Sustainableagricultureandsustainableforestry.9HowaresustainabledevelopmenSustainabledevelopmentprojectstypicallyuseanumberofeconomictoolstopromotesustainability,includingincentivessuchascertification,subsidiesandgrants,orjobcreationinsustainableenterprises,andsometimespenalties,suchfinesorfeesforcontinuingunsustainablepractices.Legislationtoprotectkeyresources,andrestrictorpreventdamagingpracticesisanotherkeytoolinsustainabledevelopment.Sustainabledevelopmentprojectsoftenarepartofalargerstrategyforlandscape-orecosystem-scaleconservation.10SustainabledevelopmentprojecIntegratedconservationanddevelopmentprojects(ICDP)11IntegratedconservationanddeHowsuccessfularesustainabledevelopmentprojectsatconservingbiodiversity?Themoreintensiveusesarelargelyunabletoconservemostcomponentsofbiodiversity(Table16.2)Perhapsconsiderationofdistinctdevelopmentoptionsside-by-sidewithvariouscriteria(Table16.1)maybestenabledecision-makingoverthedirectionstotake.Themostextremechangeisaprojectcalled“Hidorvia”,whichwouldinvolvechannelizingtheParaguayrivertoenhancebargetransportofgoodsfromtheinteriorofBraziltointernationalports,andthecreationofdamsforagriculturaldevelopment.(Table16.3).12HowsuccessfularesustainableSustainabilityvs.numberofpeopleSubsistenceuseLocalmarketsNationalmarketsMulti-nationaltradeEconomicreturnNumberofpeoplesupportedSpatialextentsustainability13Sustainabilityvs.numberofpFig.16.3aschematicofthelogicbehindcommunity-based,enterprise-basedconservationprojectsthatseektoenhancebenefitsfromdevelopingandenterprisewiththeexpectationthatthelocalcommunitywillbemoremotivatedtoconservebiodiversitythatsupportsthatenterprise.14Fig.16.3aschematicofthelHowcanwebestpromotesustainability?EcologicalprinciplesofsustainabilityNatureshouldbeunderstoodtobeanirreplaceablesourceofknowledge,fromwhichwecanlearnpotentialsolutionstosomeofourproblemsWeshouldunderstandthatissuesofenvironmentaldeteriorationandhumanoppression(壓迫)andviolence(暴力)arelinkedinanalysisandaction.Gender(性別)andracial(種族)oppression,andeffortstodominatenaturehaveacommonroot.Humility(謙卑)mustguideouractions;goodstewardshipbeginswithrestraint(克制).15HowcanwebestpromotesustaiWemustappreciatetheimportanceof“properscale”.Placeandlocalityarethefoundationforalldurableeconomies,andmustbethestartingpointofactiontodealwithourproblems.Solutionsarelocalandscale-dependent.Sufficiencymustreplaceeconomicefficiency.Earth’sresourcesarefinite,andthisfactmustbeacceptedinorderforhumanitytoadoptlimits.Livingwithinourneedsonaplanetaryscalesdoesnotmeanalifeofsacrifice,butofgreaterfulfillment.Wemustdistinguishbetween“needs”and“wants”.Communityisessentialforsurvival.The“globalcommunity”shouldreflectandencouragediversitywhilebeinginterdependent.Biologicalandculturaldiversitymustbepreserved,defended,andencouraged.16WemustappreciatetheimportaCasestudy16.1EcotourismandbiodiversityconservationTourismisoneofthelargestindustriesintheworld,involvingover700milliontravelersandgeneratingoneoutofevery12.3jobsintheworldin2019,withcontinuedgrowthexpected.Inthepastthreedecades,agrowingtrendinecotourismandsustainabletourismdevelopmenthasdefinedanopportunityfortourismtocontributetobiodiversityconservationeffortsifitiscarefullyplanned,implemented,andmonitored.17Casestudy16.1EcotourismandTheevolutionofsustainabletourismandecotourismconceptsTourismcausedimpactsSocialimpacts(causedisruptionofsocialstructures)Culturalimpacts(motivatingpeopletocompromisetheirpracticesordignityfortouristdollars)Economicimpacts(negative)(過度外來的經(jīng)濟力量)Environmentalimpacts18TheevolutionofsustainabletEcotourismandsustainabletourismdevelopmentEcotourism,definedbroadlyas“responsibletraveltonaturalareasthatconservestheenvironmentandimprovesthewelfareoflocalpeoples.ContributesactivelytotheconservationofnaturalandculturalheritageIncludeslocalandindigenouscommunitiesinitsplanning,development,andoperation,contributingtotheirwell-beingInterpretsandnaturalandculturalheritageofthedestinationtovisitor(s).Lendsitselfbettertoindependenttravelers,aswellastoorganizedtoursforsmallsizegroups.19EcotourismandsustainabletouTheterms“sustainabletourism”,“nature-basedtourism”and“ecotourism”areusedinterchangeably.Ecotourismhelpensureenvironmentalprotection,culturalintegrity,andcommunitybenefit.Theecotourismindustrypromotesstandardsthroughvoluntarymechanismssuchascertification,whichauditsbusinessesforperformanceinuseofenvironmentally-sustainablepractices.ExamplesofcertificationeffortsincludeglobalprogramssuchasGreenGlobe21,theNationalEcotourismAccreditationPrograminAustralia,CostaRica’sCertificateofSustainableTourism,andSmartVoyagerintheGalapagos.20Theterms“sustainabletourismLinkingecotourismandbiodiversityconservationFinancingforbiodiversityconservationAlternativelivelihoods(生計)forlocalpeopleConstituencyandstewardshipforbiodiversityProvidinganeconomicjustificationforprotectingareasCreatinganimpetus(促進)forprivateconservation21LinkingecotourismandbiodivePlanningecotourismdevelopmentforbiodiversityconservationStakeholderparticipationGovernmentleadershipAssessmentsAttractions(吸引力)inventorySiteandinfrastructureanalysisMarketdemandSupplyandcompetitivenessAvailablecapacitySocioeconomiclinkage