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iherebydeclarethatthissubmissionismyownworkandthat,tothebestofmyknowledgeandbelief,itcontainsnomaterialpreviouslypublishedorwrittenbyanotherpersonormaterialwhichhastoasubstantialextentbeenacceptedfortheawardofanyotherdegreeordiplomaatanyuniversityorotherinstituteofhigherlearning,exceptwheredueacknowledgmenthasbeenmadeinthetext.

?-′′D?éù?÷

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signature(????):________________

date￡¨ê±??￡?:

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tableofcontents

(×?ì?timesnewroman,??o?￡?)

￡¨??ò?DD￡?

introduction.............................................................................................4

sampletitle.............................................................................................4

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sampletitle..................................................................................................................5

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conclusion..............................................................................................5

bibliography...............................................................................................6

appendicesi...............................................................................................7￡¨??×÷??????????2?μ￥?Dμ?￡o2?è?--òyó?--?÷òyoí????--????--è·?¨￡??′?é￡?è?oó??×?ì????aD???o??￡2?òa×??oê?è?￡?

introduction

(±êìa1?ùê?￡?×?ì?timesnewroman,×?o?èyo?￡?±êìaó??y??????2???DD?￡)

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sampletitle

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sampletitle

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3.1.1afor"agony"and"anguish"......................................................................2

3.1.2afor"able","admirable"and"angel"......................................................2

3.2differentmeaningofscarletatodimmesdale....................................................2

3.2.1"a"for"apostle"and"adam"....................................................................3

3.2.2"a"for"arthur"...........................................................................................3

4.theinfluenceofthescarletletter"a"onvariouscharacters....................................3

4.1hesterprynne.......................................................................................................3

4.2arthurdimmesdale..............................................................................................3

5.conclusion.................................................................................................................3references....................................................................................′í?ó￡??′?¨ò?êé???￡

????ò3μ?òa?ó

μ￥?à??ò?ò3￡?2??óò3??￡?????ó?contentsò?′ê±íê?￡??????Dμ?×?ì?ó?D???o?timesnewroman×?ì?￡?2??ó′?￡?1.5±?DD?à?￡

????ò3′óintroduction?aê?￡¨?°???ó°￠à-2?êy×?D?ê?μ?Dòo?1￡?￡???′??a?÷??±êìa￡?conclusion?°??ò2òa?óDòo?￡?×?oóò????abibliography(?°??2??óDòo?)?￡

?Dó￠???aòaoí1??ü′ê?ù2?3????ú?????D?￡

????è?óDá?ò3?ò?ü?à￡??ò????′òó?￡?′òó?ê±?óò3??￡?ò3??D?ê??ai,ii,iii...?￡

implicationalmeaningofthescarletain

thescarletletter

(????ìa??￡oD??to?,timesnewroman￡?ó???oóμ??úèY????2???DD)

name￡oxxxstudentid:xxx

￡¨?§éúD???ó?studentò?′ê???????????????￡′?DD?úèYó??aòa??????ò?DD?￡￡?

abstractthenovelthescarletletteristhemasterpieceofnathanialhawthorne;thewell-knownromanticnovelistofamericainthe19thcentury,inthisbook,theauthorusesascarlet

aasthefocusandcenterofthebook.thisthesis,focusondifferentmeaningsofthescarleta,itsinfluenceonthefourmaincharactersandtheirresults,revealsvariousimplicationsofthescarletlettera.

keywordshawthorne;scarleta;implication

￡¨?aòa2?·?×?êyòa?ó?ú200-250×?????￡??aòa2?·?μ?DD?à?a1ì?¨?μ20°?￡??úèYè?2?ó???o?￡?timesnewroman×?ì??￡???D￡?abstractò?′ê?ó′?￡???oó??ò???￡?keywordsê?á???μ￥′ê￡??ó′?￡???oó??ò???￡?1??ü′ê?D3yרóD??′êía￡?????1??ü′êò??é2?′óD′￡?1??ü′ê????ó?·?o????a￡?×?oóò???1??ü′êoó??óDè?o?±êμ??￡1??ü′ê?aò?DD??oó￡?????μ?introduction2?·???????ò?DD￡?DD?à?a1ì?¨?μ20°??￡￡?

introduction

￡¨introduction×÷?a?????y??μ?μúò?2?·?￡??àμ±óúò???±êìa￡??°??òa?óDòo?￡?Dòo??ùê??a°￠à-2?êy×?1￡?êy×?oó???ó??μ?￡?×?ì??aD???o?timesnewroman￡??ó′?￡?±êìa1.introductionó?oó??μ??úèY??????ò?DD￡?DD?à?a1ì?¨?μ20°??￡introduction2?·??Dμ??úèYó???o?timesnewroman×?ì?￡?′?2?·?μ?ó|°üà¨ò????°·???￡o

1￡???ìaμ???μ?oíòaò?￡?

2￡?1ú?úía??????ìaμ??D??×′??×?ê?￡??????TáD?÷òa?D????μ??÷òa???×?°1?μ?￡?

3￡?±?????μ??D???úèY￡?·?·¨￡????èoíòaò?￡?

4￡?±?????μ??á11￡?àyè?￡othisthesisconsistsoffourparts,thefirstpartintroduces....,thesecondpartstudies...,thethirdpartexplores...,andthelastpartisconclusion.

5￡?×?êy2?éùóú500×??￡

introduction?°??μ?Dòo?×÷?￥??￡?′?2?·?μ??úèY￡?·????′?é￡??TDèó?D?±êìaμ?D?ê??￡introductionμ??úèY??oó￡???ò???±êìa???°￡???ò?DD￡?DD?à?a1ì?¨?μ20°??￡

thisnovelisnotableforitsallegoryandsymbolism.￡¨′?2?·??úèYμ?×?ì??a??o?￡?timesnewroman￡?

3.differentmeaningsofthescarletatovariouscharacters.￡¨í?±êìa2μ?òa?ó￡?

3.1differentmeaningsofthescarletatohesterprynne.￡¨?t??±êìa?aD???o?timesnewroman￡?DD?à?a1ì?¨?μ20°?￡?ó??y???úèY????2???DD?￡?t??±êìaμ?Dòo?×ó????á???????￡?±êìa?Dμ??úèY3yμúò???μ￥′êμ?ê××???′óD′ía￡???óàμ￥′êμ?ê××???ò??é2?′óD′￡?μ?רóD??′ê3yía?￡￡?

hesterprynne,theheroineofthenovel,wearsthescarletletteraforsevenyears.￡¨′?2?·??úèYμ?×?ì??a??o?￡?timesnewroman￡?

3.1.1afor"agony"and"anguish"￡¨èy??±êìaμ?Dòo????°?òóò????????????￡?×?o??a??o?timesnewroman×?ì?￡?DD?à?a1ì?¨?μ20°?￡?ó??y???úèY????2???DD￡?￡?

changruifangwrites"theimplicationofthescarletletterisactuallyagonyandanguish."[1]￡¨′?2?·??úèYμ?×?ì??a??o?￡?timesnewroman￡?

3.1.2afor"able","admirable"and"angel"￡¨í?±êìa3.1.1μ?òa?ó￡?

asthestorydevelops,thescarletletterisa"hymnonthemoralgrowthofthewoman"[2]￡¨′?2?·??úèYμ?×?ì??a??o?￡?timesnewroman￡?

3.2differentmeaningofscarletatodimmesdale￡¨í?±êìa3.1.μ?òa?ó￡?

dimmesdalealwayshasascarletletterinhisheart,whichrepresents"apostle","adam"[1]changruifang.analyticaldiscussionontheimplicationofthescarletletteraanditsdualnature,2001:75.

[2]3￡ò?D?.?à1ú???§?òê·,2003:289.?a??￡oó￠??êμ?鱨??μ???ê?oíD′·¨

ó￠??êμ?鱨??μ???ê?oíD′·¨??×a??

2010-10-0406:03

ò?·Y×?±ê×?μ?êμ?鱨??μ???ê?￡o

abstract

introduction

method

results

discussion

conclusion

reference

·?±eà′·??í???üà′?§μ?μ??￡?￡

abstract

?aòa?aòa￡??íê????a?????a3?à′μ?òa?￡

??áò?¨òé???a????D′íêoó?ùD′?aòa?￡

°?????????2?·???ò?D???×ó3?à′?í?éò??′′?3éò???abstractá??￡

ò???abstractμ??￡°?￡o

ò?á????°?μ?÷?a??êμ?éμ??÷òaàí??òà?Y￡??ò??êμ?éDèòa?¤?÷μ??ù?μ?￡2ò?á????°?μò????a??àí???ò???ù?μμ??à1?μ??D???￡

3á?èy???°?èê?ò???êμ?é

4á?èy???°??à¨ò???êμ?é?á1?

5ò????°?μò????á??￡??aêíò????a??êμ?éμ?òaò??ò?á1?μ???òaD?

×aò???±eè?μ?example:

doesachild'sfocuscorrelatewithbarometricpressure?ifso,doesitcorrelatepositivelyornegatively?tucker(1999)hypothesizedanegativecorrelation,butthisassertionhasneverbeentested.ourteamusedthemishacpttomeasurethefocusofagroupof150third-gradestudents.wedividedthestudentsintothreegroupsof50students.onegrouptookthemishacptwhenbarometricpressurewaslow,anothergrouptookitwhenbarometricpressurewasneutral,andthefinalgrouptookitwhenbarometricpressurewashigh.theresultsfoundthatchildrenfocusedsignificantlybetterwhenbarometricpressurewaslowthanwhen

barometricpressurewasneutralorhigh.theresultssuggestthatwhendiagnosingadhd,practitionersshouldgivethecptwhenbarometricpressureisneutral.

introduction

introductionò?êμ?é??μ??a?aí·￡??aêíò????a??êμ?éDèòa?¤?÷μ????÷?￡??ì?êμ?é??μ?êóè??aêμ?鱨??3¤?è???¨￡?????μ???ò3??óDμ??￡

êμ?é??μ?D′íêoó?ééüêμ?é?ù±?àí???￡?ééüò????°è??ò?????×à?μ??à?ü?à1?μ?êμ?é￡?D′ò???????μ?3é1?ò??°2?μ???μ?μ?·??￡￡¨well,è?1?ê??§D￡°2??μ????ê??òa

×?μ?êμ?é?íD′D′àà???à1?êμ?éμ?ó?áó°é￡?￡??a2?·?×￠òaD′reference?￡

è?oó?ééüò???êμ?é1y3ì?￡è?1?êμ?éó?á?ò?D?·?3￡??μ?ò??÷￡?ò2?éò??ú?a??2?·?×?ò????òòa?ééü?￡

?ù×aò??a?òè??aD′μ?oüo?μ?introductionexample

introduction

inthislab,weexplorethetheoryofoptimalforagingandthetheoryofcentralplaceforagingusingbeaversasthemodelanimal.foragingreferstothemammalianbehaviorassociatedwithsearchingforfood.theoptimalforagingtheoryassumesthatanimalsfeedinawaythatmaximizestheirnetrateofenergyintakeperunittime(pykeetal.1977).ananimalmayeithermaximizeitsdailyenergyintake(energymaximizer)orminimizethetimespentfeeding(timeminimizer)inordertomeetminimum

thecentralplacetheoryisusedtodescribeanimalsthatcollectfoodandstoreitinafixedlocationintheirhomerange,thecentralplace(jenkins1980).thefactorsassociatedwiththeoptimalforagingtheoryalsoapplytothecentralplacetheory.thecentralplacetheorypredictsthatretrievalcostsincreaselinearlywithdistanceoftheresourcefromthecentralplace(rockwoodandhubbell1987).centralplacefeedersareveryselectivewhenchoosingfoodthatisfarfromthecentralplacesincetheyhavetospendtimeandenergyhaulingitbacktothestoragesite(schoener1979).

themainobjectiveofthislabwastodeterminebeaver(castorcanadensis)foodselectionbasedontreespecies,size,anddistance.sincebeaversareenergymaximizers(jenkins1980,belovsky1984)andcentralplacefeeders(mcginleyandwhitam1985),theymakeanexcellenttestanimalfortheoptimalforagingtheory.beaverseatseveralkindsofherbaceousplantsaswellastheleaves,twigs,andbarkofmostspeciesofwoodyplantsthatgrownearwater(jenkinsandbusher1979).byexaminingthetreesthatarechewedornot-chewedinthebeavers'homerange,anaccurateassessmentoffoodpreferencesamongtreespeciesmaybegained(jenkins1975).thepurposeofthislabwastolearnabouttheoptimalforagingtheory.wewantedtoknowifbeaversputtheoptimalforagingtheoryintoactionwhenselectingfood.

wehypothesizedthatthebeaversinthisstudywillchoosetreesthataresmallincircumferenceandclosesttothewater.sincetheenergyyieldoftreespeciesmayvarysignificantly,wealsohypothesizedthatbeaverswillshowapreferenceforsomespeciesoftreesoverothersregardlessofcircumferencesizeordistancefromthecentralarea.theoptimalforagingtheoryandcentralplacetheoryleadustopredictthatbeavers,

likemostherbivores,willmaximizetheirnetrateofenergyintakeperunittime.inordertomaximizeenergy,beaverswillchoosetreesthatareclosesttotheircentralplace(thewater)andrequiretheleastretrievalcost.sincebeaversaretryingtomaximizeenergy,we

hypothesizedthattheywilltendtoselectsomespeciesoftreesoverothersonthebasisofnutritionalvalue.

methods

?a2?·?í¨3￡°üà¨materialoíprocedureá???2?·??￡

material￡o

?ê??μ?D′3?êμ?éó?μ?μ?2?á?￡?éè±?￡??÷2??￡???????a?ùê?2?1??ê??μ?￡ochromatography

lightbulbs

±è??ò???????μ?￡o

lc-10avpplushigh-performanceliquidchromatography

24incandescent60wlightbulbsarrangedina6*4rectangularmatrix(seefigure2)

dellprecisiont7500(xeonx55502.66ghz,6gbram,64bitwindows7professional)

áíía￡?è?1?êμ?é???ó?DóDè?μ??°￡??ééüè?êy￡?èoì?±3?°?￡ó?subjectsà′3?o??￡±èè?

subjects

wetested150third-gradestudentschosenatrandomfromapoolof346applicantsfromeightlondonpublicandprivateelementaryschools.thestudentsrepresentedafairlywiderangeofeconomicbackgrounds.allagreedtoparticipateinourstudyinexchangefora25poundsgiftcertificatefromalocaltoystore.

procedure

?ê??D′3???ò?2?2??è?￡2?òaDé11àí???ˉêμ?é￡?2?òa??′ó?3??1y3ì

è?êμDeê??′?é?￡è?1?2??è±è???à?íó?êy×?±ê3???ò?2??￡

example:

t=mr(g-a),

whereaistheaccelerationofthemass.iftheassumptionholdsthattheonlyfrictionaffectingthepotentiometerwasconstantcoulombfriction,theneachmasswouldundergoaconstantacceleration.

thepotentiometermeasuredvoltageversustimeforthemassesastheydropped,butthemeasurementofinteresttouswaspositionversustime.forthatreason,a'calibration'wasperformedbeforewemeasuredanydata.inthecalibration,thepotentiometer'sinitialvoltagewasmeasured.thenthestringwaspulledasetdistance(2inches),andthevoltagewasrecorded.thisprocessofpullingthestringasetdistanceandrecordingthevoltagecontinuedanothertwotimes(seeappendixafortheresults).todeterminetherelationshipbetweenvoltageandposition,thedifferencesinthevoltageswereaveragedanddividedbythelength.theresultingrelationshipwas0.9661volts/inch.

fivedifferentmasseswereusedtotesttheassumptionofconstantacceleration.foreachmass,thestringwasrolledupontheshaft,theoscilloscopewastriggered,andtheshaftwasreleased.aseachmassdropped,theoscilloscopecollectedthepotentiometer'svoltageversusthetime.afterobtainingplotsforeachmass,weusedthe

voltage-positionrelationship,mentionedabove,toconvertthedatafromtheformvoltageversustimetotheformpositionversustimesquared.theresidualsofthedatadeterminedwhethertheassumptionofconstantaccelerationwasvalid.

results

êμ?éμ?êy?Y￡?1?ê?￡?í?±í￡?????1y3ì￡?ó?ò??????á??×?ó?o?μ?D?ê??1ê?3?à′?￡êμ?éμ??-ê?êy?Yí¨3￡??ê?·??ú????μ?￡??aà???ê?·?′|àí1yμ?êy?Y?￡

è?1?óD′óá?μ?????￡??áéùòaáD3????Dò???samplecalculation.

results2?·?μ??aí·×?o????′ò???êμ?é??μ??￡

è?1??á1?oü?à￡?×?o?·?3é2?í?μ?section

example:

results

overall,beaversshowedapreferenceforcertainspeciesoftrees,andtheirpreferencewasbasedondistancefromthecentralplace.

measurementstakenatthestudysiteshowthatbeaversavoidedoaksandmusclewood(fig.1)andshowasignificantfoodpreference(x2=447.26,d.f.=9,p<.05).noavoidanceorparticularprefere