數(shù)控系統(tǒng)外文翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)英文文獻(xiàn)

NumericalControlSystemThenumericalcontrolsystemisthedigitalcontrolsystemabbreviation.Byearlyiscomposedofhardwarecircuitiscalledhardwarenumericalcontrol(HardNC),after1970,hardwarecircuitcomponentsgraduallyinsteadbythecomputercalledforcomputernumericalcontrolsystem.Computerizednumericalcontrolsystemisasystemthatisusecomputercontrolprocessingfunctiontoachievenumericalcontrolsystem.CNCsystemaccordingtothecomputermemorystoredinthecontrolprogramexecutionpartorall,numericalcontrolfunction,andisequippedwithinterfacecircuitandservodrivethespecialcomputersystem.CNCsystemconsistsofNCprogram,inputdevices;outputdevices,computernumericalcontrolequipment(CNCequipment),programmablelogiccontrollers(PLC),thespindleandfeeddrive(servo)drive(includingdetectiondevices)andsoon.ThecoreofCNCsystemisequipment.ByusingthecomputersystemwiththefunctionofsoftwareandPLCinsteadofthetraditionalmachineelectricdevicetomakethesystemlogiccontrolmorecompact,itsflexibilityandversatility,reliabilitybecomemorebetter,easytoimplementcomplexnumericalcontrolfunction,useandmaintenancecanbemoreconvenient,anditalsohasconnectedandsuperordinationmachineandtheremotecommunicationfunction.Atpresent,thenumericalcontrolsystemhasvarietyofdifferentforms;compositionstructurehasitsowncharacteristics.Thesestructuralfeaturesfromthebasicrequirementsoftheinitialsystemdesignandengineeringdesignideas.Forexample,thecontrolsystemofpointandcontinuouspathcontrolsystemshavedifferentrequirements.FortheTsystemandtheMsystem,therearealsoverydifferent,theformerappliestorotarypartprocessing,thelattersuitableforspecial-shapedtheaxiallysymmetricalpartsprocessing.Fordifferentmanufacturers,basedonhistoricaldevelopmentfactorsandvarytheircomplexfactors,mayalsobethinkinginthedesignisdifferent.Forexample,theUnitedStatesDynapathsystemusesasmallplateforeasyreplacementandflexiblecombinationoftheboard;whileJapanFANUCsystemisalargeplatestructuretendstomakethesystemworkinfavorofreliability,makethesystemMTBFratecontinuestoincrease.However,nomatterwhatkindofsystem,theirbasicprincipleandstructureareverysimilar.Thenumericalcontrolsystemgenerallyconsistsofthreemajorcomponents,namelythecontrolsystem,servosystemandpositionmeasuringsystem.Controlproceduresbyinterpolationoperationworkpiece,issuecontrolinstructionstotheservodrivesystem;servodrivesystemcontrolinstructionsamplifiedbytheservomotor-drivenmechanicalmovementrequired;measurementsystemdetectsthemovementofmechanicalpositionorspeed,andfeedbacktothecontrolsystem,tomodifythecontrolinstructions.Thesethreepartscombinetoformacompleteclosed-loopcontroloftheCNCsystem.Controlsystemmainlyconsistsofbus,CPU,powersupply,memory,operatingpanelanddisplay,positioncontrolunit,programmablelogiccontrollercontrolunitanddatainput/outputinterfaceandsoon.ThelatestgenerationofCNCsystemalsoincludesacommunicationunit;itcancompletetheCNC,PLC'sinternaldatacommunicationsandexternalhigh-ordernetworks.Servodrivesystemincludingservodrivesandmotors.Positionmeasuringsystemismainlyusedgrating,orcirculargratingincrementaldisplacementencoder.CNCsystemhardwarefromtheNCdevice,input/outputdevices,drivesandmachinelogiccontroldevices,electricalcomponents,betweenthefourpartsthroughtheI/Ointerfacetointerconnect.NumericalcontroldeviceisthecoreofCNCsystem,itssoftwareandhardwaretocontroltheimplementationofvariousCNCfunctions.ThehardwarestructureofnodevicebyCNCinstallationsintheprintedcircuitboardwithinfixingpatterncanbedividedintothebigboardstructureandfunctionmodule(smallboard)structure;PressCNCapparatushardwaremanufacturingmode,canbedividedintospecialstructureandpersonalcomputertypestructure;PressCNCapparatusinthenumberofmicroprocessorcanbedividedintosinglemicroprocessorstructureandmanymicroprocessorstructure.(1)LargepanelstructureandfunctiontemplatesstructureLargepanelstructurePanelstructuresCNCsystemCNCequipmentfromthemaincircuitboard,positioncontrolpanels,PCboards,graphicscontrolpanel,additionalI/Oboardandpowersupplyunitandothercomponents.Themaincircuitboardprintedcircuitboardisbig;theothercircuitboardisasmallplate,insertedinthelargeprintedcircuitboardslot.Thisstructureissimilartothestructureofmicro-computer.Functiontemplatesstructure(2)Single-microprocessorstructureandmulct-microprocessorstructureSingle-microprocessorstructureInasingle-microprocessorstructure,onlyamicroprocessortofocusoncontrol,time-sharingdealswiththevarioustasksofCNCequipment.melt-microprocessorstructureWiththeincreaseinnumericalcontrolsystemfunctions,CNCmachinetoolstoimprovetheprocessingspeedofasinglemicroprocessorCNCsystemcannotmeettherequirement;therefore,manyCNCsystemsusesamulti-microprocessorstructure.Ifanumericalcontrolsystemhastwoormoremicroprocessors,eachmicroprocessorviathedatabusorcommunicationtoconnect,sharesystemmemoryandcommonI/Ointerfaces,eachprocessorsharingsystemPartofthework,whichismulti-processorsystems.CNCsoftwareisdividedintoapplicationsoftwareandsystemsoftware.CNCsystemsoftwarefortherealizationofvariousfunctionsoftheCNCsystem,thepreparationofspecialsoftware,alsoknownascontrolsoftware,storedinthecomputerEPROMmemory.CNCSystemsfeatureavarietyofsettingsanddifferentcontrolschemes,andtheirsystemsoftwareinthestructureandsizevarywidely,butgenerallyincludeinputdataprocessingprocedures,computinginterpolationprocedures,speedcontrolprocedures,managementproceduresanddiagnosticprocedures.(1)InputdataprocessingproceduresItreceivesinputpartprogram,thestandardcode,saidprocessinginstructionsanddatadecoding,dataprocessing,accordingtotheprescribedformatforstorage.Somesystemsalsocalculatedtocompensate,orinterpolationoperationandspeedcontrolforpre-computation.Typically,theinputdataprocessingprogram,includinginput,decodinganddataprocessingthreeelements.(2)ComputinginterpolationproceduresCNCworkpieceprocessingsystemaccordingtothedataprovided,suchascurvetype,start,end,etc.operations.Accordingtotheresultsofoperationsweresenttoeachaxisfeedpulse.Thisprocessiscalledinterpolationoperation.FeeddriveservosystemImpulsivetableorbyacorrespondingmovementofthetooltocompletetheproceduralrequirementsoftheprocessingtasks.InterpolationforCNCsystemisthesideoftheoperation,whileprocessing,isatypicalreal-timecontrol,sotheinterpolationdirectlyaffectsthespeedofoperationthemachinefeedrate,andshouldthereforebepossibletoshortencomputationtime,whichisthepreparationofinterpolationComplementsthekeytotheprogram.(3)SpeedcontrolproceduresSpeedcontrolprogramaccordingtothegivenvaluecontrolthespeedofoperationofthefrequencyinterpolation,inordertomaintainapredeterminedfeedrate.Changesinspeedislarge,theneedforautomaticcontrolofaccelerationanddecelerationtoavoidspeeddrivesystemcausedbymutationsinstep.(4)ManagementproceduresManagementproceduresresponsiblefordatainput,dataprocessing,interpolationprocessingservicesoperationsasthevariousproceduresforregulationandmanagement.Managementprocessbutalsoonthepanelcommand,theclocksignal,theinterruptcausedbyfaultsignalsforprocessing.(5)DiagnosticproceduresDiagnosticfeaturesarefoundintherunningsystemfailureinatimelymanner,andthatthetypeoffailure.Youcanalsorunbeforeorafterthefailure,checkthesystemmaincomponents(CPU,memory,interfaces,switches,servosystems,etc.)functionisnormal,andthatthesiteoffailure.MachiningAnymachiningmusthavethreebasicconditions:machiningtools,workpieceandmachiningsports.Machiningtooledgeshouldbe,thematerialmustberigidthantheworkpiece.Differentformsoftoolstructureandcuttingmovementsconstitutedifferentcuttingmethods.Bladewithablade-shapedandhaveafixednumberofmethodsforcuttingtoolsforturning,drilling,boring,milling,planning,broaching,andsawing,etc.;edgeshapeandedgewithnofixednumberofabrasiveorabrasiveCuttingmethodsaregrinding,grinding,honingandpolishing.Machiningisthemostimportantmachinerymanufacturingprocessingmethods.Althoughtheroughimprovemanufacturingprecision,casting,forging,extrusion,powdermetallurgyprocessingapplicationsonwidely,buttoadapttoawiderangeofmachining,andcanachievehighaccuracyandlowsurfaceroughness,inManufacturingstillplaysanimportantroleintheprocess.Cuttingmetalmaterialshavemanyclassifications.Commonarethefollowingthreekinds.Bycuttingprocessfeaturedistinguishingcharacteristicsofthedecisionprocessonthestructureofcuttingtoolsandcuttingtoolsandworkpiecerelativemotionform.Accordingtothetechnicalcharacteristicsofcuttingcanbedividedinto:turning,milling,drilling,boring,reaming,planning,shaping,slotting,broaching,sawing,grinding,grinding,honing,superfinishing,polishing,gearProcessing,thewormprocess,threadprocessing,ultra-precisionmachining,benchandscrapersandsoon.Bymaterialremovalrateandmachiningaccuracydistinctioncanbedividedinto:①rough:withlargedepthofcut,oneorafewtimesbytheknifeawayfromtheworkcutoutmostorallallowances,suchasroughturning,roughplanning,Roughmilling,drillingandsawing,etc.,roughmachiningprecisionhighefficiencylow,generallyusedasapre-processing,andsometimesalsoforfinalprocessing.②Semi-finishing:Generalroughingandfinishingasthemiddlebetweentheprocess,buttheworkpieceaccuracyandsurfaceroughnessonthelessdemandingposition,butalsocanbeusedasthefinalprocessing.③finishing:cuttingwithafinewaytoachievehighermachiningsurfaceaccuracyandsurfacequality,suchasfinecars,fineplanning,precisionhinges,grindingandsoon.Generalisthefinalfinishingprocess.④Finishingprocess:afterthefinish,theaimistoobtainasmallersurfaceroughnessandtoslightlyimprovetheaccuracy.Finishingprocessingallowanceissmall,suchashoning,grinding,ultra-precisiongrindingandsuperfinishingandsoon.⑤Modificationprocess:theaimistoreducethesurfaceroughness,toimprovethecorrosion,dustpropertiesandimproveappearance,butdoesnotrequirehigherprecision,suchaspolishing,sanding,etc.⑥ultra-precisionmachining:aerospace,lasers,electronics,nuclearenergyandothercutting-edgetechnologiesthatneedsomespecialprecisionparts,highaccuracyoverIT4,surfaceroughnesslessthanRamicrons.Thisneedtotakespecialmeasurestoultra-precisionmachining,suchasturningmirror,mirrorgrinding,chemicalmechanicalpolishingofsoftabrasive.Distinguishedbymethodofsurfacemachining,theworkpieceistorelyonthemachinedsurfaceforcuttingtoolandtheworkpiecetoobtaintherelativemotion.Bysurfacemethods,cuttingcanbedividedintothreecategories.①tiptrajectorymethod:relyingonthetiprelativetothetrajectoryofthesurfacetoobtaintherequiredworkpiecesurfacegeometry,suchascylindricalturning,planningsurface,cylindricalgrinding,withtheformingsurface,suchasbyturningmode.Thetrajectorydependsonthetooltipprovidedbythecuttingtoolandworkpiecerelativemotion.②formingtoolmethod:shortformingmethod,withthefinalworkpiecesurfaceprofilethatmatchestheshapeformingcutterorgrindingwheel,suchasprocessingashapedsurface.Atthistimeformingpartofthemachinemovementwasreplacedbythebladegeometry,suchastheshapeofturning,millingandforminggrindingformingandsoon.Themoredifficultthemanufactureofformingcutter,machine-clamp-workpiece-toolformedbytheprocesssystemcanwithstandthecuttingforceislimited,formingmethodisgenerallyusedforprocessingshortshapedsurface.③generatingmethod:alsoknownasrotarycuttingmethod,cuttingtoolandworkpieceduringprocessingasarelativelydevelopedintoacampaigntool(orwheel)andtheworkpieceinstantaneouscenterlineofpurerollinginteractionbetweenthetwomaintainacertainratiobetweenIsobtainedbyprocessingthesurfaceofthebladeinthismovementintheenvelope.Gearmachininghobbling,gearshaping,shaving,honing,andgrindingteeth(notincludingformgrindingteeth),etc.aregeneratingmethodprocessing.PLCEarlycalledtheprogrammablelogiccontrollerPLC(ProgrammableLogicController,PLC),whichismainlyusedtoreplacethelogiccontrolrelays.Withthetechnology,whichusesmicro-computertechnology,industrialcontroldevicefunctionhasbeengreatlyexceededthescopeoflogiccontrol,therefore,suchadevicetodaycalledprogrammablelogiccontroller,referredtoasthePC.However,inordertoavoidpersonalcomputer(PersonalComputer)intheshortconfusion,itwillbereferredtoasprogrammablelogiccontrollerPLC,plcsince1966,the.DigitalEquipmentCorporation(DEC)developedthere,thecurrentUnitedStates,Japan,Germany,PLCGoodqualityandpowerful.ThebasicstructureofProgrammableLogicControllerA.PowerPLC'spowerinthewholesystemplaysaveryimportantrole.Ifyoudonothaveagood,reliablepowersystemisnotworking,sothePLCmanufacturersdesignandmanufactureofpowerveryseriously.GeneralACvoltagefluctuationsof+10%(+15%)range,youcannottakeothermeasurestoPLCtoconnectdirectlytotheACcessingunit(CPU)Centralprocessingunit(CPU)isthecentralPLCcontrol.ItisgivenbythefunctionofPLCsystemprogramfromtheprogrammerreceivesandstorestheuserprogramanddatatype;checkthepowersupply,memory,I/Oandtimeralertstatus,andtodiagnosesyntaxerrorsintheuserprogram.WhenthePLCintorun-time,firstitscansthescenetoreceivethestatusofvariousinputdevicesanddata,respectively,intoI/Oimagearea,andthenonebyonefromtheuserprogramreadstheuserprogrammemory,afterashellandpressProvisionsoftheDirectivetheresultoflogicorarithmeticoperationsintotheI/Oimageareaordataregister.Andtheentireuserprogramisfinished,andfinallyI/Oimageareaofthestateortheoutputoftheoutputregisterdatatotheappropriateoutputdevice,andsoontorununtilstopped.TofurtherimprovethereliabilityofPLC,PLCisalsolargeinrecentyearsconstitutesaredundantdual-CPUsystem,orbythreevotingsystemsCPU.Thus,evenifaCPUfails,thewholesystemcanstillworkproperly.Storagesystemsoftwareofmemorycalledsystemprogrammemory.Storageapplicationsoftwareofmemorycalledtheuserprogrammemory.andoutputinterfacecircuittheliveinputinterfacecircuitbytheopticalcouplingcircuitandthecomputerinputinterfacecircuit,theroleofPLCandfieldcontrolofaninterfaceforinputchannels.Fieldoutputinterfacecircuitbytheoutputdataregisters,interruptrequeststrobecircuitandintegratedcircuit,theroleofPLCoutputinterfacecircuitthroughtheon-siteimplementationofpartsoftheoutputtothefieldcorrespondingcontrolsignal.moduleSuchascounting,positioningmodules.moduleSuchasEthernet,RS485,Prefabs-DPcommunicationmodule.數(shù)控系統(tǒng)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)是數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)稱，英文名稱為NumericalControlSystem,初期是由硬件電路組成的稱為硬件數(shù)控（HardNC）,1970年代以后，硬件電路元件慢慢由專用的運(yùn)算機(jī)代替稱為運(yùn)算機(jī)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。運(yùn)算機(jī)數(shù)控（Computerizednumericalcontrol,簡(jiǎn)稱CNC）系統(tǒng)是用運(yùn)算機(jī)控制加工功能，實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)值控制的系統(tǒng)。CNC系統(tǒng)按照運(yùn)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器中存儲(chǔ)的控制程序，執(zhí)行部份或全數(shù)數(shù)值控制功能，并配有接口電路和伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置的專用運(yùn)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。CNC系統(tǒng)由數(shù)控程序、輸入裝置、輸出裝置、運(yùn)算機(jī)數(shù)控裝置（CNC裝置）、可編程邏輯控制器（PLC）、主軸驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置和進(jìn)給（伺服）驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置（包括檢測(cè)裝置）等組成。CNC系統(tǒng)的核心是CNC裝置。由于利用了運(yùn)算機(jī)，系統(tǒng)具有了軟件功能，又用PLC代替了傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)床電器邏輯控制裝置，使系統(tǒng)更小巧，其靈活性、通用性、靠得住性更好，易于實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)雜的數(shù)控功能，利用、保護(hù)也方便，并具有與上位機(jī)連接及進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程通信的功能。目前世界上的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)種類繁多，形式各異，組成結(jié)構(gòu)上都有各自的特點(diǎn)。這些結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)來(lái)源于系統(tǒng)初始設(shè)計(jì)的大體要求和工程設(shè)計(jì)的思路。例如對(duì)點(diǎn)位控制系統(tǒng)和持續(xù)軌跡控制系統(tǒng)就有截然不同的要求。對(duì)于T系統(tǒng)和M系統(tǒng)，一樣也有專門大的區(qū)別，前者適用于回轉(zhuǎn)體零件加工，后者適合于異形非回轉(zhuǎn)體的零件加工。對(duì)于不同的生產(chǎn)廠家來(lái)講，基于歷史進(jìn)展因素和各自因地而異的復(fù)雜因素的影響，在設(shè)計(jì)思想上也可能各有所長(zhǎng)。例如，美國(guó)Dynapath系統(tǒng)采用小板結(jié)構(gòu)，便于板子改換和靈活扣合，而日本FANUC系統(tǒng)則趨向大板結(jié)構(gòu)，使之有利于系統(tǒng)工作的靠得住性，促使系統(tǒng)的平均無(wú)端障率不斷提高。但是無(wú)論哪一種系統(tǒng)，它們的大體原理和組成是十分相似的。一般整個(gè)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)由三大部份組成，即控制系統(tǒng)，伺服系統(tǒng)和位置測(cè)量系統(tǒng)?？刂葡到y(tǒng)按加工工件程序進(jìn)行插補(bǔ)運(yùn)算，發(fā)出控制指令到伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)將控制指令放大，由伺服電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)械按要求運(yùn)動(dòng)；測(cè)量系統(tǒng)檢測(cè)機(jī)械的運(yùn)動(dòng)位置或速度，并反饋到控制系統(tǒng)，來(lái)修正控制指令。這三部份有機(jī)結(jié)合，組成完整的閉環(huán)控制的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)?？刂葡到y(tǒng)主要由總線、CPU、電源、存貯器、操作面板和顯示屏、位控單元、可編程序控制器邏輯控制單元和數(shù)據(jù)輸入/輸出接口等組成。最新一代的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)還包括一個(gè)通信單元，它可完成CNC、PLC的內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)通信和外部高次網(wǎng)絡(luò)的連接。伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)主要包括伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置和電機(jī)。位置測(cè)量系統(tǒng)主如果采用長(zhǎng)光柵或圓光柵的增量式位移編碼器。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的硬件由數(shù)控裝置、輸入/輸出裝置、驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置和機(jī)床電器邏輯控制裝置等組成，這四部份之間通過I/O接口互連。數(shù)控裝置是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的核心，其軟件和硬件來(lái)控制各類數(shù)控功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)。數(shù)控裝置的硬件結(jié)構(gòu)按CNC裝置中的印制電路板的插接方式能夠分為大板結(jié)構(gòu)和功能模塊（小板）結(jié)構(gòu)；按CNC裝置硬件的制造方式，能夠分為專用型結(jié)構(gòu)和個(gè)人運(yùn)算機(jī)式結(jié)構(gòu)；按CNC裝置中微處置器的個(gè)數(shù)能夠分為單微處置器結(jié)構(gòu)和多微處置器結(jié)構(gòu)。（1）大板結(jié)構(gòu)和功能模板結(jié)構(gòu)1）大板結(jié)構(gòu)大板結(jié)構(gòu)CNC系統(tǒng)的CNC裝置由主電路板、位置控制板、PC板、圖形控制板、附加I/O板和電源單元等組成。主電路板是大印制電路版，其它電路板是小板，插在大印制電路板上的插槽內(nèi)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)類似于微型運(yùn)算機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)。2）功能模塊結(jié)構(gòu)（2）單微處置器結(jié)構(gòu)和多微處置器結(jié)構(gòu)1）單微處置器結(jié)構(gòu)在單微處置器結(jié)構(gòu)中，只有一個(gè)微處置器，以集中控制、分時(shí)處置數(shù)控裝置的各個(gè)任務(wù)。2）多微處置器結(jié)構(gòu)隨著數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能的增加、數(shù)控機(jī)床的加工速度的提高，單微處置器數(shù)控系統(tǒng)已不能知足要求，因此，許多數(shù)控系統(tǒng)采用了多微處置器的結(jié)構(gòu)。若在一個(gè)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的微處置器，每一個(gè)微處置器通過數(shù)據(jù)總線或通信方式進(jìn)行連接，共享系統(tǒng)的公用存儲(chǔ)器與I/O接口，每一個(gè)微處置器分擔(dān)系統(tǒng)的一部份工作，這就是多微處置器系統(tǒng)。CNC軟件分為應(yīng)用軟件和系統(tǒng)軟件。CNC系統(tǒng)軟件是為實(shí)現(xiàn)CNC系統(tǒng)各項(xiàng)功能所編制的專用軟件，也叫控制軟件，寄存在運(yùn)算機(jī)EPROM內(nèi)存中。各類CNC系統(tǒng)的功能設(shè)置和控制方案各不相同，它們的系統(tǒng)軟件在結(jié)構(gòu)上和規(guī)模上不同專門大，可是一般都包括輸入數(shù)據(jù)處置程序、插補(bǔ)運(yùn)算程序、速度控制程序、管理程序和診斷程序。(1)輸入數(shù)據(jù)處置程序它接收輸入的零件加工程序，將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)代碼表示的加工指令和數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行譯碼、數(shù)據(jù)處置，并按規(guī)定的格式寄存。有的系統(tǒng)還要進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償計(jì)算，或?yàn)椴逖a(bǔ)運(yùn)算和速度控制等進(jìn)行估計(jì)算。通常，輸入數(shù)據(jù)處置程序包括輸入、譯碼和數(shù)據(jù)處置三項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。(2)插補(bǔ)計(jì)算程序CNC系統(tǒng)按照工件加工程序中提供的數(shù)據(jù)，如曲線的種類、起點(diǎn)、終點(diǎn)等進(jìn)行運(yùn)算。按照運(yùn)算結(jié)果，別離向各坐標(biāo)軸發(fā)出進(jìn)給脈沖。那個(gè)進(jìn)程稱為插補(bǔ)運(yùn)算。進(jìn)給脈沖通過伺服系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動(dòng)工作臺(tái)或刀具作相應(yīng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，完成程序規(guī)定的加工任務(wù)。CNC系統(tǒng)是一邊插補(bǔ)進(jìn)行運(yùn)算，一邊進(jìn)行加工，是一種典型的實(shí)時(shí)控制方式，所以，插補(bǔ)運(yùn)算的快慢直接影響機(jī)床的進(jìn)給速度，因此應(yīng)該盡可能地縮短運(yùn)算時(shí)刻，這是編制插補(bǔ)運(yùn)算程序的關(guān)鍵。(3)速度控制程序速度控制程序按照給定的速度值控制插補(bǔ)運(yùn)算的頻率，以保預(yù)定的進(jìn)給速度。在速度轉(zhuǎn)變較大時(shí)，需要進(jìn)行自動(dòng)加減速控制，以避免因速度突變而造成驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)失步。⑷管理程序管理程序負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)輸入、數(shù)據(jù)處置、插補(bǔ)運(yùn)算等為加工進(jìn)程服務(wù)的各類程序進(jìn)行調(diào)度管理。管理程序還要對(duì)面板命令、時(shí)鐘信號(hào)、故障信號(hào)等引發(fā)的中斷進(jìn)行處置。(5)診斷程序診斷程序的功能是在程序運(yùn)行中及時(shí)發(fā)覺系統(tǒng)的故障，并指出故障的類型。也能夠在運(yùn)行前或故障發(fā)生后，檢查系統(tǒng)各主要部件(CPU、存儲(chǔ)器、接口、開關(guān)、伺服系統(tǒng)等)的功能是不是正常，并指動(dòng)身生故障的部位。切削加工任何切削加工都必需具有3個(gè)大體條件:切削工具、工件和切削運(yùn)動(dòng)。切削工具應(yīng)有刃口，其材質(zhì)必需比工件堅(jiān)硬。不同的刀具結(jié)構(gòu)和切削運(yùn)動(dòng)形式組成不同的切削方式。用刃形和刃數(shù)都固定的刀具進(jìn)行切削的方式有車削、鉆削、鏜削、銃削、刨削、拉削和鋸切等；用刃形和刃數(shù)都不固定的磨具或磨料進(jìn)行切削的方式有磨削、研磨、珩磨和拋光等。切削加工是機(jī)械制造中最主要的加工方式。雖然毛坯制造精度不斷提高，精鑄、精鍛、擠壓、粉末冶金等加工工藝應(yīng)用日廣，但由于切削加工的適應(yīng)范圍廣，且能達(dá)到很高的精度和很低的表面粗糙度