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WilliamShakespeare-----ThepeakofHumanism

WilliamShakespeare

1564-1616“Alltheworld'sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.”MainContents1.Shakespeare'sliteraryposition2.Shakespeare'sLegendlife3.Shakespeare'smasterpiece1.Shakespeare'sliterarypositionInwesternliteraryhistory,onlyveryindividualwritershavequalifiedsay:withouthim,theliteraturewillbecomeanotherway.Shakespeareisoneofthemostqualified.Shakespeareisthegreatestplaywrightandpoetintheworldofthehistory.2.Shakespeare'slife

(1564-1616)BirthplaceBorninWarwickshireThe3rdof8kidsMarriedatage18Workedasanactorbefore1590.

ThehomeofMaryArden,weeWillyShakespeare'smother'shouseAnneHathaway's[Shakespeare'swife]cottageTheAvonRiver,nearStratford-upon-Avon.HenleyStreet,Stratford-upon-AvonThesonofgroceriesbusinessmaninthetown,18marriedLeavinghomeforLondontomakelivingatabout22,doingasthegroom,DickinsonStartingwritingplaysatabout30yearsold5yearslater,becoming"universal"shareholderoftroupe.TheNewGlobeTheaterThelifeofShakespeare

ArriveinLondonin1586Well-knownin1581Diedonthe23rdofApril,1616ThetombofShakespeareArespectedpoetandplaywrightinhisownday,buthisreputationdidnotrisetoitspresentheightsuntilthe19thcentury.Hisworkwasrepeatedlyadoptedandrediscoveredbynewmovementsinscholarshipandperformance.Hisplaysremainhighlypopulartodayandareconstantlystudied,performedandreinterpretedindiverseculturalandpoliticalcontextsthroughouttheworldAbouthisworksTheworksofWilliamShakespeareareagreatlandmarkinthehistoryofworldliterature.Hewasthefirstfoundersofrealism(現(xiàn)實(shí)主義)，amasterhoodatrealisticportrayalofhumancharactersandrelations.KarlMarxregardedAeschylusandShakespeareas“thetwogreatestdramaticgeniusestheworldhaseverknow.”Shakespearetookstoriesfromoldsourcessuchasolddrama,novel,chronicles(編年史)andfolklegends.（民間傳說(shuō))UnderShakespeare’spen,thosestoriesassumednewmeaningandsignificance.

Intheexpressionofart,heinheritedthreetraditionsofthedramasofancientGreeceandRome,medievalBritainandtheEuropeanRenaissanceanddeveloped,innovatingcreativelyfromthecontenttotheform.Hisplaystryhardtoreflectthetruelifeandexploretheinnermysteries,thuscanfigureoutmanydiverseandcomplexpersonalities,vividcharactersthatrepresentthetypicalfigureandsociallife.Duringthetwenty-twoyearsofhisliteraryworkheproduced37plays,twonarrativepoemsand154sonnets.Hisliteraryworkmaybedividedintothreemajorperiods：Thefirstperiod(1590-1600)Thesecondperiod(1601-1608)Thethirdperiod(1609-1612)Hisearlyplaysweremainlycomediesandhistories,heraisedtothepeakofsophisticationandartistry（復(fù)雜性和藝術(shù)性）bytheendofthesixteenthcentury.Hethenwrotemainlytragediesuntilabout1608,includingHamlet(1601),

Othello(1604),King

Lear(1605),andMacbeth(1605),consideredsomeofthefinestworksintheEnglishlanguage3.Shakespeare'swriting1)154sonnets,twolongpoem

poetry十四行詩(shī)（TheSonnets）

愛(ài)人的怨訴（ALover'sComplaint）魯克麗絲失貞記（TheRapeofLucrece）維納斯和阿多尼斯（VenusandAdonis）熱情的朝圣者（ThePassionatePilgrim鳳凰和斑鳩（ThePhoenixandtheTurtle）Sonnet:

alyricpoemcomprising3quatrainswitharhymingschemeababcdcdefefAndacoupletrhyminggg

Sonnet18WilliamShakespeareShallI

compare

theeto

asummer’sday?Thouart

morelove

lyandmore

tempe

rate:Rough

winds

doshake

the

darling

budsof

May,And

summer’slease

hath

all

too

short

adate:SometimetoohottheeyeoftheheavenshinesAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychanceornature’schangingcourseuntrimmed;Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;Norshalldeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st:Solongasamancanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslivetothee.

ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?能否把你與夏日相比？Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:你卻比炎夏更可愛(ài)溫婉；RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,狂風(fēng)摧殘五月的蓓蕾，Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate夏日的時(shí)光何其短暫。Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,休戀那麗日當(dāng)空，Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;轉(zhuǎn)眼又云霧迷蒙；Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,休嘆百花凋零，Bychance,ornatureschangingcourseuntrimed摧殘于無(wú)常即或天命。Thefurthestdistanceintheworld

IsnotwhenIstandinfrontofyou

Yetyoucan'tseemylove

Butwhenundoubtedlyknowingthelovefromboth

Yetcannotbetogether

Thefurthestdistanceintheworld

Isnotbeingapartwhilebeinginlove

Butwhenpainlycannotresisttheyearning

Yetpretendingyouhaveneverbeeninmyheart

Thefurthestdistanceintheworld

Isnotbutusingone'sindifferentheart

Todiganuncrossableriver

Fortheonewholovesyou

世界上最遙遠(yuǎn)的距離

不是我就站在你面前

你卻不知道我愛(ài)你

而是明明知道彼此相愛(ài)

卻不能在一起

世界上最遙遠(yuǎn)的距離

不是明明知道彼此相愛(ài)卻不能在一起

而是明明無(wú)法抵擋這股思念

卻還得故意裝作絲毫沒(méi)有把你放在心里

世界上最遙遠(yuǎn)的距離

不是明明無(wú)法抵擋這股思念卻還得故意裝作絲毫沒(méi)有把你放在心里

而是用自己冷漠的心對(duì)愛(ài)你的人

掘了一條無(wú)法跨越的溝渠2)HistoriesRepresentativeworks:HenryIV

RichardIIIhistories亨利四世，第一卷（HenryIV,part1）亨利四世，第二卷（HenryIV,part2）亨利五世（HenryV）亨利六世，第一卷（HenryVI,part1）亨利六世，第二卷（HenryVI,part2）亨利六世，第三卷（HenryVI,part3）亨利八世（HenryVIII）約翰國(guó)王（KingJohn）理查德二世（RichardII）理查德三世（RichardIII）3)ComedyThemerchantofVenicemidsummernight'sdreamhappytwelfthnightComedies錯(cuò)中錯(cuò)(TheComedyofErrors)皆大歡喜(All'sWellThatEndsWell)如愿(AsYouLikeIt)仲夏夜夢(mèng)(AMidsummerNight'sDream)無(wú)事生非(MuchAdoAboutNothing)一報(bào)還一報(bào)(MeasureforMeasure第十二夜(TwelfthNightorWhatYouWill)威尼斯商人(TheMerchantofVenice)空愛(ài)一場(chǎng)(Love'sLabor'sLost)冬天的故事(TheWinter'sTale)威尼斯商人第十二夜TheMerchantofVenice劇情：有一個(gè)十五世紀(jì)威尼斯的正直商人安東尼奧，跟高利貸猶太商人夏洛克對(duì)立。某日，安東尼奧因出海向夏洛克借款。后者為報(bào)復(fù)安東尼奧借錢(qián)不要利息而影響自己利益的舉措，定下奇特契約：不還錢(qián)就還肉。結(jié)果安東尼奧的商隊(duì)在海上出事而無(wú)法還錢(qián)。在法院的夏洛克準(zhǔn)備好刀子，等著安東尼奧的肉。假裝律師的波莎以割肉不能流血，否則血債血償?shù)睦碛?，粉碎了夏洛克的陰謀。夏洛克破產(chǎn)，安東尼奧東山再起。ThecharacterofShylockhasraisedadebateoverwhethertheplayshouldbecondemnedasanti-Semitic,andthiscontroversyhasovershadowedmanyotheraspectsoftheplay.

Theplotinvolvesavengeful,greedycreditor,Shylock,aJewishmoney-lenderShylockwhoseeksaliteralpoundoffleshfromhisChristianopposite,thegenerous,faithfulAntonio.Shakespeare'sversionofthechest-choosingdevicerevolvesaroundtheplay'sChristianheroine,Portia,whosteersherloverBassaniotowardthecorrecthumblecasketandthensuccessfullydefendshisbosomfriendAntoniofromShylock'shorridlegalsuit.Shylock,isaJewwhosebeloveddaughterislosttohimwhensheelopeswithamanwhobelongstoavirulentlyanti-Semiticsociety.Whengrief,angerandvengeanceovercomecommonsenseheendsupliterallyforcedtohiskneestorenouncehisfaithandhisfortune.

4)TragedyHamletOthelloMacbethkingLearTragedies羅密歐與朱麗葉(RomeoandJuliet)

麥克白(Macbeth)李爾王(KingLear)哈姆雷特(Hamlet)

奧賽羅(Othello)考利歐雷諾斯(Coriolanus)特洛伊勒斯與克芮絲德

(TroilusandCressida)雅典的泰蒙(TimonofAthens)詩(shī)李爾王哈姆雷特ThesummitofShakespeare’sart

Hamlet

Tobeornottobe:thatisthequestion.<Hamlet>Meaning:Isitpossibleornot?Ishealiveornot?Uneasyliestheheadthatwearsacrown.<KingHenryIV>Meaning:Thelifeofleadersisn’teasy.Havingmanyresponsibilities,leadersoftencan’tsleepwell.“Tobe,ornottobe"comesfromHamlet,actthree,sceneone.Itisoneofthemostfamousquotationsinworldliteratureandthebest-knownofthisparticularplay.Theplay,setinDenmark,recountshowPrinceHamletexactsrevengeonhisuncleClaudius,whohasmurderedHamlet'sfather,theKing,andthentakenthethroneandmarriedGertrude,Hamlet'smother.Theplayvividlychartsthecourseofrealandfeignedmadness—fromoverwhelminggrieftoseethingrage—andexploresthemesoftreachery,revenge,incest,andmoralcorruption.仇恨，憤怒，榮譽(yù)，尊嚴(yán)，……HamletType:

RevengeTragedy,復(fù)仇悲劇

RomanticTragedy浪漫悲劇

Time:c.1200

Locale:Elsinore(艾西諾),Denmark

Firstpresented:1602PrincipalCharactersinHamletClaudius克勞迪斯

KingofDenmarkHamlet

哈姆雷特

SontotheformerKingand

Nephew

to

thepresentKingGertrude喬特魯?shù)翾ueenofDenmark,and MotherofHamletPolonius

波洛涅斯

LordChamberlain（御前大臣）Laertes

雷歐提斯

SontoPoloniusOphelia奧菲莉婭DaughtertoPoloniusGhost（KingHamlet）鬼魂Hamlet'sFatherHoratio

霍拉旭

FriendtoHamletClaudiusisshrewd精明andable干練,thoughnotalwaysethical倫理ormoral道德,Hamletdescribesthecontestofintelligenceandwillbetweenthemasthatof''mightyopposites''(V.ii.62).克勞狄斯形象：集合封建主和暴君的殘忍，陰謀家的野心和陰險(xiǎn)，封建統(tǒng)治者和資產(chǎn)階級(jí)陰謀家于一身，代表文藝復(fù)興新舊交替時(shí)期的所有罪惡。Gertrudeisanegativecharacterinplay“Hamlet”.Butthisarticlebelievesthatsheisaweakbutbravefemininecharacter:shelivedinaweaksocialsurroundingsbutshehasbravecharacter.Duetotheprotectionforherson,shehasdevotedherreputationevenherpersonnallife.關(guān)鍵詞：柔弱

勇敢

母親Laertesisoftenportrayedbyseeminglyhumbleactorsofthescreen,togivealoyal,wholesomeappealtothecharacter.波洛涅斯的兒子。為了父親和妹妹的死用劍殺死了哈姆雷特。他也死在哈姆雷特的毒劍下，盡管當(dāng)時(shí)哈姆雷特沒(méi)有意識(shí)到劍是帶毒的。OfallthepivotalcharactersinHamlet,Opheliaisthemoststatic穩(wěn)定andone-dimensional沒(méi)有深度的.Shehasthepotentialtobecomeatragicheroine--toovercometheadversitiesinflicteduponher--butsheinsteadcrumbles崩潰intoinsanity,becomingmerelytragic.ThisisbecauseOpheliaherselfisnotasimportantasherrepresentationofthedualnatureofwomenintheplay.Ophelia‘sdistinctpurposeistoshowatonceHamlet’swarped歪曲viewofwomenascallous冷酷無(wú)情的sexualpredators,andtheinnocenceandvirtueofwomen.關(guān)鍵詞：悲情人物HamletisaclassicexampleofatragedywrittenbyWilliamShakespeare.Ineverytragedy,thecharactersmustdisplaysome.Ifeveryactioniscontrolledbyahero'sdestiny,thenthehero'sdeathcan'tbeavoidedandin"Hamlet"thesadpartisthatitcould.Hamlet'sdeathcouldhavebeenavoidedmanytimes.HehadmanyopportunitiestokillClaudius,buthedidnottakeadvantageofthem.Heiscalledavacillating(優(yōu)柔寡斷)man.

However,inmyopinion,vacillationcanneverberemovedfromHamlet.Thatisthelogicalresult.ItisthesenseofworththatmakesHamletvacillating.ShakespearetookacertainstoryofPrinceAmlethfromoldsourceswhichcanbetracedtothe12thcentury.He,however,wasnotthefirsttodramatizeHamlet’shistory.Intheeighties,aplaythatborethesamenamegainedpopularityamongtheEnglishpublic.ThomasKydissupposedtohavebeentheauthorofthisplay.ThewholetragedyispermeatedwiththespiritofShakespeare’sowntime.Hamletistheprofoundestexpressionofhishumanismandhiscriticismofcontemporarylife.Whichplayshowsthispicture?Yes,it’sKingLear

TheplayisbasedonthelegendofLeirofBritain,amythological(神話的)pre-RomanCelticking.Ithasbeenwidelyadaptedforstageandscreen,withthepartofLearplayedbymanyoftheworld'smostaccomplishedactors.KingLearmournsCordelia'sdeathThetragicending:5）Tragicomedy(straightpart)RomeoandJuliet

Tragicomedy:Pureformsoftragedyandcomedyhaverarelyappearedinmoderndrama.MostBritishandAmericanplaysoffersomemixtureo