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Unit2Sharks:TheirPhysiologyandTheirRoleinCancerResearch鯊魚的生理機能及其在癌癥研究方面的作用sharkn.鯊魚、騙子；vi.詐騙；vt.敲詐subtropical[,s?b'tr?pik?l]adj.亞熱帶的subtropicalhigh亞熱帶高壓，副熱帶高壓subtropicalzone亞熱帶，副熱帶subtropicalclimate亞熱帶氣候subtropicalmonsoonclimate亞熱帶季風性氣候temperatezone溫帶frigidzone寒帶TheNorthFrigidZone北寒帶theequator赤道prevailingwesterlies/westerlyzone

WesterliesWind盛行西風帶鯨鯊baskingshark

n.[魚]姥鮫；姥鯊姥鯊是姥鯊科及姥鯊屬中唯一的一個物種。它是繼鯨鯊以下世界上第二大的魚類。姥鯊分布在全世界的溫帶海洋。它們游動緩慢，一般都沒有危害及依靠浮游生物為餌料的。就像其他的大型鯊魚，姥鯊正面臨滅絕的危險，原因是其低繁殖及過份捕魚，以供應世界各地對魚翅、魚肉及器官的需求。Plankton['pl??kt?n]n.浮游生物（總稱）浮游生物泛指生活于水中而缺乏有效移動能力的漂流生物，其中分有浮游植物及浮游動物。部分浮游生物具游動能力，但其游動速度往往比它自身所在的洋流流速來得緩慢，因而不能有效地在水中靈活游動。姥鯊feed養(yǎng)育；飼育，供養(yǎng)；助長(某種情緒)，培養(yǎng)，增長：tofeedone'sanger惹起某人的怒火feedoneself自己吃feedonv.以...為食；以...為能源feedback反饋；反應；回復feedrate饋送率；加料速度；進給速率animalfeed動物飼料e.g.Wefeedourdogsonfreshmeat.我們用新鮮的肉喂我們的狗。ferocious[f?'r?u??s]adj.殘忍的；驚人的ferociousinspiration兇猛靈感ferociouslook兇氣ferociouswinds狂風大作mako['mɑ:k?u]n.（大西洋和太平洋發(fā)現(xiàn)的）條紋狀鯊魚HewasaverybigMakosharkbuilttoswimasfastasthefastestfishintheseaandeverythingabouthimwasbeautifulexcepthisjaws.

/shockwave/download/download.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash條紋鯊魚hammerheadshark錘頭鯊；錘頭鯊，又稱雙髻鯊。錘頭鯊的頭部有左右兩個突起。每個突起上各有一只眼睛和一個鼻孔。兩只眼睛相距1米。分布在熱、亞熱帶海洋。lemonshark檸檬鯊Mitchellandcolleaguesfoundantibiotic-resistantbacteriainsevenspeciesofshark—suchasbluesharks,lemon

sharks,andnursesharks.

米歇爾和他的同事們在七種鯊魚里找到了耐抗生素的細菌，這些鯊魚包括：大青鯊，檸檬鯊，護士鯊。檸檬鯊錘頭鯊blueshark

大青鯊whitetipshark：白鰭鯊razor['reiz?]vt.剃，用剃刀刮n.剃刀ammonal['?m?n?l]n.阿芒拿爾（一種高性能炸藥）大青鯊Whitetip大白鯊pit[pit]

n.(物體或人體表面上的）凹陷;vt.使競爭；窖藏；使凹下；去…之核；使留疤痕vi.凹陷;起凹點sensorypits【無脊椎動物】感覺窩gill[gil]n.腮；菌褶；（山谷中的）溝壑，峽流；及耳（容量單位）vi.被刺網(wǎng)捕住vt.用刺網(wǎng)捕魚；去除內(nèi)臟Snout

英[sna?t]n.鼻子；豬嘴；煙草【昆蟲學】喙flounder['flaund?]vi.掙扎，折騰；錯亂地做事或說話n.比目魚；掙扎，輾轉marine[m?'ri:n]adj.海生的；航海的，海運的；船舶的；海產(chǎn)的n.（海軍）士兵或軍官；艦隊；水兵；海運業(yè)marinebiologist海洋生物學家bonyfish硬骨魚，[魚]多骨魚lateraladj.側面的，橫向的n.側部；

[語]邊音vt.橫向傳球WhatDr.Pottersuggests,ifpossible,isalateralmovewithinyourpresentorganization,suchasamovetoanotherdepartmentortoadifferentposition.波特博士建議的是，如果可能的話，在你當前組織中的一個橫向的變遷，比如轉到另一個部門或者不同的職位。inhopesofsth/doingsthTomJoadandhisfamilyabandonallthattheyhaveandmaketheirwaytoCaliforniainhopesofabetterlife—butfindtheplayingfieldalwaystiltedagainstthem.湯姆·喬德和他的家人抱著過上好日子的希望放棄了自己擁有的一切向加利福尼亞遷徙–卻發(fā)現(xiàn)遭遇的一切都像是在跟他們作對。inhibitvt.抑制；禁止同義詞：bar,restrain,control,stay，forbidtoinhibitwrongdesires抑制邪念toinhibitoxidation抑制氧化作用Wemustensurethatstandardspromoteinnovationanddonotinhibitit.我們必須要確保這些標準能促進創(chuàng)新，而不是抑制創(chuàng)新。bacteria[b?k‘t??r??]細菌Virus[‘va?r?s]病毒VirusChaser驅(qū)逐軟件;殺毒軟件agent代理；主體；特務；細胞rid…of除去，擺脫ridsocietyofinequality消除社會不平等ridsomeoneof使某人擺脫riditselfof銷毀自己e.g.Getridofthedistractionsaroundyou.除去周圍分散你注意力的事物。海洋生物學家正在密切關注鯊魚的生理，試圖找出人類抗癌的一些途徑?？茖W家已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，與多骨魚相比，鯊魚不患癌癥。鯊魚的血液似乎除了能抑制細菌和病毒的滋生，還能抑制癌細胞的形成?？茖W家目前正在檢測鯊魚的血液，以求找出鯊魚是如何免于染上癌癥的?？茖W家希望這一發(fā)現(xiàn)能被應用于人類癌癥的預防和治療?？萍加⒄Z常用表達法shouldInstructionstooperators,employeese.g.Theresultsoftheexperimentshouldbeplottedonagraph.Specificationse.g.Thesteelshouldnotcontainmorethan0.5%ofcarbon.Expectationse.g.Theprocessofcoolingshouldcontinueforseveralhours.Toomuch太多的表達法:anexcessiveamountofsthtoomuchsthsthexcessivelyhigh/toohighexceed/begreaterthan/beinexcessofhighenough/sufficientlyhighenough/sufficient/adequateamountof1.Anexcessiveamountofairentersthefurnace.2.Thetemperatureoftheboilerissufficientlyhigh.toolittle“太少”的表達法:benotenough/inadequate/insufficiente.g.Theheatwasnotenoughtomeltthemetal.bedeficientin/haveadeficiencyof/don'thaveenough1.Nucleiwhicharedeficientinneutronsareunstable.2.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhohaveadeficiencyofbraveryarecowards;theywon'tputtheirassonthelineforanything.從另外一個方面說，缺少勇氣的人是懦夫，他們不愿意為了任何事情冒險。Purpose目的的表達法:To/soasto/inorderto…dosthforthepurposeof/forthesakeof/withtheobjectof/withtheaimof/withaviewto…e.g.Asafetyvalveisprovidedforthepurposeofallowingexcesspressuretoescape.=Thepurposeofthesafetyvalveistoallowexcesspressuretoescape.ReadingExercisesExercise1Q1.Whyisthelathecalledthemostusefulandversatilemachineintheworkshop?Q2.Whatarethemaincomponentsofthelathe?Q3.Whatistherequirementforthelathebedtopreventthemachinefrombendingortwistingunderstress?

Thelatheisoneofthemostusefulandversatilemachinesintheworkshop,iscapableofcarryingoutawidevarietyofmachiningoperations.Themaincomponentsofthelathearetheheadstockandtailstockatoppositeendsofabed,andatool-postbetweenthenwhichholdsthecuttingtool.Thetool–poststandsonacross-slidewhichenableittomovesidewardsacrossthesaddleorcarriageaswellasalongit,dependingonthekindofjobitisdoing.Theordinarycentrelathecanaccommodateonlyonetoolatatimeonthetool-post,butaturret

latheiscapableofholdingfiveormoretoolsontherevolvingturret.Thelathebedmustbeverysolidtopreventthemachinefrombendingortwistingunderstress.Exercise2Q1.WhatisRichterscale?Q2.whentheearthquakemeasures7.2ontheRichterscale,whatdoesitmean?Q3.Whatisthecauseofearthquakes?Q4.Howisthefaultproduced?Earthquakesarethemostdangerousanddeadlyofallnaturalevents.Theyoccurinmanypartsoftheworld.GiantearthquakeshavebeenrecordedinIran,China,Guatemala,Chile,India,andAlaska.TwoofthebiggestearthquakesthatwereeverrecordedtookplaceinChinaandAlaska.Theseearthquakesmeasuredabout8.5ontheRichterscale.TheRichterScalewasdevisedbyCharlesRicherin1935,andcomparestheenergylevelofearthquakes.Anearthquakethatmeasuresa2onthescalecanbefeltbutcauseslittledamage.Onethatmeasures4.5onthescalecancauseslightdamage,andanearthquakethathasareadingofover7cancausemajordamage

Itisimportanttonotethatareadingof4indicatesaquaketentimesasstrongasonewithareadingof3.Seismologistswanttobeabletopredictthoseearthquakesthathaveareadingofover4ontheRichterScale.Howdoearthquakesoccur?Earthquakesarecausedbytheshiftingofrocksalongcracks,orfaults,intheearth’scrust.Thefaultisproducedwhenrocksnearotherarepulledindifferentdirections.Thebest-knownfaultinNorthAmericaistheSanAndreasfaultinthestateofCaliforniaintheUnitedStates.ThenationsthatareactivelyinvolvedinearthquakepredictionprogramsincludeJapan,China,theSovietUnion,andtheUnitedStates.Seismologistsinthesescountriesmeasureradonin