2023年雅思閱讀模擬題16篇附答案

雅思閱讀實(shí)戰(zhàn)16篇（附答案）★HowtoincreasesalesPublishedonline:Nov9thFromTheEconomistprinteditionHowshopscanexploitpeople'sherdmentalitytoincreasesales1.ATRIPtothesupermarketmaynotseemlikeanexerciseinpsychologicalwarfare—butitis.Shopkeepersknowthatfillingastorewiththearomaoffreshlybakedbreadmakespeoplefeelhungryandpersuadesthemtobuymorefoodthantheyhadintended.Stockingthemostexpensiveproductsateyelevelmakesthemsellfasterthancheaperbutlessvisiblecompetitors.Nowresearchersareinvestigatinghow“swarmintelligence”(thatis,howants,beesoranysocialanimal,includinghumans,behaveinacrowd)canbeusedtoinfluencewhatpeoplebuy.2.AtarecentconferenceonthesimulationofadaptivebehaviourinRome,Zeeshan-ul-hassanUsmani,acomputerscientistfromtheFloridaInstituteofTechnology,describedanewwaytoincreaseimpulsebuyingusingthisphenomenon.Supermarketsalreadyencourageshopperstobuythingstheydidnotrealisetheywanted:forinstance,byplacingeverydayitemssuchasmilkandeggsatthebackofthestore,forcingshopperstowalkpastothertemptinggoodstoreachthem.MrUsmaniandRonaldoMenezes,alsooftheFloridaInstituteofTechnology,setouttoenhancethistendencytobuymorebyplayingontheherdinstinct.Theideaisthat,ifacertainproductisseentobepopular,shoppersarelikelytochooseittoo.Thechallengeistokeepcustomersinformedaboutwhatothersarebuying.3.Entersmart-carttechnology.InMrUsmani'ssupermarketeveryproducthasaradiofrequencyidentificationtag,asortofbarcodethatusesradiowavestotransmitinformation,andeverytrolleyhasascannerthatreadsthisinformationandrelaysittoacentralcomputer.Asacustomerwalkspastashelfofgoods,ascreenontheshelftellshimhowmanypeoplecurrentlyintheshophavechosenthatparticularproduct.Ifthenumberishigh,heismorelikelytoselectittoo.4.MrUsmani's“swarm-moves”modelappealstosupermarketsbecauseitincreasessaleswithouttheneedtogivepeoplediscounts.Anditgivesshoppersthesatisfactionofknowingthattheyboughtthe“right”product—thatis,theoneeveryoneelsebought.Themodelhasnotyetbeentestedwidelyintherealworld,mainlybecauseradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyisnewandhasonlybeeninstalledexperimentallyinsomesupermarkets.ButMrUsmanisaysthatbothWal-MartinAmericaandTescoinBritainareinterestedinhiswork,andtestingwillgetunderwayinthespring.5.Anotherrecentstudyonthepowerofsocialinfluenceindicatesthatsalescould,indeed,beboostedinthisway.MatthewSalganikofColumbiaUniversityinNewYorkandhiscolleagueshavedescribedcreatinganartificialmusicmarketinwhichsome14,000peopledownloadedpreviouslyunknownsongs.Theresearchersfoundthatwhenpeoplecouldseethesongsrankedbyhowmanytimestheyhadbeendownloaded,theyfollowedthecrowd.Whenthesongswerenotorderedbyrank,butthenumberoftimestheyhadbeendownloadedwasdisplayed,theeffectofsocialinfluencewasstilltherebutwaslesspronounced.Peoplethusfollowtheherdwhenitiseasyforthemtodoso.6.InJapanachainofconvenienceshopscalledRanKingRanQueenhasbeenorderingitsproductsaccordingtosalesdatafromdepartmentstoresandresearchcompanies.Theshopssellonlythemostpopularitemsineachproductcategory,andtherankingsareupdatedweekly.Icosystem,acompanyinCambridge,7.Andthepsychologythatworksinphysicalstoresisjustaspotentontheinternet.OnlineretailerssuchasAmazonareadeptattellingshopperswhichproductsarepopularwithlike-mindedconsumers.Evenintheprivacyofyourhome,youcanstillbepartoftheswarm.(644words)Questions1-6Completethesentencesbelowwithwordstakenfromthereadingpassage.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.1.Shopownersrealizethatthesmellof_______________canincreasesalesoffoodproducts.2.Inshops,productsshelvedatamorevisiblelevelsellbettereveniftheyaremore_______________.3.AccordingtoMr.Usmani,withtheuseof“swarmintelligence”phenomenon,anewmethodcanbeappliedtoencourage_______________.4.Onthewaytoeverydayitemsatthebackofthestore,shoppersmightbetemptedtobuy_______________.5.Ifthenumberofbuyersshownonthe_______________ishigh,othercustomerstendtofollowthem.6.Usingthe“swarm-moves”model,shopownersdonothavetogivecustomers_______________toincreasesales.Questions7-12Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?Forquestions7-12writeYESifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationNOifthestatementcontraictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage7.RadiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyhasbeeninstalledexperimentallyinbigsupermarketslikeWal-Mart.8.Peopletendtodownloadmoreunknownsongsthansongstheyarefamiliarwith.9.Songsrankedhighbythenumberoftimesbeingdownloadedarefavoredbycustomers.10.Peoplefollowtheotherstothesameextentwhetheritisconvenientornot.11.ItemssoldinsomeJapanesestoresaresimplychosenaccordingtothesalesdataofothershops.12.Swarmintelligencecanalsobeobservedineverydaylife.Answerkeys:1.答案：(freshlybaked)bread.（第1段第2行：Shoppersknowthatfillingastorewiththearomaoffreshlybakedbreadmakespeoplefeelhungryandpersuadesthemtobuymorefoodthantheyintended.）2.答案：expensive.（第1段第4行：Stockingthemostexpensiveproductsateyelevelmakesthemsellfasterthancheaperbutlessvisiblecompetitors.）3.答案：impulsebuying.（第2段第1句：AtarecentconferenceonthesimulationofadaptivebehaviourinRome,Zeeshan-ul-hassanUsmani,acomputerscientistfromtheFloridaInstituteofTechnology,describedanewwaytoincreaseimpulsebuyingusingthisphenomenon.）4.答案：other(tempting)goods/things/products.（第2段第2句：Supermarketsalreadyencourageshopperstobuythingstheydidnotrealisetheywanted:forinstance,byplacingeverydayitemssuchasmilkandeggsatthebackofthestore,forcingshopperstowalkpastothertemptinggoodstoreachthem.）5.答案：screen.（第3段第4行：Asacustomerwalkspastashelfofgoods,ascreenontheshelftellshimhowmanypeoplecurrentlyintheshophavechosenthatparticularproduct.Ifthenumberishigh,heismorelikelytoselectittoo.）6.答案：discounts.（第4段第第1句：MrUsmani’s“swarm-moves”modelappealstosupermarketsbecauseitincreasessaleswithouttheneedtogivepeoplediscounts.）7.答案：NO.(第4段第3、4句：Themodelhasnotyetbeentestedwidelyintherealworld,mainlybecauseradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyisnewandhasonlybeeninstalledexperimentallyinsomesupermarkets.ButMrUsmanisaysthatbothWal-MartinAmericaanTescoinBritainareinterestdinhisworkd,andtestingwillgetunderwayinthespring.短語“getunderway”旳意思是“開始進(jìn)行”，在Wal-Mart旳試驗(yàn)要等到春天才開始)8.答案：NOTGIVEN.（在文中沒有提及該信息）9.答案：YES。（第5段第3句：Thereseachersfoundthatwhenpeoplecouldseethesongsrankedbyhowmanytimestheyhavebeendownloaded,theyfollowedthecrowd.）10.答案：NO。（第5段最終兩句：Whenthesongsarenotorderedbyrank,butthenumberoftimestheyhadbeendownloadedwasdisplayed,theeffectofsocialinfluencewasstilltherebutwaslesspronounced.Pnounced旳詞義是“明顯旳、明顯旳”）11.答案：YES。（第6段第1句：InJapanachainofconvenienceshopscalledRanKingRanQueenhasbeenorderingitsproductsaccordingtosalesdatafromdepartmentstoresandresearchcompanies.）12.答案：YES。（最終一段最終一句：Evenintheprivacyofyourhome,youcanstillbepartoftheswarm.home應(yīng)當(dāng)算是everydaylife旳一部分）RoguetheoryofsmellgetsaboostPublishedonline:6DecemberRoguetheoryofsmellgetsaboost1.Acontroversialtheoryofhowwesmell,whichclaimsthatourfinesenseofodourdependsonquantummechanics,hasbeengiventhethumbsupbyateamofphysicists.2.CalculationsbyresearchersatUniversityCollegeLondon(UCL)showthattheideathatwesmellodourmoleculesbysensingtheirmolecularvibrationsmakessenseintermsofthephysicsinvolved.3.That'sstillsomewayfromprovingthatthetheory,proposedinthemid-1990sbybiophysicistLucaTurin,iscorrect.Butitshouldmakeotherscientiststaketheideamoreseriously.4."Thisisabigstepforward,"saysTurin,whohasnowsetuphisownperfumecompanyFlexitralinVirginia.Hesaysthatsincehepublishedhistheory,"ithasbeenignoredratherthancriticized."5.Mostscientistshaveassumedthatoursenseofsmelldependsonreceptorsinthenosedetectingtheshapeofincomingmolecules,whichtriggersasignaltothebrain.Thismolecular'lockandkey'processisthoughttoliebehindawiderangeofthebody'sdetectionsystems:itishowsomepartsoftheimmunesystemrecogniseinvaders,forexample,andhowthetonguerecognizessometastes.6.ButTurinarguedthatsmelldoesn'tseemtofitthispictureverywell.Moleculesthatlookalmostidenticalcansmellverydifferent—suchasalcohols,whichsmelllikespirits,andthiols,whichsmelllikerotteneggs.Andmoleculeswithverydifferentstructurescansmellsimilar.Moststrikingly,somemoleculescansmelldifferent—toanimals,ifnotnecessarilytohumans—simplybecausetheycontaindifferentisotopes(atomsthatarechemicallyidenticalbuthaveadifferentmass).7.Turin'sexplanationforthesesmellyfactsinvokestheideathatthesmellsignalinolfactoryreceptorproteinsistriggerednotbyanodourmolecule'sshape,butbyitsvibrations,whichcanenourageanelectrontojumpbetweentwopartsofthereceptorinaquantum-mechanicalprocesscalledtunnelling.Thiselectronmovementcouldinitiatethesmellsignalbeingsenttothebrain.8.Thiswouldexplainwhyisotopescansmelldifferent:theirvibrationfrequenciesarechangediftheatomsareheavier.Turin'smechanism,saysMarshallStonehamoftheUCLteam,ismorelikeswipe-cardidentificationthanakeyfittingalock.9.Vibration-assistedelectrontunnellingcanundoubtedlyoccur—itisusedinanexperimentaltechniqueformeasuringmolecularvibrations."Thequestioniswhetherthisispossibleinthenose,"saysStoneham'scolleague,AndrewHorsfield.10.StonehamsaysthatwhenhefirstheardaboutTurin'sidea,whileTurinwashimselfbasedatUCL,"Ididn'tbelieveit".But,headds,"becauseitwasaninterestingidea,IthoughtIshouldproveitcouldn'twork.Ididsomesimplecalculations,andonlythenbegantofeelLucacouldberight."NowStonehamandhisco-workershavedonethejobmorethoroughly,inapapersoontobepublishedinPhysicalReviewLetters.11.TheUCLteamcalculatedtheratesofelectronhoppinginanosereceptorthathasanodorantmoleculeboundtoit.Thisratedependsonvariouspropertiesofthebiomolecularsystemthatarenotknown,buttheresearcherscouldestimatetheseparametersbasedontypicalvaluesformoleculesofthissort.12.Thekeyissueiswhetherthehoppingratewiththeodorantinplaceissignificantlygreaterthanthatwithoutit.Thecalculationsshowthatitis—whichmeansthatodouridentificationinthiswayseemstheoreticallypossible.13.ButHorsfieldstressesthatthat'sdifferentfromaproofofTurin'sidea."Sofarthingslookplausible,butweneedproperexperimentalverification.We'rebeginningtothinkaboutwhatexperimentscouldbeperformed."14.Meanwhile,Turinispressingaheadwithhishypothesis."AtFlexitralwehavebeendesigningodorantsexclusivelyonthebasisoftheircomputedvibrations,"hesays."Oursuccessrateatodorantdiscoveryistwoordersofmagnitudebetterthanthecompetition."Attheveryleast,heisputtinghismoneywherehisnoseis.(668wordsNature)Questions1-4Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?PleasewriteTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththewriterFALSEifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththewriterNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassage1.TheresultofthestudyatUCLagreeswithTurin’stheory.2.ThestudyatUCLcouldconclusivelyprovewhatLucaTurinhashypothesized.3.TurinlefthispostatUCLandstartedhisownbusinessbecausehistheorywasignored.4.Themoleculesofalcoholsandthoseofthiolslookalike.Questions5-9Completethesentencesbelowwithwordsfromthepassage.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.5.Thehypothesisthatwesmellbysensingthemolecularvibrationwasmadeby______.6.Turin’scompanyisbasedin______.7.Mostscientistsbelievedthatournoseworksinthesamewayasour______.8.Differentisotopescansmelldifferentwhen______weighdifferently.9.AccordingtoAudrewHorsfield,itisstilltobeprovedthat______couldreallyoccurinhumannose.Question10-12AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.10.What’sthenameoftheresearcherwhocollaboratedwithStoneham?11.WhatisthenextstepoftheUCLteam’sstudy?12.WhatisthetheoreticalbasisindesigningodorantsinTurin’scompany?(byZhouHong)AnswerKeysandExplanations1.T見第一段。“givesththethumbsup”為“接受“旳意思。2.F見第三段。“That'sstillsomewayfromprovingthatthetheory,proposedinthemid-1990sbybiophysicistLucaTurin,iscorrect.”意即“目前尚無法證明生物物理學(xué)家Luca在九十年代中期提出旳理論與否對(duì)旳。”3.NG4.T見第六段“Moleculesthatlookalmostidenticalcansmellverydifferent—suchasalcohols,whichsmelllikespirits,andthiols,whichsmelllikerotteneggs.”“identical”一詞是“完全相似”旳意思。這句話是說alcohols和thiols旳分子構(gòu)造看起來同樣，不過它們旳味道卻相去甚遠(yuǎn)。5.LucaTurin文章第二，三和七段均可看出Luca旳理論即人類旳鼻子是通過感覺氣味分子旳震動(dòng)來辨別氣味旳。6.Virginia見第四段。7.tongue見第五段“Thismolecular'lockandkey'processisthoughttoliebehindawiderangeofthebody'sdetectionsystems:itishowsomepartsoftheimmunesystemrecogniseinvaders,forexample,andhowthetonguerecognizessometastes.”8.theatoms見第八段“Thiswouldexplainwhyisotopescansmelldifferent:theirvibrationfrequenciesarechangediftheatomsareheavier.”9.vibration-assistedelectrontunneling見第九段“"Thequestioniswhetherthisispossibleinthenose,"saysStoneham'scolleague,AndrewHorsfield.”句中旳代詞“this”指句首旳“vibration-assistedelectrontunneling”。10.AndrewHorsfield見第九段結(jié)尾。11．properexperimentalverification見第十三段。12．theircomputedvibrations見第十四段。★Whydidapromisingheartdrugfail?Doomeddrughighlightscomplicationsofmeddlingwithcholesterol.1.Thefailureofahigh-profilecholesteroldrughasthrownaspotlightonthecomplicatedmachinerythatregulatescholesterollevels.Butmanyresearchersremainconfidentthatdrugstoboostlevelsof'good'cholesterolarestilloneofthemostpromisingmeanstocombatspirallingheartdisease.2.DrugcompanyPfizerannouncedon2Decemberthatitwascancellingallclinicaltrialsoftorcetrapib,adrugdesignedtoraiseheart-protectivehigh-densitylipoproteins(HDLs).Inatrialof15000patients,asafetyboardfoundthatmorepeoplediedorsufferedcardiovascularproblemsaftertakingthedrugplusacholesterol-loweringstatinthanthoseinacontrolgroupwhotookthestatinalone.3.Thenewscameasakickintheteethtomanycardiologistsbecauseearliertestsinanimalsandpeoplesuggesteditwouldlowerratesofcardiovasculardisease."Therehavebeennoredflagstomyknowledge,"saysJohnChapman,aspecialistinlipoproteinsandatherosclerosisattheNationalInstituteforHealthandMedicalResearch(INSERM)inPariswhohasalsostudiedtorcetrapib."Thiscancellationcameasacompleteshock."4.TorcetrapibisoneofthemostadvancedofanewbreedofdrugsdesignedtoraiselevelsofHDLs,whichferrycholesteroloutofartery-cloggingplaquestotheliverforremovalfromthebody.Specifically,torcetrapibblocksaproteincalledcholesterolestertransferprotein(CETP),whichnormallytransfersthecholesterolfromhigh-densitylipoproteinstolowdensity,plaque-promotingones.Statins,incontrast,mainlyworkbyloweringthe'bad'low-densitylipoproteins.Underpressure5.Researchersarenowtryingtoworkoutwhyandhowthedrugbackfired,somethingthatwillnotbecomeclearuntiltheclinicaldetailsarereleasedbyPfizer.Onehintliesinevidencefromearliertrialsthatitslightlyraisesbloodpressureinsomepatients.Itwasthoughtthatthismildproblemwouldbeoffsetbytheheartbenefitsofthedrug.Butitispossiblethatitactuallyprovedfatalinsomepatientswhoalreadysufferedhighbloodpressure.Ifbloodpressureistheexplanation,itwouldactuallybegoodnewsfordrugdevelopersbecauseitsuggeststhattheproblemsarespecifictothiscompound.OtherprototypedrugsthatarebeingdevelopedtoblockCETPworkinaslightlydifferentwayandmightnotsufferthesamedownfall.6.ButitisalsopossiblethatthewholeideaofblockingCETPisflawed,saysMotiKashyap,whodirectsatherosclerosisresearchattheVAMedicalCenterinLongBeach,Goingup7.Mostresearchersremainconfidentthatelevatinghighdensitylipoproteinslevelsbyonemeansoranotherisoneofthebestroutesforhelpingheartdiseasepatients.ButHDLsarecomplexandnotentirelyunderstood.Oneapproveddrug,calledniacin,isknowntobothraiseHDLandreducecardiovascularriskbutalsocausesanunpleasantsensationofheatandtingling.Researchersareexploringwhethertheycanbypassthissideeffectandwhetherniacincanlowerdiseaseriskmorethanstatinsalone.Scientistsarealsoworkingonseveralothermeanstobumpuphigh-densitylipoproteinsby,forexample,introducingsyntheticHDLs."Theonlythingweknowisdeadinthewateristorcetrapib,notthewholeideaofraisingHDL,"saysMichaelMiller,directorofpreventivecardiologyattheUniversityofMarylandMedicalCenter,Baltimore.(613wordsnature)Questions1-7Thispassagehas7paragraphs1-7.Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumberi-ixinboxes1-ListofHeadingsi.Howdoestorcetrapibwork?ii.Contradictoryresultpriortothecurrenttrialiii.Onefailuremaypossiblybringaboutfuturesuccessiv.Thefailuredoesn’tleadtototallossofconfidencev.Itistherightroutetofollowvi.Whyit’sstoppedvii.Theymaycombineandtheoreticallyproduceidealresultviii.What’swrongwiththedrugix.ItmightbewrongatthefirstplaceExampleanswerParagraph1iv1．Paragraph22．Paragraph33．Paragraph44．Paragraph55．Paragraph66．Paragraph7Questions7-13Matchtorcetrapib，HDLs，statinandCETPwiththeirfunctions（Questions8-13）..WritethecorrectletterA,B,CorDinboxes8-NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.7．Ithasbeenadministeredtoover10,000subjectsinaclinicaltrial.8．Itcouldhelpridhumanbodyofcholesterol.9．Researchersareyettofindmoreaboutit.10.Itwasusedtoreducethelevelofcholesterol.11.AccordingtoKashyap,itmightleadtounwantedresultifit’sblocked.12.Itproducedcontradictoryresultsindifferenttrials.13.ItcouldinhibitLDLs.ListofchoicesA.TorcetrapicB.HDLSC.StatinD.CETPSuggestedAnswersandExplanations1．vi2．ii3．vii本段簡介了torcetrapib和statin旳治病原理，不過同步短語“incontrast”與之前第二段后半段旳內(nèi)容呼應(yīng)，暗示了這兩種藥在理論上能相輔相成，是理想旳搭配。第一種選項(xiàng)無法涵蓋整段意義，故選擇i是錯(cuò)誤旳。4．iii本段分析了也許導(dǎo)致torcetrapibl臨床試驗(yàn)失敗旳原因，后半段指出假如以上推測對(duì)旳，那么未來旳藥物可借鑒這個(gè)試驗(yàn)，設(shè)法防止torcetrapib旳缺陷，研制出有效旳藥物。viii選項(xiàng)無法涵蓋后半段旳意思。5．ix見首句。6．v7．A見第二段。題目中administer一詞意為“用藥”，subject一詞為“試驗(yàn)對(duì)象”之意。8．B見第四段“…toraiselevelsofHDLs,whichferrycholesteroloutofartery-cloggingplaquestotheliverforremovalfromthebody.”即HDLs旳作用最終是將choleserol清除出人體：“…forremovalfromthebody”。9．B見第四段“ButHDLsarecomplexandnotentirelyunderstood.”10．C見第二段“…plusacholesterol-loweringstatin”，即statin是可以減少cholesterol旳。11．D見第六段“SoinhibitingCETP,…mightactuallycauseanabnormalandirreversibleaccumulationofcholesterolinthebody.12．A見第三段。13．C見第四段“Statins,incontrast,mainlyworkbyloweringthe'bad'low-densitylipoproteins.”★TheTriumphofUnreasonA.Neoclassicaleconomicsisbuiltontheassumptionthathumansarerationalbeingswhohaveaclearideaoftheirbestinterestsandstrivetoextractmaximumbenefit(or“utility”,ineconomist-speak)fromanysituation.Neoclassicaleconomicsassumesthattheprocessofdecision-makingisrational.Butthatcontradictsgrowingevidencethatdecision-makingdrawsontheemotions—evenwhenreasonisclearlyinvolved.B.Theroleofemotionsindecisionsmakesperfectsense.Forsituationsmetfrequentlyinthepast,suchasobtainingfoodandmates,andconfrontingorfleeingfromthreats,theneuralmechanismsrequiredtoweighuptheprosandconswillhavebeenhonedbyevolutiontoproduceanoptimaloutcome.Sinceemotionisthemechanismbywhichanimalsareproddedtowardssuchoutcomes,evolutionaryandeconomictheorypredictthesamepracticalconsequencesforutilityinthesecases.Butdoesthisstillapplywhentheancestralmachineryhastorespondtothestimuliofurbanmodernity?C.OneofthepeoplewhothinksthatitdoesnotisGeorgeLoewenstein,aneconomistatCarnegieMellonUniversity,inPittsburgh.Inparticular,hesuspectsthatmodernshoppinghassubvertedthedecision-makingmachineryinawaythatencouragespeopletorunupdebt.Toprovethepointhehasteamedupwithtwopsychologists,BrianKnutsonofStanfordD.Inastudy,thethreeresearchersasked26volunteerstodecidewhethertobuyaseriesofproductssuchasaboxofchocolatesoraDVDofthetelevisionshowthatwereflashedonacomputerscreenoneafteranother.Ineachroundofthetask,theresearchersfirstpresentedtheproductandthenitsprice,witheachsteplastingfourseconds.Inthefinalstage,whichalsolastedfourseconds,theyaskedthevolunteerstomakeuptheirminds.Whilethevolunteersweretakingpartintheexperiment,theresearchersscannedtheirbrainsusingatechniquecalledfunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI).Thismeasuresbloodflowandoxygenconsumptioninthebrain,asanindicationofitsactivity.E.Theresearchersfoundthatdifferentpartsofthebrainwereinvolvedatdifferentstagesofthetest.Thenucleusaccumbenswasthemostactivepartwhenaproductwasbeingdisplayed.Moreover,thelevelofitsactivitycorrelatedwiththereporteddesirabilityoftheproductinquestion.F.Whenthepriceappeared,however,fMRIreportedmoreactivityinotherpartsofthebrain.Excessivelyhighpricesincreasedactivityintheinsularcortex,abrainregionlinkedtoexpectationsofpain,monetarylossandtheviewingofupsettingpictures.Theresearchersalsofoundgreateractivityinthisregionofthebrainwhenthesubjectdecidednottopurchaseanitem.G.Priceinformationactivatedthemedialprefrontalcortex,too.Thispartofthebrainisinvolvedinrationalcalculation.Intheexperimentitsactivityseemedtocorrelatewithavolunteer'sreactiontobothproductandprice,ratherthantopricealone.Thus,thesenseofagoodbargainevokedhigheractivitylevelsinthemedialprefrontalcortex,andthisoftenprecededadecisiontobuy.H.People'sshoppingbehaviourthereforeseemstohavepiggy-backedonoldneuralcircuitsevolvedforanticipationofrewardandtheavoidanceofhazards.WhatDrLoewensteinfoundinterestingwastheseparationoftheassessmentoftheproduct(whichseemstobeassociatedwiththenucleusaccumbens)fromtheassessmentofitsprice(associatedwiththeinsularcortex),eventhoughthetwoarethensynthesisedintheprefrontalcortex.Hishypothesisisthatratherthanweighingthepresentgoodagainstfuturealternatives,asorthodoxeconomicssuggestshappens,peopleactuallybalancetheimmediatepleasureoftheprospectivepossessionofaproductwiththeimmediatepainofpayingforit.I.Thatmakesperfectsenseasanevolvedmechanismfortrading.Ifoneusefulobjectisbeingtradedforanother(hardcashinmoderntime),thefutureutilityofwhatisbeinggivenupisembeddedintheobjectbeingtraded.Emotionisascapableofassigningsuchavalueasreason.Buyingoncredit,though,maybedifferent.Theabstractnatureofcreditcards,coupledwiththedefermentofpaymentthattheypromise,maymodulatethe“con”sideofthecalculationinfavourofthe“pro”.J.Whetheritactuallydoessowillbethesubjectoffurtherexperimentsthatthethreeresearchersarenowdesigning.Thesewilltestwhetherpeoplewithdistinctlydifferentspendingbehaviour,suchasmiserlinessandextravagance,experiencedifferentamountsofpaininresponsetoprices.Theywillalsoassesswhether,inthesameindividuals,buyingwithcreditcardseasesthepaincomparedwithpayingbycash.Iftheyfindthatitdoes,thencreditcardsmayhavetojointhelistofthingssuchasfattyandsugaryfoods,andrecreationaldrugs,thatsubverthumaninstinctsinwaysthatseempleasurableatthetimebutcanhavealongandmalignaftertaste.Questions1-6DothefollowingstatemetsreflecttheclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?WriteyouranswerinBoxes1-TRUEifthestatementrefletstheclaimsofthewriterFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriterNOTGIVENifitispossbiletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis1.Thebeliefofneoclassicaleconomicsdoesnotaccordwiththeincreasingevidencethathumansmakeuseoftheemotionstomakedecisions.2.Animalsareurgedbyemotiontostriveforanoptimaloutcomesorextractmaximumutilityfromanysituation.3.GeorgeLoewensteinthinksthatmodernwaysofshoppingtendtoallowpeopletoaccumulatetheirdebts.4.Themoreactivethenucleusaccumenswas,thestrongerthedesireofpeoplefortheproductinquestion