合作醫(yī)療就醫(yī)與補(bǔ)償流程與辦法Title課件

AssociationforSenseAboutScienceNaturalHistoryMuseumM.S.Swaminathan,FRSUNESCOChairinEcotechnologyPresident,PugwashConferencesonScienceandWorldAffairsM.S.SwaminathanResearchFoundation,ChennaiWheretheGreenRevolutionhasleftusandwhereweneedtogonow?London,22May2003PublicGoodPlantBreeding:Whataretheinternationalpriorities?AssociationforSenseAboutSc1FaminesandPublicGoodPlantBreedingTheIrishPotatoFamineof1840striggeredthesearchfornewgenesintuber-bearingSolanumspecies.FaminesandPublicGoodPlant2“ThisConference,meetinginthemidstofthegreatestwareverwaged,andinfullconfidenceofvictory,hasconsideredworldproblemsoffoodandagricultureanddeclaresitsbelief

thatthegoaloffreedomfromwantoffood,suitableandadequateforthehealthandstrengthofallpeoples,canbeachieved”.ResolutionofConferenceconvenedby

PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltHotSprings

Virginia(18Mayto3June1943)“ThisConference,meetingint3MajorFaminesofthe20thCenturySource:AmartyaSen,PovertyandFamines,1981MajorFaminesofthe20thCent4合作醫(yī)療就醫(yī)與補(bǔ)償流程與辦法Title5Haiti Can’t-be-savedEgypt Can’t-be-savedTheGambia WalkingWoundedTunisia ShouldReceiveFoodLibya WalkingWoundedIndia Can’t-be-savedPakistan ShouldReceiveFood Famine:Triageclassificationofcountries-PaulandWilliamPaddock,1967Haiti Can’t-be-savedFamine6VariationinAustralianAverageWheatYield(Ten-YearMean)from1860to2000FightingSoilHungerVariationinAustralianAverag7WaterConservationandManagement:KeytoCropSecurityThericeterracesofBaliWaterConservationandManagem8GreenRevolutioninEuropeBeganwithLiebig’sdiscoveryofmineralfertilizerinthe1850sSoilhealth,watermanagementandplantprotectionprovedtobekeyfactorsindeterminingcropproductivityMendeliangeneticshelpedtobreedstrainscapableofrespondingwelltosoilfertilityandirrigationwatermanagementGreenRevolutioninEuropeBega9Daruma(Japanesesemi-dwarf)XFultz(U.S.winterwheat,highyield)Fultz-Daruma(semi-dwarf,highyield)Locals(adaptedtoU.S.Northwest)XXTurkeyRed(U.S.winter,highyield)Norin10(semi-dwarf,winter,highyield)Gaines(semi-dwarf,winter,U.S.adpted)XLocalStrainsNewWheats(semi-dwarf,highyield,adaptable,rust-resistant,fast-maturing,spring)Originofthesemi-dwarfwheatsPowerofMendelianBreedingDarumaXFultzFultz-DarumaLocals10PublicgoodPlantBreedingandassuredandremunerativemarketingtriggeredrapidprogressWheatProduction–IndianowoccupiestheSecondPositionintheWorld1965:10Milliont 2000:80MilliontPublicgoodPlantBreedingand11合作醫(yī)療就醫(yī)與補(bǔ)償流程與辦法Title12Sometimebetween1970and1985theworldwillundergovastfamines—hundredsofmillionsofpeoplearegoingtostarvetodeath.Thatis,theywillstarvetodeathunlessplague,thermonuclearwar,orsomeotheragentkillsthemfirst.TheUnitedStatesshouldannouncethatitwillnolongershipfoodtocountriessuchasIndiawheredispassionateanalysisindicatesthattheunbalancebetweenfoodandpopulationishopeless.Ehrlich1968Sometimebetween1970and19813SynergybetweenTechnologyandPublicPolicyScienceandAgriculturalProgress

1968–TheBeginningofGreenRevolutionSynergybetweenTechnologyand14PedigreeSelectionInter-varietalHybridizationWinterxSpringWheatcrossesMutationBreedingAneuploidandGenomicBreedingRestructuringPlantArchitecture:Semi-dwarfwheatShuttleBreedingandPhoto-insensitivityHybridWheatApomixisFunctionalGenomicsandMolecularBreedingHundredYearsofWheatBreedingPedigreeSelectionHundredYear15LandandForestSavingAgricultureLandandForestSavingAgricul16Non-lodging,greaterabsorptionofsunlight,betterrootsystem,higherharvestindexandphoto-insensitivityNewPlantTypeinRiceNon-lodging,greaterabsorpti178000BC1900Landraces1930Purelineselection1950Crossbreds2010Biotech-nology1995Indica/Indicahybrids2005Indica/Tropicaljaponicahybrids196519902000NewplanttypeSemidwarfs(IR8)(IR72otentialyield(t/ha)FromGreentoGeneRevolutioninRicePublicSectorPublic-PrivateSector80001900193019502010199520051918GeneticResources

(buildingblocks)Biotechnologies

(tools)CommercialProducts

(marketvalue)

$SuigenerisSystems

(Rights)Benefit-sharing

(collectiverights)

(e.g.Farmers’RightsandtheGlobalPlanofAction)IntellectualPropertyRights(individualrights)%

(e.g.PlantBreeder’sRights)FAO–InternationalTreaty–Art,9

(alsoArt.12&13)CBD–Art,8(j)WIPO

WTO/TRIPS(Art.27.3.b)

UPOVAccesstoGeneticResourcesand

BiotechnologiesforFoodandAgricultureGeneticResources

(buildingbl19“Manhaslostthecapacitytoforeseeandtoforestall.Hewillendbydestroyingtheearth”-AlbertSchweitzerEnvironmentandDevelopment:EarlyWarningRachelCarson1962:SilentSpring“Manhaslostthecapacityto20“Intensivecultivationoflandwithoutconservationofsoilfertilityandsoilstructurewouldleadultimatelytothespringingupofdeserts.Irrigationwithoutarrangementsfordrainagewouldresultinsoilsgettingalkalineorsaline.Indiscriminateuseofpesticides,fungicidesandherbicidescouldcauseadversechangesinbiologicalbalanceaswellasleadtoanincreaseintheincidenceofcancerandotherdiseases,throughthetoxicresiduespresentinthegrainsorotheredibleparts.Unscientifictappingofundergroundwaterwouldleadtotherapidexhaustionofthiswonderfulcapitalresourcelefttousthroughagesofnaturalfarming.Therapidreplacementofnumerouslocallyadaptedvarietieswithoneortwohighyieldingstrainsinlargecontiguousareaswouldresultinthespreadofseriousdiseasescapableofwipingoutentirecrops,ashappenedpriortotheIrishpotatofamineof1845andtheBengalricefamineof1942.Therefore,theinitiationsofexploitativeagriculturewithoutaproperunderstandingofthevariousconsequencesofeveryoneofthechangesintroducedintotraditionalagricultureandwithoutfirstbuildingupaproperscientificandtrainingbasetosustainit,mayonlyleadusintoaneraofagriculturaldisasterinthelongrun,ratherthantoaneraofagriculturalprosperity.”ScientificrationaleforanEver-greenrevolutionMSSwaminathanIndianScienceCongress,Varanasi,January1968“Intensivecultivationofl21Whatnationswithsmallfarmsandresourcepoorfarmersneedistheenhancementofproductivityinperpetuity,withoutassociatedecologicalorsocialharm.Thegreenrevolutionshouldbecomeanever-greenrevolutionrootedintheprinciplesofecology,economicsandsocialandgenderequity.-MSSwaminathan,1990ConceptofEver-greenRevolutionWhatnationswithsmallfarms22GreenRevolutionEver-greenRevolutionCommodityCenteredExperimentStationResearchIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementCenteredParticipatoryResearchParadigmShift:AddingtheDimensionofEnvironmentalsustainabilityGreenEver-greenCommodityCente23GrowthRatesintheProductionofFoodGrainFatigueoftheGreenRevolutionGrowthRatesintheProduction24Wheredoweneedtogonow?Inpopulationrichandlandhungrycountries,thereisnooptionexcepttoproducemorefromlesspercapitaarablelandandirrigationwater.Thesmallerthefarm,thegreateristheneedformarketablesurplus,togetcashincomeThereisneedforanticipatoryresearchtofacefuturechallengeslikeglobalwarmingandsealevelriseObviouslyanintegratedapproachtoMendelianandmolecularbreedingwillbeessentialtomakeprogressWheredoweneedtogonow?In25Mangroves:UsefulSourcesofGenesforSalinityToleranceAnticipatoryResearchMangroves:UsefulSourcesof26cDNAlibrarieswereconstructedfromtheMangrovespeciesAvicenniamarinaAnumberofgeneswithpotentialapplicationtoabioticstresshasbeenisolatedandcharactreisedFourisolatedgeneswereusedfordevelopingtransgenicsinrice,BrassicaandVignaTransgenicplantswithsalinitytolerance

genesAvicenniamarinaFacingtheChallengeofSealevelRisecDNAlibrarieswereconstructe27IntegratedMendelianandMolecularBreedingTransgenic(T1)riceplantswithgenesfrommangrovesinthegreenhouse(salttoleranceupto150mM)IntegratedMendelianandMolec28“Organicagricultureincludesallagriculturalsystemsthatpromotetheenvironmentally,sociallyandeconomicallysoundproductionoffoodandfibres.Thesesystemstakelocalsoilfertilityasakeytosuccessfulproduction.”InternationalFederationofOrganicAgricultureMovement(IFOAM)-2002OrganicAgricultureandEvergreenRevolution“Organicagricultureincludes29OrganicFarming1)SoilHealth2)WaterQuality3)PlantHealth5)AnimalHealthVermicultureBio-fertilisersStemnodulatinggreenmanurecropsBioremediationGeneticResistanceBiopesticidesVaccinesHighqualityfeedsandfodder6)EnvironmentBiomonitoringthroughBio-indicatorsHigherCarbonSequestration4)Post-harvestTechnologyNewstrainswithimprovedkeeping,processingandtransportqualitiesIFOAM:GeneticEngineeringisexcludedinorganicagricultureBiotechnologyandOrganicAgricultureOrganic1)SoilHealth2)Water30“Wearecommittedtostudy,shareandfacilitatetheresponsibleuseofbiotechnologyinaddressingdevelopmentneeds”CivilSocietyOrganisations’Declaration“Geneticallymodifiedorganismsrepresentathreattofamilyfarmers,otherfoodproducers,theintegrityofgeneticresourcesandhumanandenvironmentalhealth.Theywillaffectparticularlytheruralpoor,whocannotaffordthiscostlyalternative”WorldFoodSummitPlus5,Rome(June10-13,2002)DeclarationonBiotechnology“Wearecommittedtostudy,sh31TheWayAheadOurabilitytoachieveaparadigmshiftfromgreentoanever-greenrevolutionandourabilitytofacethechallengesofglobalwarmingandsealevelrisewilldependuponourabilitytoharmoniseorganicfarmingandthenewgenetics.TheWayAheadOurabilitytoac32GeneticModificationinCropPlants:IFOAMConcernsandWayAheadContd…GeneticModificationinCropP33Contd…Contd…34合作醫(yī)療就醫(yī)與補(bǔ)償流程與辦法Title35NGODeclarationFAORomeWorldFoodSummitPlusFive(2002)NGODeclaration36合作醫(yī)療就醫(yī)與補(bǔ)償流程與辦法Title37“Theproblembeforeusishowtofeedbillionsofnewmouthsoverthenextseveraldecadesandsavetherestoflifeatthesametime,withoutbeingtrappedinaFaustianbargainthatthreatensfreedomfromsecurity.Thebenefitsmustcomefromanevergreenrevolution.Theaimofthisnewthrustistoliftfoodproductionwellabovethelevelattainedbythegreenrevolutionofthe1960s,usingtechnologyandregulatorypolicymoreadvancedandevensaferthannowinexistence”EdwardO.Wilson,2002TheFutureoflifeEver-greenRevolution“Theproblembeforeusishow38AssociationforSenseAboutScienceNaturalHistoryMuseumM.S.Swaminathan,FRSUNESCOChairinEcotechnologyPresident,PugwashConferencesonScienceandWorldAffairsM.S.SwaminathanResearchFoundation,ChennaiWheretheGreenRevolutionhasleftusandwhereweneedtogonow?London,22May2003PublicGoodPlantBreeding:Whataretheinternationalpriorities?AssociationforSenseAboutSc39FaminesandPublicGoodPlantBreedingTheIrishPotatoFamineof1840striggeredthesearchfornewgenesintuber-bearingSolanumspecies.FaminesandPublicGoodPlant40“ThisConference,meetinginthemidstofthegreatestwareverwaged,andinfullconfidenceofvictory,hasconsideredworldproblemsoffoodandagricultureanddeclaresitsbelief

thatthegoaloffreedomfromwantoffood,suitableandadequateforthehealthandstrengthofallpeoples,canbeachieved”.ResolutionofConferenceconvenedby

PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltHotSprings

Virginia(18Mayto3June1943)“ThisConference,meetingint41MajorFaminesofthe20thCenturySource:AmartyaSen,PovertyandFamines,1981MajorFaminesofthe20thCent42合作醫(yī)療就醫(yī)與補(bǔ)償流程與辦法Title43Haiti Can’t-be-savedEgypt Can’t-be-savedTheGambia WalkingWoundedTunisia ShouldReceiveFoodLibya WalkingWoundedIndia Can’t-be-savedPakistan ShouldReceiveFood Famine:Triageclassificationofcountries-PaulandWilliamPaddock,1967Haiti Can’t-be-savedFamine44VariationinAustralianAverageWheatYield(Ten-YearMean)from1860to2000FightingSoilHungerVariationinAustralianAverag45WaterConservationandManagement:KeytoCropSecurityThericeterracesofBaliWaterConservationandManagem46GreenRevolutioninEuropeBeganwithLiebig’sdiscoveryofmineralfertilizerinthe1850sSoilhealth,watermanagementandplantprotectionprovedtobekeyfactorsindeterminingcropproductivityMendeliangeneticshelpedtobreedstrainscapableofrespondingwelltosoilfertilityandirrigationwatermanagementGreenRevolutioninEuropeBega47Daruma(Japanesesemi-dwarf)XFultz(U.S.winterwheat,highyield)Fultz-Daruma(semi-dwarf,highyield)Locals(adaptedtoU.S.Northwest)XXTurkeyRed(U.S.winter,highyield)Norin10(semi-dwarf,winter,highyield)Gaines(semi-dwarf,winter,U.S.adpted)XLocalStrainsNewWheats(semi-dwarf,highyield,adaptable,rust-resistant,fast-maturing,spring)Originofthesemi-dwarfwheatsPowerofMendelianBreedingDarumaXFultzFultz-DarumaLocals48PublicgoodPlantBreedingandassuredandremunerativemarketingtriggeredrapidprogressWheatProduction–IndianowoccupiestheSecondPositionintheWorld1965:10Milliont 2000:80MilliontPublicgoodPlantBreedingand49合作醫(yī)療就醫(yī)與補(bǔ)償流程與辦法Title50Sometimebetween1970and1985theworldwillundergovastfamines—hundredsofmillionsofpeoplearegoingtostarvetodeath.Thatis,theywillstarvetodeathunlessplague,thermonuclearwar,orsomeotheragentkillsthemfirst.TheUnitedStatesshouldannouncethatitwillnolongershipfoodtocountriessuchasIndiawheredispassionateanalysisindicatesthattheunbalancebetweenfoodandpopulationishopeless.Ehrlich1968Sometimebetween1970and19851SynergybetweenTechnologyandPublicPolicyScienceandAgriculturalProgress

1968–TheBeginningofGreenRevolutionSynergybetweenTechnologyand52PedigreeSelectionInter-varietalHybridizationWinterxSpringWheatcrossesMutationBreedingAneuploidandGenomicBreedingRestructuringPlantArchitecture:Semi-dwarfwheatShuttleBreedingandPhoto-insensitivityHybridWheatApomixisFunctionalGenomicsandMolecularBreedingHundredYearsofWheatBreedingPedigreeSelectionHundredYear53LandandForestSavingAgricultureLandandForestSavingAgricul54Non-lodging,greaterabsorptionofsunlight,betterrootsystem,higherharvestindexandphoto-insensitivityNewPlantTypeinRiceNon-lodging,greaterabsorpti558000BC1900Landraces1930Purelineselection1950Crossbreds2010Biotech-nology1995Indica/Indicahybrids2005Indica/Tropicaljaponicahybrids196519902000NewplanttypeSemidwarfs(IR8)(IR72otentialyield(t/ha)FromGreentoGeneRevolutioninRicePublicSectorPublic-PrivateSector80001900193019502010199520051956GeneticResources

(buildingblocks)Biotechnologies

(tools)CommercialProducts

(marketvalue)

$SuigenerisSystems

(Rights)Benefit-sharing

(collectiverights)

(e.g.Farmers’RightsandtheGlobalPlanofAction)IntellectualPropertyRights(individualrights)%

(e.g.PlantBreeder’sRights)FAO–InternationalTreaty–Art,9

(alsoArt.12&13)CBD–Art,8(j)WIPO

WTO/TRIPS(Art.27.3.b)

UPOVAccesstoGeneticResourcesand

BiotechnologiesforFoodandAgricultureGeneticResources

(buildingbl57“Manhaslostthecapacitytoforeseeandtoforestall.Hewillendbydestroyingtheearth”-AlbertSchweitzerEnvironmentandDevelopment:EarlyWarningRachelCarson1962:SilentSpring“Manhaslostthecapacityto58“Intensivecultivationoflandwithoutconservationofsoilfertilityandsoilstructurewouldleadultimatelytothespringingupofdeserts.Irrigationwithoutarrangementsfordrainagewouldresultinsoilsgettingalkalineorsaline.Indiscriminateuseofpesticides,fungicidesandherbicidescouldcauseadversechangesinbiologicalbalanceaswellasleadtoanincreaseintheincidenceofcancerandotherdiseases,throughthetoxicresiduespresentinthegrainsorotheredibleparts.Unscientifictappingofundergroundwaterwouldleadtotherapidexhaustionofthiswonderfulcapitalresourcelefttousthroughagesofnaturalfarming.Therapidreplacementofnumerouslocallyadaptedvarietieswithoneortwohighyieldingstrainsinlargecontiguousareaswouldresultinthespreadofseriousdiseasescapableofwipingoutentirecrops,ashappenedpriortotheIrishpotatofamineof1845andtheBengalricefamineof1942.Therefore,theinitiationsofexploitativeagriculturewithoutaproperunderstandingofthevariousconsequencesofeveryoneofthechangesintroducedintotraditionalagricultureandwithoutfirstbuildingupaproperscientificandtrainingbasetosustainit,mayonlyleadusintoaneraofagriculturaldisasterinthelongrun,ratherthantoaneraofagriculturalprosperity.”ScientificrationaleforanEver-greenrevolutionMSSwaminathanIndianScienceCongress,Varanasi,January1968“Intensivecultivationofl59Whatnationswithsmallfarmsandresourcepoorfarmersneedistheenhancementofproductivityinperpetuity,withoutassociatedecologicalorsocialharm.Thegreenrevolutionshouldbecomeanever-greenrevolutionrootedintheprinciplesofecology,economicsandsocialandgenderequity.-MSSwaminathan,1990ConceptofEver-greenRevolutionWhatnationswithsmallfarms60GreenRevolutionEver-greenRevolutionCommodityCenteredExperimentStationResearchIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementCenteredParticipatoryResearchParadigmShift:AddingtheDimensionofEnvironmentalsustainabilityGreenEver-greenCommodityCente61GrowthRatesintheProductionofFoodGrainFatigueoftheGreenRevolutionGrowthRatesintheProduction62Wheredoweneedtogonow?Inpopulationrichandlandhungrycountries,thereisnooptionexcepttoproducemorefromlesspercapitaarablelandandirrigationwater.Thesmallerthefarm,thegreateristheneedformarketablesurplus,togetcashincomeThereisneedforanticipatoryresearchtofacefuturechallengeslikeglobalwarmingandsealevelriseObviouslyanintegratedapproachtoMendelianandmolecularbreedingwillbeessentialtomakeprogressWheredoweneedtogonow?In63Mangroves:UsefulSourcesofGenesforSalinityToleranceAnticipatoryResearchMangroves:UsefulSourcesof64cDNAlibrarieswereconstructedfromtheMangrovespeciesAvicenniamarinaAnumberofgeneswithpotentialapplicationtoabioticstresshasbeenisolatedandcharactreisedFourisolatedgeneswereusedfordevelopingtransgenicsinrice,BrassicaandVignaTransgenicplantswithsalinitytolerance

genesAvicenniamarinaFacingtheChallengeofSealevelRisecDNAlibrarieswereconstructe65IntegratedMendelianandMolecularBreedingTransgenic(T1)riceplantswithgenesfrommangrovesinthegreenhouse(salttoleranceupto150mM)IntegratedMendelianandMolec66“Organicagricultureincludesallagriculturalsystemsthatpromotetheenvironmentally,sociallyandeconomicallysoundproductionoffoodandfibres.Thesesystemstakelocalsoilfertilityasakeytosuccessfulproduction.”InternationalFederationofOrganicAgricultureMovement(IFOAM)-20