專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯答案

詞組英譯漢Sustainedload長(zhǎng)期荷載Cementgel水泥凝膠體Water-cementratio水灰比Thestabilityofthestructure結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定Theexpansionjoint伸縮縫 buildingcode建筑規(guī)范stochasticanalyse隨機(jī)分析multistorybuilding多層建筑code-prescribeddata規(guī)范規(guī)定的數(shù)值transientliveload瞬時(shí)活荷載chemicalcomposition化學(xué)成分coldworking冷加工normaldistributioncurve正態(tài)分布曲線localdamage局部破壞brittlefracture脆性破壞gradebeam基礎(chǔ)梁spreadfoundation擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ)boredconcretepiles鉆孔混凝土樁stripfooting條形基礎(chǔ)deepfoundation深基礎(chǔ)constructionjoint施工縫hardenedconcrete硬化混凝土laitancelayer漿沫層massconcrete大體積混凝土barplacer鋼筋工highlystaticallyindeterminatesystems高次超靜定體系orthotropicdeck正交各向異性板橋suspensionbridges懸吊型橋three-dimensionalstructure三維結(jié)構(gòu)high-strengthsteel高強(qiáng)鋼筋theoverturningmoment傾覆力矩seismicactions地震作用thelateraldeflection橫向變形thelocalshear局部剪力girdertrusses桁梁flexiblepavement柔性路面hot-laidmixture熱鋪瀝青混合料I美國(guó)瀝青協(xié)會(huì)Presentserviceabilityindex現(xiàn)有路況性能指標(biāo)Fine-gradedasphaltmixture細(xì)級(jí)配詞組漢譯英應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線stress-straincurve拉伸斷裂tensilefracture熱處理heattreatment反復(fù)荷載repeatedloads變幅應(yīng)力循環(huán)variableamplitudestresscycle隨機(jī)變量randomvariation半經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式semiempiricalequation風(fēng)洞荷載windtunneltesting持續(xù)活荷載sustainedliveload名義值nominalvalue含水量Moisturecontent水泥漿Cementpaste混凝土熱膨脹系數(shù)Thecoefficientofthermalexpansionofconcrete永久塑性應(yīng)變Permanentplasticstrain混凝土疲勞強(qiáng)度Thefatiguestrengthofconcrete斜拉橋cable-stayedbridge梁式橋girdertypebridge橫向和縱向支撐transverseandlongitudinalbracing橫向剛性lateralstiffness連續(xù)梁continuousgirder高層建筑high-risebuilding剛架rigidframe局部剪力localshear剪切變形thesheardeflection筒體結(jié)構(gòu)tubularconstruction荷載分布剛性路面rigidpavement車(chē)行道traveledway復(fù)合路面compositepavement承載能力load-bearingcapacity句子英譯漢1.Thecauseofthevolumechangesinconcretecanbeattributedtochangesinmoisturecontent,chemicalreactionofthecementwithwater,variationintemperature,andappliedloads.混凝土的體積變化的原因可以歸結(jié)為水分含量,水泥和水的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，溫度以及施加荷載的變化。2.High-early-strengthandlow-heatcementshowmoreshrinkagethannormalPortlandcement.高早強(qiáng)和低熱水泥顯示超過(guò)普通硅酸鹽水泥收縮。3.Thegreatertheaggregatecontent,thesmalleristheshrinkage.骨料含量越大，收縮越小。4.Therefore,cracksmaydevelopinconcretewhenahighpercentageofsteelisused.因此，當(dāng)使用高比例的鋼鐵時(shí)將可能產(chǎn)生混凝土裂縫。5．Generally,concreteshrinksatahighrateduringtheinitialperiodofhardening,butatlaterstagestheratediminishesgradually.一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在硬化過(guò)程中初期率很高，但在稍后階段混凝土收縮率逐漸減小。6.Undersustainedload,plasticdeformationcontinuestodevelopoveraperiodthatmaylastforyears.持續(xù)負(fù)荷下，塑性變形繼續(xù)發(fā)展一段時(shí)間，可能持續(xù)數(shù)年。7.Creepincreaseswithanincreaseofstressinspecimensmadefromconcreteofthesamestrengthandwiththesamedurationofload.與標(biāo)本中增加的壓力增大制成的蠕變相同強(qiáng)度混凝土和時(shí)間相同的負(fù)載與標(biāo)本中的壓力相同強(qiáng)度的混凝土，并與負(fù)荷增加同一時(shí)間作出蠕變?cè)黾?．Creepisreducedwithanincreaseinthehumidityoftheambientair蠕變的減少是由于在周?chē)目諝鉂穸仍黾?.Creepisdecreaseswithanincreaseinthesizeofthetestedspecimen.蠕變是一個(gè)經(jīng)過(guò)測(cè)試的試件尺寸增大而減小.10.High-temperaturesteamcuringofconcreteaswellasperuseofaplasticizerwillreducetheamountofcreep.高溫蒸汽作為增塑劑正確使用混凝土養(yǎng)護(hù)將減少蠕變量.11.Thebuildingcodeloadshavetraditionallybeengivenasnominalvalues,determinedonthebasisofmaterialproperties(e.g.,deadload)orloadsurveys(e.g.,liveloadandsnowload).該建筑代碼加載歷來(lái)給出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值，根據(jù)材料的性質(zhì)（如，恒載）或負(fù)載調(diào)查（如，活荷載和雪荷載）的基礎(chǔ)上確定。12.Sincetherandomvariationoftheloadsisafunctionoftimeaswellasanumberofotherfactors,themodeling,strictlyspeaking(嚴(yán)格來(lái)講),shouldtakethisintoaccountbyusingstochasticanalyses(隨機(jī)分析)toreflectthetimeandspaceinterdependence(互相依賴).由于載荷的隨機(jī)變化是時(shí)間的函數(shù)以及一系列其他因素，造型數(shù)量，嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)，應(yīng)考慮到利用隨機(jī)分析，以反映時(shí)間和空間互相依賴。13.Forexample,Americanliveloadcriteriaarebasedonareferenceperiodof50years,whileCanadiancriteriausea30-yearinterval例如，美國(guó)活載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是根據(jù)50年的基準(zhǔn)期，而加拿大的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)使用30年的間隔。14.Buildingcodestreattheseeffectsasstaticphenomenaandrelatethemtotheactualconditionsthroughsemiempiricalequations(半經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式).建筑規(guī)范視這些影響為靜態(tài)現(xiàn)象，并通過(guò)半經(jīng)驗(yàn)方程與實(shí)際情況相聯(lián)系。15.Theresponseofabuilding,however,willbedifferentfordifferentmaterials,dependingonthetypeofload.但是，建筑物的反應(yīng)，將針對(duì)不同的材料不同，這取決于負(fù)載類型。16.Therearemanytypesofloadsthatmayactonabuildingstructureatonetimeorother,andthissectionprovidesageneraldescription(一般說(shuō)明)ofthecharacteristicsofthemostimportantones.有許多類型的負(fù)載，可能對(duì)建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)法在同一時(shí)間或其他，本節(jié)提供了一種通用的描述的最重要的特點(diǎn)。17.Thedeadloadincludesnotonlytheself-weightofthestructure,butalsotheweightofpermanentconstructionmaterials,partitions,floorandceilingmaterials,machineryandotherequipment,andsoon.靜載重不僅包括自身的結(jié)構(gòu)重量，而且還有永久性建筑的材料，隔板，地板，吊頂材料，機(jī)械和其他設(shè)備的重量，等等18.Liveload,aremoreaccuratelythegravityliveload,isthenamethatiscommonlyusedfortheloadsonthestructurethatarenotpartofthepermanentinstallations(永久設(shè)施)活載，更準(zhǔn)確的重力活荷載，即通常是結(jié)構(gòu)上的負(fù)荷，不屬于永久性設(shè)施的一部分荷載的使用名稱。19.Theliveloadonthestructureatanygiventimeisalsocalledthearbitrarypointin-timeliveload.在任意給定時(shí)間作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上的活荷載也被稱作任一點(diǎn)時(shí)活荷載。20.Theliveloadonthestructureatanytimeisnormallywellbelowthecodevalue;themaximumlifetime(50-year)liveloadmaybeacertainamountlarger.在任意時(shí)刻結(jié)構(gòu)上的活荷載一般是低于規(guī)范值的，（根據(jù)）最高壽命（50年）（確定的）活荷載可能有一定數(shù)量的擴(kuò)大。21.在靜態(tài)荷載下的大部分結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的重要力學(xué)性能是用圖8.1的理想的拉伸應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線表示。22.ThevaluesofEvaryintherange200000-210000Mpa,andtheapproximatevalueof200000Mpaisoftenassumed.E的值在200000-210000Mpa之間波動(dòng)，一般假定逼近值為200000Mpa。Beyondthislimitthesteelflowsplasticallywithoutanyincreaseinstressuntilthestrain-hardeningstrainεstisreached.超過(guò)這個(gè)極限，剛的塑性流變不增加任何應(yīng)力,直到達(dá)到應(yīng)變硬化的εst值。Therateofstrainingaffectstheyieldstress,andhighratesofstrainincreasetheupperorfirstyieldstress,aswellastheloweryieldstressFy.應(yīng)變速率會(huì)影響屈服應(yīng)力，高的應(yīng)變速率會(huì)增加高的屈服應(yīng)力或產(chǎn)生第一個(gè)屈服應(yīng)力值，同樣可以增大低的屈服應(yīng)力Fy。Fordesignpurposes,a“minimum’yieldstressisidentifiedforeachdifferentsteelclassification.從設(shè)計(jì)角度看，對(duì)于不同的鋼材類別可以由相應(yīng)的最小屈服應(yīng)力值來(lái)識(shí)別。Consequently,itislikelythatanisolatedtestresultwillbesignificantlyhigherthanthequotedyieldstress.因此，獨(dú)立的測(cè)試結(jié)果很可能顯著地高于引用的屈服應(yīng)力。Perhapsthemostgenerallyacceptedtheoryoftwo-dimensionalyieldingunderbiaxialstressesisthemaximumdistortionenergytheory.或許大多數(shù)普遍接受的在雙軸應(yīng)力下的二維屈服理論是最大的變形能量理論。Jointsshouldgenerallybearrangedsoastominimizestressconcentrationsandtoproduceassmootha‘stressflow’throughthejointasispracticable.節(jié)點(diǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)布置得使應(yīng)力集中減少到最小，以使通過(guò)節(jié)點(diǎn)的‘應(yīng)力流’盡可能平滑。Brittlefractureisinitiatedbytheexistenceorformationofasmallcrackinaregionofhighlocalstress.脆性破壞的產(chǎn)生是由于在局部應(yīng)力高度集中的區(qū)域存在或形成小裂縫。Highlocalstressesfacilitatecrackinitiation,andsostressconcentrationsduetopoorgeometryandloadingarrangements(includingimpactloading)aredangerous.高度局部應(yīng)力促使裂縫的產(chǎn)生，因此由于差的幾何形狀和荷載布置(包括沖擊載荷)而產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力集中是危險(xiǎn)的。Becauseofthecharacteroftheseinformation,combinedwiththeimpactofcost,foundationengineeringismoreallartthanascience由于這些信息的特點(diǎn)，綜合花費(fèi)的影響，基礎(chǔ)工程不僅僅是一門(mén)科學(xué)，而且也是一門(mén)藝術(shù)Thepurposeoffoundationsistotransfertherequiredloadsafelytothesubsoil;therefore,afoundationshouldbedesignedtoperformthistaskwithoutdetrimentaldeformationofthesuperstructureorfailureofthesupportingsoilorrockundertheeffectofstaticload,dynamicload,seepageforces,scour,etc基礎(chǔ)的作用是安全地傳遞要求的荷載到地基土上。因此，一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)該被設(shè)計(jì)或在沒(méi)有不利的超級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)變形或者是在靜載、動(dòng)載、沖刷、滲流等影響而產(chǎn)生支持土壤或巖石的損壞的情況下完成這一任務(wù)Thisarrangement,whichissimilartoacombinedfooting,providesthenecessarymomentintheexteriorfootingtocountertheeccentricload.這種安排和聯(lián)合基礎(chǔ)是很類似的，它提供了必要的彎矩來(lái)滿足在外部基礎(chǔ)上的偏心荷載Sometimesgradebeamsconnectallofthespreadfooting;provideaorerigidfoundationsystem有時(shí)候基礎(chǔ)梁與所有擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ)相連，組成了一個(gè)更加剛性的基礎(chǔ)體系Boredconcretepilesareconcretecolumnscastinsidethesoilinahole鉆孔混凝土樁是在土壤內(nèi)鉆孔澆筑的混凝土柱子Onesolutiontothisproblemistouseastrapfooting(alsoknownasacantileverfooting),whichconsistsofaneccentricallyloadedfootingundertheexteriorcolumnconnectertothefirstinteriorcolumnusingagradebeam解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的一個(gè)方法是用連梁基礎(chǔ)（也稱為懸臂基礎(chǔ)），由一個(gè)偏心荷載基礎(chǔ)組成，在基礎(chǔ)下用一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)梁將外部的柱子和第一根內(nèi)部的柱子連系起來(lái)Typically,eachcolumnandeachbearingwallhasitsownspreadfooting,soeachstructuremayincludedozensofindividualfootings典型的是，每一根柱子以及每一承重墻有它獨(dú)有的擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ)，所以每一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)也許包括很多單個(gè)基礎(chǔ)Theyaremostoftenusedinsmall-tomedium-sizestructuresonsiteswithmoderatetogoodsoilconditions他們經(jīng)常被用在突然情況良好，適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤皆谥行⌒薪Y(jié)構(gòu)上Wherefreshconcreteisplacedonhardenedconcrete,agoodbondmustbedeveloped在硬化混凝土上澆筑新混凝土的地方，必須建立良好的連接Beforeconcreteisplaced,theformworkmustbefreeoficeanddebrisandproperlycoatedwithbond-breakeroil在混凝土澆筑前，模板上必須除冰和清楚碎屑并適當(dāng)粉刷黏合分隔材料油Constructionpersonnelshouldbeavailable,usuallycarpenters,barplacersandothertrades,ifpipingorelectricalconduitistobeembedded,toactasformwatchersandtoresetanyrebars,conduit,orpipingdisplaced施工人員應(yīng)該具有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，通常木工，鋼筋工和其他工程，如果管道或電線導(dǎo)管應(yīng)被嵌入時(shí)，這些人應(yīng)做為監(jiān)視人員并調(diào)整鋼筋管道的位置錯(cuò)動(dòng)Inaddition,theinspectorshouldensurethatanyemergencyconstructionjointsmadenecessarybystoppageofconcretesupply,rain,orotherdelaysareproperlylocatedandmadeinaccordancewithproceduresspecifiedorapprovedbytheengineer.除此之外，監(jiān)管人員應(yīng)該確保任何緊急情況的施工縫安放在合理位置，這些施工縫由混凝土供應(yīng)的間斷，下雨或其它延誤造成時(shí)，并應(yīng)與要求的程序相一致或經(jīng)過(guò)工程師得同意Inverticalformwork,waterrisecausesweakplanesbetweeneachlayerdeposited在豎直模板工程中，水位的上升引起薄弱層在每一層的堆積Insomefactorybuildings,settlementeffectsareunimportant,butwhentheinteriorfinishismarble,troublemaybeencounteredifsettlementisnortakencareofinadvance在一些工廠建筑中，安裝效應(yīng)應(yīng)是不重要的，但是當(dāng)內(nèi)部的裝飾是大理石時(shí)，如果沒(méi)有提前考慮解決方案，可能會(huì)遇到麻煩Inhorizontalelements,suchasfloorslabs,excesswaterrisesandcausesaweaklaitancelayeratthetop在水平構(gòu)件，像樓板，大量水的上升并且在頂面引起弱得浮漿層Anytotaloverallmeasuringdoneafterloadingwillhavetobecorrectedbycalculateddeformationsbasedonthemodulusofelasticityofthecolumnmaterial在加載后任何全部完整的測(cè)量將必須加以糾正通過(guò)以柱狀材料的彈性模量為基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)生的變形，計(jì)算后得出Thetemperatureoffreshconcretemustbecontrolledfromthetimeofmixingthroughfinalplacement,andprotectedafterplacement新澆混凝土的溫度必須從攪拌到最重澆筑的時(shí)間進(jìn)行控制，并且在澆筑完成后進(jìn)行保護(hù)Itisdifficulttodefineahigh-risebuilding.Amid-risebuildinggenerallylessthan10stories(28m).Thusahigh-risebuildingisonethathasatleast10storiesormore給高層建筑下定義很困難，中等建筑通常小于10層，因此，高層建筑是指至少10層以上的建筑。Higherverticalloadswillrequirelargercolumns,walls,andshafts.But,moresignificantly,theoverturningmomentandthesheardeflectionsproducedbylateralforcesaremuchlargerandmustbecarefullyprovidedfor.高層建筑需要較大的柱體、墻體和井筒。更顯著的是：側(cè)向力所產(chǎn)生的傾覆力矩和剪切變形要大的多，必要謹(jǐn)慎設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)保證。Theverticalsubsystemsinahigh-risebuildingtransmitaccumulatedgravityloadfromstorytostory,thusrequiringlargercolumnorwallsectionstosupportsuchloading高層建筑的豎向構(gòu)件從上到下逐層對(duì)累積的重力和荷載進(jìn)行傳遞，這就要有較大尺寸的墻體或者柱體來(lái)進(jìn)行承載Forexample,underwindload,theoverturningmomentatthebaseofabuildingvariesapproximatelyasthesquareoftheheightofthebuilding,andthelateraldeflectionatthetopofabuildingmayvaryasthefourthpowerofbuildingheight,otherthingsbeingequal.Earthquakeproducesanevenmorepronouncedeffect.例如，在其他條件都相同時(shí)，風(fēng)荷載在建筑物底部引起的傾覆力矩隨建筑物高度近似地成平方規(guī)律變化，而在頂部的側(cè)向位移與其高度的四次方成正比。地震荷載的效應(yīng)更為明顯。Whenthestructureforamid-risebuildingisdesignedfordeadandliveload,itisalmostaninherentpropertythatthecolumns,walls,andstairorelevatorshaftscancarrymostofthehorizontalforces.當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)低層和多層建筑物，用來(lái)抵御恒荷載和活荷載時(shí)，建筑物的柱、墻、樓梯或電梯井等就自然能承受大部分水平力。Specialstructuralarrangementswilloftenhavetobemadeandadditionalstructuralmaterialisalwaysrequiredforthecolumns,girders,walls,andslabsinordertomakeahighrisebuildingsufficientlyresistanttomuchhigherlateralloadsanddeformations,為了使高層建筑對(duì)更高的水平荷載與變形有足夠的抵抗能力，常常需要做特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)布置、且柱、主梁、墻、板需要額外的結(jié)構(gòu)材料。Theverticalcomponentscarryingthegravityload,suchaswalls,columns,andshafts,willneedtobestrengthenedoverthefullheightofthebuilding.支撐重力荷載的豎向構(gòu)件，如墻、柱及井筒，在沿建筑物整個(gè)高度方向上都應(yīng)予以加強(qiáng)。.ThegraphshowninFig.25.1illustrateshowtheweightofstructuralsteelinpoundspersquarefeetoffloorincreasesasthenumberofstoriesincreasesfrom1upto100.圖25.1說(shuō)明了當(dāng)樓層從1增加到100時(shí)，樓板每平方英尺結(jié)構(gòu)用鋼重量（單位：磅）的增長(zhǎng)。Thegapbetweentheupperboundaryandthelowerboundaryrepresentsthepremiumforheightcolumn-and-beamframe這種存在于Increasetheeffectivewidthofthemoment-resistingsubsystems.Thisisveryusefulbecauseincreasingthewidthwillcutdowntheoverturnforcedirectlyandwillreducedeflectionbythethirdpowerofthewidthincrease（以寬度增長(zhǎng)的三次方）,otherthingsremainingconstant增加抗彎構(gòu)件的有效寬度。當(dāng)其他條件不變時(shí)能夠直接減小扭矩，并以寬度增量的三次冪形式減小變形，因此這一措施非常有效。Unfortunately,thesystemingeneralmetwithlittlesuccess,duetothefactthatthestaticswerenotfullyunderstoodandthatunsuitablematerialssuchasbarsandchainswereusedtoformtheinclinedsupportsorstays.不幸的是這個(gè)體系普遍沒(méi)有成功，原因之一是靜力學(xué)的問(wèn)題沒(méi)有完全研究透徹，原因之二是不適用的材料如鋼筋、鏈條被使用以形成斜向支承。Althoughmostoftheseearlierdesignswerebasedonsoundprinciplesandassumptions,thegirderstiffenedbyinclinedcablessufferdvariousmisfortuneswhichregrettableresultedinabandonmentofthesystem.Ontheonehand,theequilibriumofthesehighlyindeterminatesystemshadnotbeenclearlyappreciatedandcontrolled,andontheother,thetensionmembersweremadeoftimber,roundbarsorchains一方面，這些高次超靜定體系的平衡還沒(méi)有清楚地理解和控制，另一方面，承受拉力的構(gòu)件是由木材、圓形鋼筋或索鏈構(gòu)成的。Theimportantcharacteristicsofsuchathree-dimensionalstructurearethefullparticipationofthetransverseconstructionintheworkofthemainlongitudinalstructure.這種三維結(jié)構(gòu)的重要特點(diǎn)是橫向建筑深入?yún)⑴c了縱向主結(jié)構(gòu)的工作。Theimportanceofcable-stayedbridgesincreasedrapidlyandwithinonlyonedecadetheyhavebecomesosuccessfulthattheyhavetakentheirrightfulplaceamongclassicalbridgesystems斜拉橋的重要性迅速提升，僅在十年當(dāng)中，斜拉橋就成為一種成功的橋型并且在經(jīng)典/正統(tǒng)的橋梁體系中占有一席之位。Inoldtypesofconventionalsuperstructurestheslab,stringers,floorbeamsandmaingirderswereconsideredasactingindependently在傳統(tǒng)形式的上部結(jié)構(gòu)中，板、縱梁、橫梁以及主梁被視為獨(dú)立工作。Themainstructuralcharacteristicofthissystemistheintegralactionofthestiffeninggirdersandprestressedorpost-tensionedinclinedcables,whichrunfromthetowertopsdowntotheanchorpointsatthestiffeninggirders這種體系的主要的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是加勁梁和先張或后張拉的斜纜之間的整體作用，斜纜索自索塔頂部延伸至加勁梁的錨固點(diǎn)。Moderncable-stayedbridgespresentathree-dimensionalsystemconsistingofstiffeninggirders,transverseandlongitudinalbracings/支撐,orthotropic-typedeckandsupportingpartssuchastowersincompressionandinclinedcablesintension.現(xiàn)代斜拉橋是一個(gè)由加勁梁、縱橫向支撐、正交各向異性板以及譬如受壓索塔和受拉斜拉索inorthotropicsystems,allelementsoftheroadwayandsecondarypartsofthesuperstructureparticipateintheworkofthemainbridgesystem.在正交各向異性體系中，所有的橋面板單元以及上部結(jié)構(gòu)的輔助部分共同參與主橋體系的工作Staysmadeinthismannercouldnotbefullytensionedandinaslackconditionallowedlargedeformationsofthedeckbeforethey(stays)couldparticipateintakingthetensileloadsforwhichtheywereintended.這種拉索不能充分拉緊，而處于松弛狀態(tài)的拉索在參與承擔(dān)所期望的受拉荷載之前允許橋面板產(chǎn)生很大變形。Theyarenecessarynotonlyforroadwaysbutalsoforparkinglots,airports(i.e.,runways/跑道,taxiways/滑行道,apronsandserviceroads),industrialsites,portsandsoforth.路面有結(jié)構(gòu)、功能以及安全方面的作用。它們不僅對(duì)于車(chē)行道是必須的，而且對(duì)于停車(chē)場(chǎng)，機(jī)場(chǎng)，工業(yè)場(chǎng)所，港口等也是必須的。Theloadattheinterfacebetweenthewheelandthepavementsurfaceisappliedoverarelativelysmallarea,causinghighstressesatthatpoint,butthesestressesdecreasewithdepthastheloadisspreadoverlargeareas.在路面和車(chē)輪結(jié)合面上的荷載施加于相當(dāng)小的面積上，在作用點(diǎn)上引起很高的應(yīng)力，但當(dāng)荷載被分散到大面積上，此應(yīng)力會(huì)隨深度降低。Thefunctionalperformanceofpavementisrelatedtotheusers’requirementforsmoothandcomfortableridingconditions路面的功能主要是與用戶對(duì)平穩(wěn)和舒適的乘行條件有關(guān)ThePSIdeteriorates[di'ti?ri?reit]withusageandpavementageandisoneofseveralcriteria[krai'ti?ri?]employedtoaiddecisionsrelatingtomaintenance,rehabilitation,orreconstructionofthepavement.4PSI隨著使用和路面年齡退化，它是有助于決定道路維護(hù)、維修、重建的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。Typicalsymptomsofpavementdistressesarelongitudinalandtransversecracking,breaking,swellingandheaving.Theyaffectthestructuralintegrityofapavementandthelevelofservicetotheusers.路面出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的典型癥狀有縱向和橫向的斷裂、破裂腫脹以及隆起等TheAsphaltInstitute（美國(guó)瀝青協(xié)會(huì)）describesasphaltasa“strongcement,readilyadhesive,highlywaterproofanddurable美國(guó)瀝青協(xié)會(huì)對(duì)瀝青作了如下解釋：“它是一種強(qiáng)力結(jié)合劑，易粘結(jié)，高防水性和耐久性Asphaltconcretemixturesaresometimesdiscussedintermsofthegradationoftheircomponentmineralaggregatesandfillers/填充料intocategoriessuchasopen-graded,coarse-gradedorfine-graded.瀝青混凝土混合料有時(shí)按照礦質(zhì)骨料成分的級(jí)配和填充料分為開(kāi)級(jí)配瀝青混合料、粗級(jí)配瀝青混合料和細(xì)級(jí)配瀝青混合料。Thecombinationsofmaterialcharacteristicsandproportionsononehandandmixingandplacingconditionsontheothercanleadtoasphaltconcretesofdifferingcharacteristicsintermsoftheirstability,durabilityandflexibilitytosuitavarietyofapplicationrequirements.材料特性和比例以及拌制與鋪筑條件的結(jié)合能使得瀝青混凝土按照穩(wěn)定性、耐久性和彈性呈現(xiàn)不同的特性，以適應(yīng)各種各樣的使用要求。Itisa"nonbituminous"cementandisclassifiedasa"hydraulic"cementbecauseitsolidifiesunderwater它是不含瀝青的水泥，稱之為水力水泥，因?yàn)樗鏊湍?。Rigidpavement.Apavementstructurewhichdistributesloadstothesubgrade,havingasonecourseaPortland-cementconcreteslabofrelativelyhighbendingresistance剛性路面：傳遞荷載到路基的一種路面結(jié)構(gòu)，并且具有相對(duì)較高的抗彎能力。(柔性路面：是指與路基結(jié)合緊密并傳遞荷載到路基，并且依靠骨料之間的連鎖、粒子之間的摩擦和粘結(jié)來(lái)維持穩(wěn)定的一種路面結(jié)構(gòu)。)句子漢譯英通常認(rèn)為單向拉伸確定的屈服應(yīng)力Fy單向壓縮也正確。TheyieldstressFydeterminedforuniaxialtensionisusuallyacceptedasbeingvalidforuniaxialcompression.顯著影響疲勞強(qiáng)度的因素有荷載循環(huán)次數(shù)、荷載循環(huán)中的應(yīng)力幅以及局部應(yīng)力集中的大小。Factorswhichsignificantlyinfluencetheresistancetofatiguefailureincludethenumberofloadcycles,therangeofstressduringaloadcycle,andthemagnitudesoflocalstressconcentrations.疲勞設(shè)計(jì)出考慮容許應(yīng)力外還應(yīng)考慮節(jié)點(diǎn)的位置。Designingagainstfatigueinvolvesaconsiderationofjointarrangementaswellasofpermissiblestress.結(jié)構(gòu)鋼不總是表現(xiàn)出延性特性，在有些情況下，即使名義拉應(yīng)力很低，突然的、災(zāi)難性的斷裂也會(huì)發(fā)生。Structuralsteeldoesnotalwaysexhibitaductilebehavior,andundersomecircumstancessuddenandcatastrophicfracturemayoccur,eventhoughthenominaltensilestressesarelow.結(jié)構(gòu)剛的延性取決于鋼材的組成、熱處理方法和鋼材的厚度，并且隨溫度和應(yīng)變率的變化而變化。Theductilityofastructuralsteeldependsonitscomposition,heattreatment,andthickness,andvarieswithtemperatureandstrainrate.對(duì)某些荷載來(lái)說(shuō)，結(jié)構(gòu)的地理位置起重要作用。Thegeographicallocation(地理位置)ofthestructureplaysanimportantroleforcertainloads.風(fēng)荷載既不是靜荷載也不是均勻變化的荷載，并且除了受周?chē)Y(jié)構(gòu)和地形影響外還受結(jié)構(gòu)幾何形狀的嚴(yán)重影響。Atthesametimewindloadsareneitherstaticnoruniformlyvarying,andareheavilyinfluencedbythegeometryofthestructureaswellasthesurroundingstructuresandthelandscape(景觀).風(fēng)荷載和雪荷載可根據(jù)模型試驗(yàn)來(lái)確定。Windloadsandsnowloadsaredeterminedonthebasisofmodeltests.特殊荷載及荷載效應(yīng)包括溫度變化、結(jié)構(gòu)地基沉降、沖擊和爆炸的影響。Specialloadsandloadeffectsincludetheinfluenceoftemperaturevariations(溫度變化),structuralfoundationsettlements,impact(撞擊),andblast(爆炸).至少在理論上，結(jié)構(gòu)上的恒載被認(rèn)為是保持不變的。Intheory,atleast,thedeadloadonastructureissupposedtoremainconstant.如果通過(guò)蒸發(fā)失去水分，混凝土就會(huì)收縮，但在水中硬化則會(huì)膨脹。Ifitlosesmoisture(水份)byevaporation(蒸發(fā)),concreteshrinks,butiftheconcretehardensinwater,itexpands.影響混凝土收縮的因素很多，如水泥和水的含量、骨料的級(jí)配以及環(huán)境條件等。Manyfactorsinfluencetheshrinkageofconcretesuchascementandwatercontent，gradation(等級(jí))ofaggregateandambientconditionsandsoon?；炷涟韬衔镏械乃嗪吭蕉嗷蚝吭蕉啵湛s量則越大。Themorecementorwatercontentintheconcretemix,thegreatertheshrinkage.混凝土不是熱的良導(dǎo)體，而鋼筋是。Concreteisnotagoodconductorofheat,whereassteelisagoodone.在荷載作用期間，大約80%的徐變產(chǎn)生在前4個(gè)月內(nèi)，大約2年后完成90%的徐變。Creepincreaseswiththeloadingperiod.About80%ofthecreepoccurswithinthefirst4months;90%occursafterabout2years.擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ)可以做成不同的形式和尺寸，以適應(yīng)不同的需要。Spreadfootingsmaybebuiltindifferentshapesandsizestoaccommodateindividualneeds.擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ)就是將柱基或墻基擴(kuò)大，從而將作用其上的結(jié)構(gòu)荷載傳遞給分布于足夠大的地基土面積上。Aspreadfootingisanenlargementatthebottomofacolumnorbearingwallthatspreadstheappliedstructuralloadsoverasufficientlylargesoilarea.聯(lián)合基礎(chǔ)用于支撐一個(gè)以上的柱子。當(dāng)柱子太近而無(wú)法使用獨(dú)立基礎(chǔ)時(shí)，聯(lián)合基礎(chǔ)就很有用。Combinedfootingsarethosethatsupportmorethanonecolumn.Theseareusefulwhencolumnsarelocatedtooclosetogetherforeachtohaveitsownfooting.鋼樁就是打入地基中的鋼柱。Thesteelpilesaresteelcolumnsdrivenintotheground.鉆孔樁通過(guò)鉆孔成樁，鉆孔更適合于硬黏土以及打樁振動(dòng)易于損壞附近建筑物和結(jié)構(gòu)的地方。Theyareinstalledbydrilling,whichispreferredinstiffclays,andwhereveradjacentbuildingsandtheinsideofstructuresareapttobedamagedbyvibrationproducedbydriving.電子計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用使斜拉橋這樣的高次超靜定體系的精確分析成為可能。Applicationofelectroniccomputersopenedupnewandpracticallyunlimitedpossibilitiesfortheexactsolutionofthesehighlystaticallyindeterminatesystems.隨著高強(qiáng)度鋼和正交各向異性板橋面的出現(xiàn)以及焊接技術(shù)和結(jié)構(gòu)分析技術(shù)的發(fā)展，近年來(lái)斜拉橋才得到了廣泛和成功的應(yīng)用。Wideandsuccessfulapplicationofcable-stayedsystemswasrealizedonlyrecently,withtheintroductionofhigh-strengthsteels,orthotropictypedecks,developmentofweldingtechniquesandprogressinstructuralanalysis.已有的斜拉橋?yàn)檫@一新體系的設(shè)計(jì)】建造、安裝和養(yǎng)護(hù)提供了有益的數(shù)據(jù)。Existingcable-stayedbridgesprovideusefuldataregardingdesign,fabricationerectionandmaintenanceofthenewsystem.隨著這些橋梁的修建，橋梁工程中的很多基礎(chǔ)問(wèn)題都得到了成功解決。Withtheconstructionofthesebridgesmanybasicproblemsencounteredintheirengineeringareshowntohavebeensuccessfullysolved.斜拉橋的特點(diǎn)是這種結(jié)構(gòu)可將斜拉索的原理和正交各向異性板橋面結(jié)合起來(lái)，故其具有跨徑大、結(jié)構(gòu)厚度小和用料省的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Thecharacteristicofcable-stayedbridgeisthatitcancombinethecable-stayedprincipleswithorthotropicdeck,soithastheadvantagesoflongspays,smallandeconomyinmaterial.鋼筋必須設(shè)備到位，適當(dāng)支撐以承受澆筑混凝土過(guò)程中受到的任何運(yùn)輸作用。Therebarsmustbeinplace,properlysupportedtobearanytraffictheywillreceiveduringconcreteplacing.檢驗(yàn)員還必須確?；炷吝\(yùn)送、澆筑和抹光程序按事先要求進(jìn)行，避免混凝土離析。Theinspectorshouldalsoascertainthathandling,placing,andfinishingproceduresthathavebeenagreedoninadvanceareproperlyfollowedtoavoidsegregatedconcrete.只有在混凝土澆筑、抹光、養(yǎng)護(hù)完成，并完全達(dá)到強(qiáng)度時(shí)檢驗(yàn)才結(jié)束。Inspectioniscompleteonlywhenconcreteiscast,finished,protectedforcuring,andattainsfullstrength更深的貫入效果會(huì)更好（復(fù)搗），但在不同的場(chǎng)地條件下其效果是難以確定的，因此，不作為一般工程實(shí)踐的建議。Deeperpenetrationcanbebeneficial(revibrat