高中英語詞匯教學(xué)

1、高中英語詞匯教學(xué)佟文柱一、高考英語試題和教材中一、高考英語試題和教材中 有關(guān)詞匯的數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)詞匯的數(shù)據(jù)2007-20102007-2010年高考山東卷詞匯數(shù)據(jù)年高考山東卷詞匯數(shù)據(jù)年份全卷詞量不同詞量有效詞量20074315126690320084341127993020094359132094920104427133795920072010年高考山東卷和全國卷單項填空詞匯考查統(tǒng)計年份年份山東卷山東卷全國卷全國卷題量題量權(quán)重權(quán)重題量題量權(quán)重權(quán)重2007533%213%2008533%213%2009533%320%2010427%17%人教版教材對課標詞匯的覆蓋人教版教材對課標詞匯的覆蓋謝家成謝家

2、成 何安平何安平 （2008）課標詞匯課標詞匯 百分比百分比課標八級課標八級 百分比百分比總總 詞詞 數(shù)數(shù)*3398920教材呈現(xiàn)教材呈現(xiàn)287184.5%569 61.8 %未未 呈呈 現(xiàn)現(xiàn)52715.5 %351 38.2 %呈現(xiàn)一次呈現(xiàn)一次2497.3%12213%呈現(xiàn)兩次呈現(xiàn)兩次2236.6%909.8%僅在活動手冊僅在活動手冊中呈現(xiàn)中呈現(xiàn)34810.2%12613.7%*3398：課標詞匯表中明列的全部詞匯數(shù)為3432+58個附表詞匯=3490高考中出現(xiàn)但課標未收的相對高頻詞（高考試題中大多沒有加注）crisis (9次)，issue (39次), claim (14次), solu

3、tion (23次), solve (37次)二、高考各題型怎樣考查詞匯？1. 各題型均在語境中考查詞匯，即在語言運用的層次上考查。2. 單項填空和完形填空對詞匯的考查較為直接，針對某些詞或短 設(shè)考點，考生答題時須進行不同的語境假設(shè)。 例：2010 第31題 Your house is always so neat how do you it with three children? A. manage B. serve C. adapt D. construct (破折號前為信息詞語)3. 其他題型對詞匯的考查較為間接，大多不針對某些詞或短語設(shè) 考點。（猜測詞義和翻譯句子除外） 三、學(xué)生詞匯

4、學(xué)習(xí)中存在的主要問題1. 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)方法單一，大多習(xí)慣于背詞匯表。詞匯學(xué)習(xí)方法單一，大多習(xí)慣于背詞匯表。2. 不善于區(qū)分重點詞匯和非重點詞匯，平均不善于區(qū)分重點詞匯和非重點詞匯，平均 用力。用力。3. 過于依賴中文釋義理解詞義。過于依賴中文釋義理解詞義。4. 不善于通過語境猜測詞義。不善于通過語境猜測詞義。5. 詞匯運用能力差。詞匯運用能力差。6. 對聽說讀寫對詞匯的鞏固和強化作用認識對聽說讀寫對詞匯的鞏固和強化作用認識 不清。不清。四、提高詞匯教學(xué)效率的途徑1.針對不同級別或頻度的詞匯采取 不同的策略。認知詞匯和運用詞匯認知詞匯和運用詞匯 認知詞匯（認知詞匯（recognition vocab

5、ulary） 重點掌握音、形、義重點掌握音、形、義 運用詞匯（運用詞匯（production vocabulary） 除掌握音、形、義外，還要掌握用法除掌握音、形、義外，還要掌握用法 詞匯的用法詞匯的用法詞性詞性詞法功能詞法功能句法功能句法功能構(gòu)詞（派生、轉(zhuǎn)化、合成）構(gòu)詞（派生、轉(zhuǎn)化、合成）與其他詞的搭配與其他詞的搭配不同語境中的含義不同語境中的含義語用特征語用特征 高頻詞與低頻詞高頻詞與低頻詞 1. 針對不同級別的詞匯制定不同的教學(xué)目標針對不同級別的詞匯制定不同的教學(xué)目標 五星級五星級 960個個 四星級四星級 892個個 三星級三星級 964個個 二星級二星級 840個個 一星級一星級 8

6、47個個beyond 高考詞頻：高考詞頻：34 對不同詞匯的處理方法從詞頻考頻的角度從詞頻考頻的角度 高頻詞高頻詞 低頻詞低頻詞從詞匯屬性的角度從詞匯屬性的角度 義義 音、形音、形 用法用法2. 以教材為中心進行聽說讀寫訓(xùn)練要特別重視聽的訓(xùn)練 聽使詞匯在大腦中留下語音形象，缺少 語音形象很難記住單詞的詞義、拼寫、 用法等。（心理語言學(xué)） 聽說讀寫四項技能中，聽最能增強語感， 對其他語言技能的提高至關(guān)重要。 Rivers says, “ of the time adults spend in communication activities, 45 per cent is devoted to

7、listening, only 30 per cent to speaking, 16 per cent to reading, and a mere 9 per cent to writing.” Listening also assists the students reading ability. Therefore, it is certainly a skill that cannot be neglected. It is even more difficult than speaking in the sense that though one can control what

8、he says, he can hardly control what others say. 河北省取消聽力后，高考英語成河北省取消聽力后，高考英語成 績逐年下降。可見，聽力訓(xùn)練的績逐年下降?？梢?，聽力訓(xùn)練的 作用不可忽視，聽力訓(xùn)練不僅僅作用不可忽視，聽力訓(xùn)練不僅僅 是能提高聽力水平。是能提高聽力水平。 吉林省不考聽力。東北師大附中吉林省不考聽力。東北師大附中 兩名英語得滿分的學(xué)生說非常兩名英語得滿分的學(xué)生說非常 受益于大量的聽力訓(xùn)練。受益于大量的聽力訓(xùn)練?？陬^造句，練習(xí)所學(xué)的詞匯、句式等問答練習(xí)朗讀、背誦、復(fù)述課文 加大課外閱讀，通過閱讀鞏固 擴大詞匯量 默寫課文、改寫課文、縮寫課文等3.

9、 聽說讀寫相互結(jié)合聽和說的結(jié)合聽和說的結(jié)合 如：聽后重復(fù)如：聽后重復(fù)聽和寫的結(jié)合聽和寫的結(jié)合 如：聽后寫如：聽后寫讀和寫的結(jié)合讀和寫的結(jié)合 如：回答問題、寫內(nèi)容提如：回答問題、寫內(nèi)容提綱綱4. 按分類法復(fù)習(xí)詞匯 按話題分類按話題分類 語義場理論語義場又叫詞匯場，主要探究詞匯之間語義場又叫詞匯場，主要探究詞匯之間的聚合關(guān)系，認為要構(gòu)成一個完整的詞的聚合關(guān)系，認為要構(gòu)成一個完整的詞匯系統(tǒng)，語言系統(tǒng)中的詞匯在語義上或匯系統(tǒng)，語言系統(tǒng)中的詞匯在語義上或語言結(jié)構(gòu)上就必須是相互聯(lián)系的。語義語言結(jié)構(gòu)上就必須是相互聯(lián)系的。語義場是單個詞和詞匯整體之間的現(xiàn)實存在。場是單個詞和詞匯整體之間的現(xiàn)實存在。運用語義場理

10、論記憶詞匯比按字母順序運用語義場理論記憶詞匯比按字母順序記憶效率提高一倍。記憶效率提高一倍。動物寵物：寵物：cat, dog, goldfish, parrot, rabbit等野生動物：野生動物：bear, dolphin, giant panda, kangaroo, squirrel, tiger, camel, fox, giraffe, lion, monkey, polar bear, tortoise, wolf, zebra等鳥類：鳥類：crane, seagull, sparrow, swan, eagle等語義場延伸 onlineInternet, webcomputer

11、（再形成多個語義場）與計算機用途相關(guān)的與計算機用途相關(guān)的: drawing and designing, playing games, searching for information, sending and receiving emails, word processing, writing computer programs等；與計算機設(shè)備相關(guān)的與計算機設(shè)備相關(guān)的: keyboard, mouse, screen, disk, processor, printer等；與計算機類型相關(guān)的與計算機類型相關(guān)的: microcomputer, minicomputer, personal co

12、mputer等；與計算機操作相關(guān)的與計算機操作相關(guān)的: input，output, store, operate, turn on/off等；與計算機運行相關(guān)的與計算機運行相關(guān)的: software, hardware, password, data等。 看：看：gaze, glance, glimpse, look, notice, observe, peer, see, stare, witness Yesterday I glanced (匆匆一看) out of the window and noticed (注意到) a man observing (觀察) a house oppo

13、site through a telescope. I thought I glimpsed (瞥見) a woman inside the house. Then I saw (看見) someone else peering (仔細看) into the window of the same house. I gazed (凝視) at them wondering what they were doing. Suddenly the first man stopped staring (注視) through his telescope. He went and hit the othe

14、r one on the head with the telescope and I realized that I had witnessed (目擊) a crime. (說明：glimpse，peer，gaze是非課標詞匯，但高考中出現(xiàn)過) 按功能意念分類按功能意念分類 喜歡：喜歡：adore, appeal to, attract, be fond of, care for, enjoy, fall in love, fancy, keen on, like, love Dear Anna, It was great to hear from you after so many yea

15、rs. Im eager to tell you that I have a boyfriend called Tom. Weve known each other for three years. I quite liked (喜歡) Tom when we first met, but I didnt fancy (傾慕) him at all. He invited me out and I really enjoyed (享受) spending time with him. I was attracted (吸引) by his stories of his travels arou

16、nd the world. Moreover, we were both very keen on (熱衷) sailing. Soon I realised I had fallen in love (愛上) with him. His sense of humour really appealed to (吸引) me. Now, three years later I absolutely adore (愛慕) him. Hes a very caring (關(guān)心別人的) person, fond of (喜愛) animals and small children. Hes alway

17、s loving (滿懷愛意的) towards me and the people he cares for (關(guān)心). I hope well worship (愛慕) each other as much as we do now. Do write again soon and tell me about how you are! Love Jude 按語言結(jié)構(gòu)分類按語言結(jié)構(gòu)分類 常見的名詞后綴：常見的名詞后綴：-er / -or, -ee, -(t)ion / -sion / -ion, -ist, -ism, -ness, -ment, -ity, -hood, -shiper /

18、 -or用來表示從事某一活動的人：用來表示從事某一活動的人：actor, butcher, carpenter, director, editor, educator, engineer, messenger, player, reporter, tutor, volunteer, er及及ee的意思形成對比，分別是的意思形成對比，分別是“做某事的人做某事的人”和和“某行動的接受者或經(jīng)歷者：某行動的接受者或經(jīng)歷者：employer / employee-(t)ion / -sion / -ion是用來把動詞變成名詞：是用來把動詞變成名詞：accommodation, acquisition,

19、addition, administration, admission, affection, ambition, application, association, attention, attractionist及及-ism用于個人的職業(yè)或者信念及主義：用于個人的職業(yè)或者信念及主義：Buddhism, chemist, communism, dentist, journalist, novelist, physicist, pianist, socialist, socialism, violinistness用來把形容詞變成名詞：用來把形容詞變成名詞：business, darkness

20、, happiness, illness, kindness, sadness, sickness, weaknessment: achievement, advertisement, apartment, appointment, argument, arrangementity: ability, authority, nationality, opportunity, possibility, priority, quantity, responsibilityhood： : childhood, neighbourhood, ship: friendship, hardship, ow

21、nership, relationship, scholarship, spaceship動詞句型后接雙賓語的：后接雙賓語的：后接不定式作賓語的：后接不定式作賓語的：后接后接-ing作賓語的：作賓語的： 后接不定式和后接不定式和-ing作賓語的：作賓語的：后接后接it作形式賓語的：作形式賓語的：后接復(fù)合賓語（賓語后接復(fù)合賓語（賓語名詞形容詞副詞名詞形容詞副詞介詞短語不定式介詞短語不定式-ing過去分詞）的：過去分詞）的：5.練習(xí)題型應(yīng)多樣化 八、書面表達。八、書面表達。(2010 福建改編福建改編) 假設(shè)你是李華，福建省某中學(xué)高中學(xué)生，今年暑假將前往澳大利亞參加主題為“WATER FOR LI

22、FE”的交流活動。請你以參訪代表的身份，根據(jù)以下圖片提示，用英語寫一篇發(fā)言稿。 . 將發(fā)言稿中可能用到的關(guān)鍵詞譯成英語。將發(fā)言稿中可能用到的關(guān)鍵詞譯成英語。 1. 短缺 (n) _ 2. 全球變暖 (phrase) _ 3. 環(huán)境污染 (phrase) _ 4. 人口 (n) _ 5. 有效的 (adj) _ 6. 儲備 (v) _ 7. 資源 (n) _ 8. 回收利用 (v) _ . 以下是發(fā)言稿的主要內(nèi)容，根據(jù)所給漢語，完成下列句子。以下是發(fā)言稿的主要內(nèi)容，根據(jù)所給漢語，完成下列句子。 1. As we know, the global water shortage is becomin

23、g increasingly _ (嚴重) mainly due to _ (全球變暖), _ (環(huán)境污染) and the ever-increasing _ (人口). 2. _ (一個有效的方法), I think, is to _ (科學(xué)地儲備水源以作將來之用). 3. Its everyones responsibility to make good use of water, such as _ (在我們的日常生活中循環(huán)用水和節(jié)約用水).九、選出與劃線詞語意思相近的選項。九、選出與劃線詞語意思相近的選項。1. This is a red-letter day for me. I r

24、eceived a check for my magazine article for the first time. A. a hard day B. a happy day C. a dark D. a popular day2. Sales began to drop and the company was soon in the red. They had to sell the building. A. in debt B. in red color C. well off D. money-making3. They caught him red-handed while he w

25、as putting the ring in his pocket. A. having red hands B. having bleeding hands C. after the fact D. on spot4. The car war between the United States and Japan is a white war. They are competing for the car market fiercely. A. a war which is white B. a war which benefits for both C. a war without fir

26、e and shoot D. a war without lossIf you leave the club, you will not be _ back in. (2009 全國 II)A. received B. admitted C. turned D. moved To turn your weakness into strength, consider taking hands-on learning or training. (2009 浙江 任務(wù)型閱讀) Though having lived abroad for years, many Chinese still _ the

27、 traditional customs. (2008 湖北)A. perform B. possess C. observe D. support 6. 結(jié)合語境練習(xí)熟詞生義結(jié)合語境練習(xí)熟詞生義 7.應(yīng)注意的幾個問題注重詞匯的比喻義、引申義等。注重詞匯的比喻義、引申義等。注重詞的各種搭配。注重詞的各種搭配。注重詞匯預(yù)制塊。注重詞匯預(yù)制塊。詞匯與語法結(jié)合。詞匯與語法結(jié)合。做適當?shù)姆g練習(xí)。做適當?shù)姆g練習(xí)。盡量用英語釋義。盡量用英語釋義。有關(guān)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的名言 語言知識和語言運用共生共存，互為基礎(chǔ)語言知識和語言運用共生共存，互為基礎(chǔ)與前提，相互促進。（與前提，相互促進。（Krashen, 1982

28、） 如果把一個單詞的形式及其功能特征的綜如果把一個單詞的形式及其功能特征的綜體置于一個完整的詞匯環(huán)境中來學(xué)，學(xué)起來就體置于一個完整的詞匯環(huán)境中來學(xué)，學(xué)起來就比較容易。（比較容易。（Carter, 1999） 學(xué)生至少需要與詞匯接觸學(xué)生至少需要與詞匯接觸516次才有可次才有可能掌握一個詞匯。（能掌握一個詞匯。（Nation, 1990） 在語境中運用詞匯是詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的高級形在語境中運用詞匯是詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的高級形式，因語境中的單詞包含了所有屬性。式，因語境中的單詞包含了所有屬性。 一個生詞在課文中出現(xiàn)，只能學(xué)到它的一個生詞在課文中出現(xiàn)，只能學(xué)到它的一個詞義，而在不同語境中出現(xiàn)才會掌握其一個詞義，而在不同

29、語境中出現(xiàn)才會掌握其多種詞義和用法。多種詞義和用法。 在同一個語境中記一個單詞在同一個語境中記一個單詞10次不如在次不如在10個不同語境中各記一個單詞一次。個不同語境中各記一個單詞一次。高考英語聽力測試與高中英語聽力教學(xué)一、近年高考英語聽力試題的 有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)（一）話題年年 份份第一節(jié)第一節(jié)第二節(jié)第二節(jié)Text 1Text 2Text 3Text 4Text 5Text 6Text 7Text 8Text 9Text 102010周末周末計劃計劃T恤衫恤衫價格價格周日周日活動活動銀行營銀行營業(yè)時間業(yè)時間賓館賓館服務(wù)服務(wù)租房子租房子旅行旅行歸來歸來電話電話留言留言交通交通事故事故校園校園參觀參觀20

30、09購物購物住宿住宿邀請邀請活動活動工作工作確認確認座位座位購物購物個人個人經(jīng)歷經(jīng)歷學(xué)校學(xué)校生活生活機場機場趣事趣事2008天氣天氣人物人物演員演員論文論文工作工作照看照看嬰兒嬰兒空氣空氣污染污染旅行旅行借車借車課程課程2007喝茶喝茶接人接人開會開會購物購物旅行旅行歌手歌手生日生日禮物禮物找工作找工作新居新居上班上班語言語言學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)2006買票買票登機登機交通交通送電腦送電腦穿衣穿衣打電話打電話住賓館住賓館工作工作接待接待訪客訪客嬰兒嬰兒學(xué)話學(xué)話2005購物購物報告報告禮物禮物室友室友找人找人加班加班換工作換工作業(yè)余業(yè)余愛好愛好出行出行家人家人關(guān)系關(guān)系（二）考點年年 份份理解主旨和理解主旨和

31、要義要義獲取事實的獲取事實的具體信息具體信息對所聽內(nèi)容對所聽內(nèi)容作出簡單推作出簡單推斷斷理解說話者理解說話者的意圖、觀的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度點和態(tài)度201011452009135220082104420071134220061082200521242（三）答案分布年年 份份答案鄰近分布答案鄰近分布答案總數(shù)分布答案總數(shù)分布ABC2010BBABC ACAAB CACCB BCBCA6772009 CBACA CBACB CBBCC ACABB5782008 BACAB ACCAA CCBBC ABBAC 7672007 BABAC CACBB ACABB CABCC6772006 BCAAC CAA

32、CA BBABB CABBC7762005 BACBC ABABC ACABA ACBBC776（四）錄音年年 份份詞數(shù)詞數(shù)累計時間累計時間（一遍）（一遍）平均語速平均語速第一節(jié)第一節(jié)第二節(jié)第二節(jié)合計合計2010157692849533153wpm2009122639761419176wpm2008116575691447145wpm2007130511641427144wpm2006160660820532148wpm2005138627765515146wpm 二、高考英語聽力試題考查要點二、高考英語聽力試題考查要點 （一）理解主旨和要義（一）理解主旨和要義What are the two

33、 speakers talking about?What do we know about the man/woman?What can we learn from this conversation?What can we learn from what the speakersaid? 2010年第17題 What is the talk mainly about? A. The history of the school. B. The courses for the term. C. The plan for the day.（二）獲取事實性的具體信息（二）獲取事實性的具體信息 Whe

34、n will / did / does ? Where is the man / woman going? Who is the man / woman / speaker? What is the man / woman going to do? Why does the man / woman ? How does / will the man / woman ?（三）對所聽內(nèi)容作出簡單推斷（三）對所聽內(nèi)容作出簡單推斷Where / when does this conversation take place?Where is / are the man / woman /speakers

35、?What is the relationship between the twospeakers?2009年第2題Where are the speakers?A. In a restaurant.B. In a hotel.C. In a school.2007年第10題What is the relationship between the speakers?A. They are friends.B. They are strangers to each other.C. They are husband and wife.（四）（四）理解說話者的意圖、觀點和態(tài)度理解說話者的意圖、觀點

36、和態(tài)度What does the man / woman think of / feel about ?What does the man / woman suggest?What do we know about the man /woman?What was / is the purpose of ?2009年第3題What does the woman mean?A. Cathy will be at the party.B. Cathy is too busy to come.C. Cathy is going to be invited.三、高考英語聽力試題的外部特征三、高考英語聽力

37、試題的外部特征 題干和選項簡短題干和選項簡短 答案分布均勻答案分布均勻 各選項的答案總數(shù)接近于平均值各選項的答案總數(shù)接近于平均值 鄰近題的答案盡量避免重復(fù)鄰近題的答案盡量避免重復(fù) 選項排列有規(guī)則選項排列有規(guī)則 各選項的語言結(jié)構(gòu)一致各選項的語言結(jié)構(gòu)一致 三、高中英語聽力訓(xùn)練三、高中英語聽力訓(xùn)練（一）（一） 影響聽力理解的因素影響聽力理解的因素1.主觀因素：主觀因素：語言能力語言能力心理素質(zhì)心理素質(zhì)記憶能力記憶能力聽力策略聽力策略2. 客觀因素：客觀因素：聽力材料聽力材料聽力試題聽力試題聽力錄音聽力錄音（二）（二） 聽力教學(xué)建議聽力教學(xué)建議1.養(yǎng)成良好的聽力習(xí)慣養(yǎng)成良好的聽力習(xí)慣保持良好的心態(tài)保持

38、良好的心態(tài)學(xué)會用英語思維學(xué)會用英語思維邊聽邊記錄邊聽邊記錄帶著問題積極地聽帶著問題積極地聽2. 選好聽力訓(xùn)練材料選好聽力訓(xùn)練材料3. 精聽和泛聽相結(jié)合精聽和泛聽相結(jié)合4. 掌握聽的微技能掌握聽的微技能 聽前聽前（Pre-listeningPre-listening） 聽時（聽時（While-listeningWhile-listening） 聽后（聽后（Post-listeningPost-listening）5. 提高短時記憶能力提高短時記憶能力6. 考場上心理狀態(tài)的調(diào)整考場上心理狀態(tài)的調(diào)整（三）（三） 聽力訓(xùn)練題型示例聽力訓(xùn)練題型示例 Listen and complete the for

39、m. Listen and choose the best response. (twice 3 minutes)1. A. Yes, good idea. B. Sure, go ahead. C. No, forget it. 2. A. Never mind. B. Yes, please. C. Not at all.3. A. Yes, help yourself. B. Yes, go on. C. Yes, indeed.4. A. Here you are B. Sorry, its taken. C. Never mind5. A. Of course not. B. It

40、doesnt matter. C. Yes, please. 錄音稿：錄音稿： 1. W: Could I ask you a rather personal question?2. M: Do you mind if I record your lecture? 3. W: Do you think I could borrow your bicycle?4. M: Is it OK if I take this seat? 5. W: Do you mind my using your dictionary for a while? Listen and write down the mi

41、ssing words. (twice 4 minutes)1. M: _ _ _ to wash the dishes.2. W: Do you think you could _ _ _ _ a bit3. W: May I open the window to let in some fresh air? M: _ _!4. W: Could you leave us your telephone number? M: Yes, its 54229738. W: OK. _ _ _.5. W: What were the things you had to deal with when

42、you first arrived in Paris? M: Well, _ _ _, I had to learn the language of the country I would be living in for quite a while. _ _ I looked around for a place to live in.6. M: Now please allow me to introduce you to some of our school rules here. _, we are expected to be neatly dressed when at schoo

43、l. _, we should never be late for class or leave school before it is over. _, when you are walking on the road, please remember to keep to the right.錄音稿：錄音稿：1. M: Its your turn to wash the dishes.2. W: Do you think you could keep the noise down a bit?3. W: May I open the window to let in some fresh

44、air? M: Go ahead!4. W: Could you leave us your telephone number? M: Yes, its 54229738. W: OK. Ive got it.5. W: What were the things you had to deal with when you first arrived in Paris? M: Well, first of all, I had to learn the language of the country I would be living in for quite a while. After that I looked around for a place to live in. 6. M: Now please allow me to introduce you to some of our school rules here. Firstly, we are expected to be neatly dressed when at school. Secondly, we should never be late for class or leave school b